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Mexico Confronts the Challenges of Global Competition. Diana Villiers Negroponte The Brookings Institution July 8, 2013. Ancient Civilization. Olmec – oldest people to inhabit the Gulf Coast Mayan – civilization dominated by the arts and trade. Zapotec – Use of metals in Oaxaca. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Mexico Confronts the Challenges of Global Competition
Diana Villiers NegroponteThe Brookings Institution
July 8, 2013
Ancient CivilizationOlmec – oldest people to inhabit the Gulf
CoastMayan – civilization dominated by the arts
and trade.Zapotec – Use of metals in Oaxaca.Aztec empire – warriors for one hundred
years; capital city, Tenochtitlan, is modern day Mexico City
Spanish Colonial Period 1452-182115th Century arrival of the SpaniardsPower of the Catholic churchDominance of the Spanish conquistas and
later their familiesMarriage to Spanish family, but not to
indigenous. Mestizaje is slowPatriarchal families – jobs based on
allegiance to patriarch
Revolution & Nationalism1910 Revolution against the old order of
President Porfirio Diaz – landed class, church property;
Decade long civil war – heroes;Pancho Villa’s incursion into Colombus, AZ;1917 Resistance to General Pershing’s
incursion and 1917 Constitution1938 Nationalization of the petroleum
reserves and enshrinement in Article 27 of the Mexican Constitution;
Post Revolutionary Mexico 1928 –2000Emergence of the Partido Revolucionario
Institucional (PRI); Appointed President for 6 years; Corporatist government:
ArmyCampesinos (peasants)Trade UnionsBusiness leaders
• Controlled press – cooption of critics• Communal ownership of land
The Modernization of Mexico1982 – President Miguel del a Madrid applies to
join GATT;1989 – President Carlos Salinas de Gortari
proposes a North American Free Trade Agreement;
1993 – PRI candidate killed on campaign trail and succeeded by Dr. Ernesto Zedillo, Min. of Education – allows the PAN to win mid-term elections;
2000 – PRI looses to the Partido de Acción Nacional (PAN).
Early Signs of Democratic ChangeElections freer;Press no longer tied to the government;Corporations less committed to one party;Alternation in power;Slow growth of civil society, particularly
environmental movementsBUT: PEMEX untouched, role of Church
untouched. Corporatist parties still hold allegiance to the PRI
TODAYCongress independent, critical, but struggles
to achieve consensus;Business privatized, but still highly
concentrated; Trade Unions remain strong and sometimes
destructive – particularly electricity and education;
Energy – Cantarell field has diminished source of oil – what next?
Challenges facing Mexico TodayEducation: bottom of PISA scores; average
length of school day, number of days in school; teachers who don’t show up;
Energy: increasing imports of natural gas from the U.S. to provide necessary energy;
Productivity: measured by per capita income;
Growth = sluggishThe Informal Sector
Priority of EducationCountries with the Highest Productivity are Countries
where Education Levels have grown consistently; 3 stages of educational development: expand coverage of
basic education (1-6) extend to middle & higher levels; access to all with capacity to participate then quality of ed.
Mexico 4.5 years until 1970. Now 8.5 years. Need to reach 13 years like Canada, Russia;
Each additional year in school = 10% more earning power; Person with High School degree has 34% higher income than someone who finished Junior High (secundaria).
Energy ChallengesProduction from Cantarell: 2004=2.136 mbd.
2008=1.047 mbd. 2012=400,000 mbd.National Energy Strategy goal for 2012-2016 =
3.354 mbd – from where? Underlying problems: corruption, failure to
invest in finding new reserves, production sharing with private firms prohibited by constitution;
Transboundary Oil Agreement to explore and extract from deep waters on the Mexican/US border.
Optimism or Pessimism?New President, Enrique Peña Nieto with
expert team in economy, energy and foreign affairs;
Willingness to confront the concentrated wealth of the communications, telephone barons;
Committed to opening all market sectors through TPP and Alliance of the Pacific
BUT – insecurity remains a deep problem.
Thank you for your attention!