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© Wärtsilä
METHANOL AS ENGINE FUEL: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
Sjöfartens Dag / Maritime Day 12.5.2016 Mariehamn
Toni Stojcevski
5/16/2016 Toni Stojcevski / Wärtsilä
© Wärtsilä 5/16/2016
WHY WE NEED TO CHANGE?
Emissions and their socio-economic impact
Particulates <10µ 3,7 mil / year Premature deaths worldwide[1]
SOx50% Responsible of particulates in the air
50 million carsEquivalent of 1 Mega tanker
(60 MW HFO engine) [2]
NOx $562 bil / year Global health related costs [3]
VOC’s 470K / year Ozone caused premature deaths [4]
CO2 $1tr - $3tr “Coping cost” (1-5% of GDP in 2014) [5]
Air pollution €390 – 940b / year EU health related costs (Avg. 5% GCP) [6]
Sources: [1] WHO, 2014, Fact sheet No 313; 2 NOAA; 3IIASA ; 4 IOP; 5 IPCC; 6EU commission ;
Toni Stojcevski / Wärtsilä
© Wärtsilä
LOCAL
GLOBAL
LOCAL
LOCAL
Acid rainsTier II (2011)Tier III (2016)
NOx
Greenhouse effectUnder evaluation by IMOEEDI / SEEMP
CO2
Acid rainsSulphur content in fuelSECA (2015) – Global 2020/2025
SOx
Direct impact on humansLocally regulated
Particulatematter
REGULATION DRIVERS - IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT
5/16/2016 Toni Stojcevski / Wärtsilä
© Wärtsilä 5/16/2016
WHERE TO GO?
Toni Stojcevski / Wärtsilä
© Wärtsilä 5/16/2016
AVAILIBILITY TECHNOLOGY
REGULATIONS
METHANOL INTO SHIPPING INDUSTRY CONTEXT
Toni Stojcevski / Wärtsilä
© Wärtsilä
Regulations Technology
Availability
IMO / World BankFlag State / Local Class compliance
Fuel supplyLT Contracts (bankable)
InfrastructureOpex
Existing / NewDiesel / Otto
Conversion / New buildCapex
METHANOL AS FUEL – MARKET DYNAMICS
5/16/2016 Toni Stojcevski / Wärtsilä
© Wärtsilä
New and existing vessel• Will cause an extensive need for ship owners to invest in
existing fleet
Only new buildings
Affecting vessels in different ways
SOx
• SECA areas 0,1% sulphur by 1st of January 2015
• Globally 0,5% sulphur by 1st of January §
NOx
• IMO Tier II in force
• IMO Tier III by 1st of January 2016 in NECA areas
REGULATIONS REQUIRING INVESTMENTS
5/16/2016 Toni Stojcevski / Wärtsilä
© Wärtsilä PUBLIC
In Service
First installation in service since Q1 2015
Promising pilot results
Full engines test on ZA40 have taken place during 2014
Methanol• Sulfur free
• Low Nox
• Ultra low particulates
Bio-fuels• Sulpfur free• Fuel specification
and availability is a question mark
VOC• Mix of different HC´s
and inert gas• VOC from a shuttle
tanker can cover 20% of energy demand
LPG• Sulfur free• Heavier than air• 2% of global
energy market
In Service
In service since 2012
Operating on Bio-Fuel or MDO
Several land based power plants in operation
Tested in the 90`s
Challenge with injection pressure with the diesel principle
Smoke problem
Plant was transferred back to liquid fuel
In Service
Several VOC recovery installations in use
GasReformerdelivered 2013
DF engines in marine service since 2001
SECA
NECA
Ethane• C2H6• Sulfur free• Interesting when
available as cargo
In Service
DF engines running on ethane in service since 2015
Approval in principle
SECA
NECA
SECA
NECA
SECANECA(Otto Principle)
SECANECA(Otto Principle)
ALTERNATIVE CLEAN FUELS (BESIDES LNG)
5/16/2016 Toni Stojcevski / Wärtsilä
© Wärtsilä
HFO + EGC MGO LNG Methanol
ComplianceNowFuture
Availabilty
EconomicsCapexOpex
TECHNOLOGY – RETROFIT OPTIONS
5/16/2016 Toni Stojcevski / Wärtsilä
© Wärtsilä 5/16/2016
REGULATIONS – CLASS COMPLIANCE IGF CODE, MEOH VS LNG
Toni Stojcevski / Wärtsilä
© Wärtsilä
Fuel Methanol Natural Gas Diesel (bio-diesel similar)
Density (kg/l)* 0.79 0,44 (as LNG 0,85
Boiling point (°C) 65 -162 150-370
Flash point (°C) 11 -188 min. 60
Auto ignition (°C) 464 540 240
Viscosity cSt at 20°C ~ 0,6 na ~ 13,5
Octane RON/MON 109/89 120/120 -
Cetane No. <5 - 45-55
LHV (MJ/kg) 20* 50 42
Flammability Limits, Vol% 7-36 5-15 1-6
Flame Speed (cm/s) 52 37 37
Heat of Evaporation (kJ/kg) 1178 na 233
Stoichiometric Air-Fuel Ratio 6,45 17,2 14,7
Adiabatic flame temp. (°C) 1910 1950 2100 * 2,17:1 Methanol:Diesel
CnH1.8n
C8-C20
METHANOL CHARACTERISTICS COMPARED
5/16/2016 Toni Stojcevski / Wärtsilä
© Wärtsilä 5/16/2016
• Methanol is combusted according to the diesel process. The methanol is injected close to TDC and ignited by a small amount of diesel pilot fuel.
• The methanol injection pressure is ~500 bar.
WÄRTSILÄ METHANOL - DIESEL RETROFIT SOLUTION
Toni Stojcevski / Wärtsilä
© Wärtsilä
Nitrogengenerator
Oil unit
Diesel pump
Water tank for dilution of fuel return
Methanol tank and LP feed system
EHSVSSV
SSV: Shutdown and Safety ValveEHSV: Electro-Hydraulic Solenoid Valve* All methanol lines can be flushed with nitrogen.
Nitrogen purge*10 bar
Sealing oil 700 bar
Control oil 350 bar
Methanol 600 bar
Methanol pump
TECHNOLOGY – MD SYSTEM LAYOUT
Toni Stojcevski / Wärtsilä5/16/2016
© Wärtsilä
WÄRTSILÄ METHANOL - DIESEL ON ENGINE PIPING
5/16/2016 Toni Stojcevski / Wärtsilä
© Wärtsilä
CONTROL OIL 370 barFROM SOLENOID VALVE
METHANOL 600 barFROM METHANOL HP PUMP
PILOT DIESELFROM DIESEL JERK PUMP
FLOW FUSE
ACCUMULATOR
SEALING OIL 700 barAT METHANOL SEALING SURFACES
+ AROUND METHANOL NEEDLES
SEALINGOIL
CONTROLPISTON
TRIANGULARPLATE
DIESELNOZZLE
COOLING OIL 10 barCIRCULATES IN GALLERIES
AROUND THE NOZZLE BODY
DIESEL FUNCTIONAL LEAKAGEDEDICATED COLLECTION LINE
MIXED LEAKAGESCONTROL OIL, SEALING OIL
FUNCTIONAL + FROM POSSIBLE SEALING SURFACE FAILURE
METHANOL INJECTOR
Toni Stojcevski / Wärtsilä5/16/2016
© Wärtsilä
Source: SAE 2016-01-0887 , Svensson et al. , Lund University
PHI T MAPS – NOX & PPM
Zero particulates , much lower NOx
Typical Diesel FuelMethanol Fuel
“soot”
“soot”NOx NOx
Toni Stojcevski / Wärtsilä5/16/2016
© Wärtsilä
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00
Filte
r Sm
oke
Num
ber M
eas
1 [F
SN
]
BMEP [bar]
ZA40_reference
Z40_reference 2003_HFO_CS
Z40_reference 2014_LFO_CS
Z40_load swing_450bar pinj
Z40_load swing_600bar pinj
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00
NO
x M
arin
e S
peci
fic IS
O 8
178
Cor
r [g
/kW
h]
BMEP [bar]
ZA40S_reference
Z40_reference 2014_LFO_CSZ40_reference 2003_HFO_CSZ40_load swing_450bar pinjZ40_load swing_600bar pinj
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
t5 T
emp
b Tu
rbin
e [°C
]
BMEP [bar]
ZA40S_reference
Z40_reference 2003_HFO_CS_norm
Z40_reference 2014_LFO_CS_norm
Z40_load swing_450bar pinj_norm
Z40_load swing_600bar pinj_norm
160165170175180185190195200205210215220225230235240245
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00
Tota
l BSF
C L
HV
Cor
rect
ed [g
/kW
h]
Engine Power % [%]
Z40_reference
Z40_reference 2014_LFO_CS
Z40_load swing_450bar pinj
Z40_load swing_600bar pinj
Z40_reference_HFO_2003
~2%
* Preliminary tests - Engine consumption
- Further investigation on engine efficiency to be performed
- (Heat Balance and heat release to be calculated)
*
No reduction in output and load response unchanged
Full fuel redundancy
INITIAL TEST RESULTS OF WÄRTSILÄ SULZER ZA40S-MD
5/16/2016 Toni Stojcevski / Wärtsilä
© Wärtsilä
Cost
Capex: Not a “complex” conversion; feasible ROI
Opex: Methanol fuel prices competitive? to (MGO/MDO,LSFO)
Availability
Fuel: Liquid, widely used in chemical industry, Can utilize existing transport and terminal infrastructure
Technology : Available for ZA40S engines today, Pilot Installation Q1 2015, Concept for other engines available, pilot projects research
METHANOL OVERVIEW: AVAILABILITY & COST
5/16/2016 Toni Stojcevski / Wärtsilä
© Wärtsilä 16.5.201620
FUEL PRICES
0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
40,00
50,00
60,00
70,00
Feb
May
Aug
Nov
Feb
May
Aug
Nov
Feb
May
Aug
Nov
Feb
May
Aug
Nov
Feb
May
Aug
Nov
Feb
May
Aug
Nov
Feb
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
EU
R /
MW
h
Nat Gas (Spot) TTF (NL) EUR/MWh LNG Japan EUR/MWhNat Gas (Spot) Henry Hub EUR/MWh HFO 380 Centistoke Rotterdam EUR/MWh
HFO 180 Centistoke Rotterdam EUR/MWh Marine Gas Oil Rotterdam EUR/MWh
MDO Rotterdam EUR/MWh LSFO 1 % Fair Value NWE EUR/MWh
Methanol Rotterdam EUR/MWh
© Wärtsilä
FUTURE OF NATURAL GAS
2012: An Interdisciplinary MIT Study - findings
“The potential for natural gas to reduce oil dependence could be increased by conversion into room temperature liquid fuels that can be stored at atmospheric pressure. Of these fuels, methanol is the only one that has been produced for a long period at large industrial scale. Methanol has the lowest cost and lowest GHG emissions, but requires some infrastructure modification and faces substantial acceptance challenges.”
2015: Gal Luft – IAGS”Methanol provides natural gas an entry point to markets where it is currently underutilized ... Despite its price and environmental advantages over diesel fuels, natural gas powers today small fraction of the world’s shipping … By any yardstick, methanol is the most attractive carrier for natural gas.”
5/16/2016 Toni Stojcevski / Wärtsilä
© Wärtsilä
Natural Gas (CH4)
LNGMeOH
New costly infrastructure
η=90%η=~70%
Existing infrastructure
Renewable methanol possible
AVAILIBILITY - MEOH & LNG, TWO OPTIONS TO TRANSPORT NG
5/16/2016 Toni Stojcevski / Wärtsilä
© Wärtsilä
Ballast tank convertedto methanol fuel tank
Pump room
Double walledfuel pipes
Engines converted for methanol combustion
STENA GERMANICA – CONVERSION SCOPE
Toni Stojcevski / Wärtsilä5/16/2016
© Wärtsilä
Engine conversion to dual fuel
New electrical installation
High pressure pipes
New engine control system for all four engines
High pressure pumpsMethanol storage tank painted with zinc silicate
METHANOL ADAPTATION
5/16/2016 Toni Stojcevski / Wärtsilä
© Wärtsilä
ENGINE BEFORE AND AFTER CONVERSION
5/16/2016 Toni Stojcevski / Wärtsilä
© Wärtsilä
• Adaptation of proven engine technology, minor modification to the engine• No reduction in efficiency or output running on methanol • Load response unchanged, full fuel redundancy • Existing fuel or ballast tanks can be converted to methanol tanks• Short off-hire time, can be done engine by engine• Lower thermic load on the engine• Much lower NOx, SOx, and PM (particulates), good base for future ECA regulations• Available methanol infrastructure (bunker fuel to be developed)
ENGINE CONVERSION KIT – FEATURES
5/16/2016 Toni Stojcevski / Wärtsilä5/16/2016
© Wärtsilä
Regulations� IMO / World Bank� Flag State / Local� Class ComplianceAvailability� Fuel supply � Long term contracts (bankable)� Infrastructure (could be easily developed)� Opex (fuel price disconnection)Technology� Excellent test results and pilot project operating� Capex (pilot, to be optimized)
FulfilledTo a great extent
(not used as marine bunker fuel)
CAN WE TICK ALL THE BOXES WITH METHANOL?
5/16/2016 Toni Stojcevski / Wärtsilä
© Wärtsilä 5/16/2016
Case study 3: Pilot methanol vs. Reference shipMonetized annual benefits – central estimate (low & high)
Pilot methanol vs. Reference ship
Human Health 563 (261-1316) KEUR
Crop damages 0 KEUR
TOTAL 563 (261-1316) KEUR
EMISSIONS & SOCIOECONOMIC BENEFITS – CASE STUDY
Pilot Methanol
Reference ship
SO2 2 29 tonNOx 56 56 ton
PM2.5 4 32 tonFuel use 632 632 TJ
SECA compatible? yes yesNECA compatible? yes yes
EmissionsMonetized benefits
SO2 28 tonNOx 0 tonPM2.5 28 ton
Emission reduction
High benefits, even without NOx reduction effect
Source: ZVT, IVL, Erik Fridell, Stefan Åström, 2015
“As air quality improves in response to legislation, its public health impact will fall by 2020 across Europe. As a result, public health costs of air pollution are expected to fall from €803 billion a year in 2000 to €537 billion in 2020. The number of people dying prematurely from the effects of air pollution is calculated to fall from around 680,000 people in 2000, to around 450,000 in 2020.” Source: EC – Science for Environmental Policy
Toni Stojcevski / Wärtsilä
© Wärtsilä 5/16/2016
SCENARIOS FOR RENEWABLE FUELS
Toni Stojcevski / Wärtsilä
© Wärtsilä
The same infrastructure for Shipping and Land transport
Methanol bunkering NG-Methanol +Production of DME for trucks
Waste to methanolEnerkem
NG-Methano l
CO2-ElectrofuelCRI
Volvo DME trucks
Wärtsilä Methanol Engines
Methanol fuel blendingM-15, M-85 or M-100
NG-Methanol is ultimate transition fuel toFossil free fuel society
Leaders of the industry should conduct their business in a way that doesn't always benefit them only but benefits the society in whole
METHANOL - THE BRIDGE TO A FOSSIL FREE FUEL SOCIETY
5/16/2016 Toni Stojcevski / Wärtsilä