Spring 2013 Semester Seminar Presentation

Microbots and Their Role in Medical Mission

Presented by

Aheibam Laxmi, 12EC65D01

Electronics & Electrical Communication Engineering

28TH Jan 2013

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KHARAGPUR1/19

Scope of Presentation

1. Introduction – What are Microbots?

2 How it looks like? 2. How it looks like?

3. PillCam – realizing Feynman’s Dream3 Ca ea g ey a s ea

4. Technologies behind Microbots

5. Various Researches on Microbots for Medical Mission

6. Criticalities & Conclusion

Seminar on ‘Microbots & Their Role in Medical Mission’ : Aheibam Laxmi, IIT, KGP 28TH Jan ‘13 2/19

Introduction

What are Microbots?

The ‘microbot’ is acronym for ‘microscopic robot’.The microbot is acronym for microscopic robot .

Blending biological, mechanical and electronicsystems(sub-systems) with phenomenal precision aswell as accuracy, microbot is a fully integrated

hi ti t d tsophisticated system,o blurring the lines between men and machines and and o transforming fiction into reality.

Seminar on ‘Microbots & Their Role in Medical Mission’ : Aheibam Laxmi, IIT, KGP 28TH Jan ‘13 3/19

How it Looks Like?

Fig Solar powered and Fig Insect like microbotFig. Solar-powered and self-motile microbot

Fig. Insect like microbot

Fig. Proteus – Small PiezoelectricMicrobot

Fig. MC-1 Bacteria based Magnetic Microbots

Seminar on ‘Microbots & Their Role in Medical Mission’ : Aheibam Laxmi, IIT, KGP 28TH Jan ‘13 4/19

[Courtesy: http://www.azorobotics.com/article.aspx?ArticleId=14 ]

1959 : ‘ In a surgery, if you could swallow the surgeon.......... ’

2001: PillCam by Given Imaging Inc, Israel – Realizing Feyman’s Dream

d h illi i h i d ( i di )

Wireless Power Transmission (WPT)PillCam (11 x 32 mm)

[Courtesy: Guobing Pan and Litong Wang, “Swallowable Wireless Capsule Endoscopy: Progress and

Today more than 1.6million patients have experienced (Not in India!!)

But Why PillCam (Wireless Capsule Endoscopy)?

[ y g g g, p py gTechnical Challenges,” Gastroenterology Research and Practice, vol. 2012, Article ID 841691, 9 pages, 2012.and http://marty4650.blogspot.in/2010/09/amazing-pill-cam.html]

Seminar on ‘Microbots & Their Role in Medical Mission’ : Aheibam Laxmi, IIT, KGP 28TH Jan ‘13 5/19

Technologies behind Microbots

b d h lMRI based Technology

But How MRI Technology will help to guide/control microbot?

[Courtesy: www.magnet.fsu.edu, www.howstuffworks.com and IEEE Spectrum , Oct 2012]

Seminar on ‘Microbots & Their Role in Medical Mission’ : Aheibam Laxmi, IIT, KGP 28TH Jan ‘13 6/19

MC-1 MTB: Magnetotactic BacteriaNatural Magnetic Micro-Carrierg

Size: 2 micrometer in Diameter

MC-1 MTB

[Courtesy: IEEE Spectrum, Oct 2012And Journal of National Center for

Biotechnology Information, Apr 2009]

Seminar on ‘Microbots & Their Role in Medical Mission’ : Aheibam Laxmi, IIT, KGP 28TH Jan ‘13 7/19

Technologies behind MicrobotsMicro Electro Mechanical System (MEMS): Micro-Electro-Mechanical-System (MEMS):

A technology --where miniaturized mechanical and electro-mechanicalelements (i e devices and structures) that are made using the techniques ofelements (i.e., devices and structures) that are made using the techniques ofmicrofabrication.

Fig A MEMS based microbot fabricated byFig. A MEMS based microbot fabricated bySwitzerland's ETH team in Zurich,compared in size to head of a fruit fly, 2010

[Courtesy: EETimes, https://www.mems-exchange.org/MEMS/what-is.html & IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation]

Seminar on ‘Microbots & Their Role in Medical Mission’ : Aheibam Laxmi, IIT, KGP 28TH Jan ‘13 8/19

Synthetic Biology: S th ti Bi l f tSynthetic Biology refers to:

design and construction of new biological parts, devices, and systems

re design of existing natural biological systems for useful purposes re-design of existing, natural biological systems for useful purposes.

Fig No. Muscle-Powered Micro Machine

[Courtesy: http://www.technovelgy.com and IEEE Spectrum, 2012]

Seminar on ‘Microbots & Their Role in Medical Mission’ : Aheibam Laxmi, IIT, KGP 28TH Jan ‘13 9/19

Piezo-Electric Material TechnologyPi El t i M t i l h bilit t d Piezo-Electric Material has ability to produce ---

voltage output in response to an applied stressstrain output (or deformation) in response to an applied voltage

Monash University in Victoria, Australiauses 2nd property to rotate a flagellum like tailo uses 2nd property to rotate a flagellum-like tail.

o motor can propel a microbot through bloodstream at up to 6 cm/sec

[Courtesy: Monash University, Australia]

Seminar on ‘Microbots & Their Role in Medical Mission’ : Aheibam Laxmi, IIT, KGP 28TH Jan ‘13 10/19

Various Researches on making Microbots

St bl SSteerable Surgeon

Courtesy: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich ; Body design: Flat nickel parts are assembled to make a 3-D tool;Body design: Flat nickel parts are assembled to make a 3 D tool; Power source: External electromagnetic coils; Steering Mechanism: Magnetic field gradients; Tracking device: Microscope; g p ;Size (length): 1 millimeter; Applications: Retinal surgeries, drug therapy for ocular disease; Status: Navigation has been tested in rabbit eyes.

Seminar on ‘Microbots & Their Role in Medical Mission’ : Aheibam Laxmi, IIT, KGP 28TH Jan ‘13 11/19

Robot Pills

Courtesy: Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy;Body design: A capsule contains a magnet, camera, wireless chip,

and set of mechanical legsand set of mechanical legs. Power source: DC motors, magnets outside the body; Steering mechanism: Magnetic field gradients; Tracking device: Camera, wireless telemetry system; g , y y ;Size (length): 2 centimeters; Applications: Disease screening; Status: Visual inspection has been tested in a pig’s intestines.

Seminar on ‘Microbots & Their Role in Medical Mission’ : Aheibam Laxmi, IIT, KGP 28TH Jan ‘13 12/19

Plaque Bluster

Courtesy: Chonnam National University, South Korea; Body design: A magnetic capsule is equipped with a micro drill

head; head; Power source: Electromagnetic coils; Steering mechanism: Magnetic field gradients; Tracking device: MRI and X-ray imaging; Si (l h) illi Size (length): 10 millimeters; Application: Removal of plaque in the arteries; Status: Prototype is being developed.

Seminar on ‘Microbots & Their Role in Medical Mission’ : Aheibam Laxmi, IIT, KGP 28TH Jan ‘13 13/19

Magnetic Microcarriers

Courtesy: École Polytechnique de Montréal, Canada; Body design: Magnetic nanoparticles and anticancer drugs are encased Body design: Magnetic nanoparticles and anticancer drugs are encased

in a biodegradable polymer sac; Power source: MRI machine;Steering mechanism: Magnetic field gradients; Tracking device: MRI imaging; Size (diameter): 50 micrometers; Application: Anticancer drug delivery; Status: Navigation and drug release have been tested in rabbitsStatus: Navigation and drug release have been tested in rabbits

Seminar on ‘Microbots & Their Role in Medical Mission’ : Aheibam Laxmi, IIT, KGP 28TH Jan ‘13 14/19

Bacteriabots

Courtesy: Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh; Body design: Swarms of bacteria self-attach to polymer beads; Body design: Swarms of bacteria self-attach to polymer beads; Power source: Flagella of living bacteria; Steering mechanism: Chemical, gas, temperature, or acidity gradients; Tracking device: Fluorescent or X-ray imaging;

i diSize (diameter): 55 micrometers; Application: Disease diagnosis and drug delivery; Status: Chemical navigation has been tested in the lab

Seminar on ‘Microbots & Their Role in Medical Mission’ : Aheibam Laxmi, IIT, KGP 28TH Jan ‘13 15/19

Corkscrew Swimmers

Courtesy: Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Australia; Body design: A capsule contains a piezoelectric rotary motor that

whips an attached tail; whips an attached tail; Power source: Wireless power transmission; Steering mechanism: Piezoelectric vibrations; Tracking device: X-ray imaging; Size (diameter): 250 micrometers; Application: Vessel navigation; Status: Motor has been tested using applied electric currents

in the labin the lab

Seminar on ‘Microbots & Their Role in Medical Mission’ : Aheibam Laxmi, IIT, KGP 28TH Jan ‘13 16/19

Criticalities and Conclusion

Major Criticalities: o To achieve microbots of few micron sizeo Steering mechanism for such a small size

There are so many Unanswered Questions!H i b t d d t d li h d t

o Steering mechanism for such a small size.

o How many micrbots are needed to deliver enough drugs to kill a tumor?o What amount of bacteria is safe to inject in humans? o Will the body raise antibodies against them?

Still, we need to wander with a big hope that onedaymicrobot will contribute heavily and successfully to

their journey on Medical Mission!t e jou ey o ed ca ss o !

Seminar on ‘Microbots & Their Role in Medical Mission’ : Aheibam Laxmi, IIT, KGP 28TH Jan ‘13 17/19

References[1] Sylvain Martel ‘Magnetic Microbots to Fight Cancer : Magnets steer[1] Sylvain Martel , Magnetic Microbots to Fight Cancer : Magnets steermedical microbots through blood vessels’, "IEEE Spectrum – InsideTechnology", Spectrum, IEEE , Oct 2012.

[2] Guobing Pan and Litong Wang “Swallowable Wireless Capsule Endoscopy:[2] Guobing Pan and Litong Wang, Swallowable Wireless Capsule Endoscopy:Progress and Technical Challenges,” Gastroenterology Research and Practice,vol. 2012, Article ID 841691, 9 pages, 2012

[3] Steltz E ; Seeman M ; Avadhanula S ; Fearing R S ; "Power Electronics[3] Steltz, E.; Seeman, M.; Avadhanula, S.; Fearing, R.S.; , Power ElectronicsDesign Choice for Piezoelectric Microrobots," Intelligent Robots and Systems,2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on , vol., no., pp.1322-1328, 9-15Oct 2006Oct. 2006[4] Sylvain Martel, Mahmood Mohammadi, Ouajdi Felfoul, Zhao Lu, and PierrePouponneau, ‘Flagellated Magnetotactic Bacteria as Controlled MRI-trackablePropulsion and Steering Systems for Medical Nanorobots Operating in the

[5] http://www.technovelgy.com/ct/Science-Fiction-News.asp?NewsNum=46

Propulsion and Steering Systems for Medical Nanorobots Operating in theHuman Microvasculature’, Int J Rob Res. 2009 April 1; 28(4): 571–582.

[6] http://www.azorobotics.com/article.aspx?ArticleId=14

Seminar on ‘Microbots & Their Role in Medical Mission’ : Aheibam Laxmi, IIT, KGP 28TH Jan ‘13 18/19

Th k !!Thank you!!

Seminar on ‘Microbots & Their Role in Medical Mission’ : Aheibam Laxmi, IIT, KGP 28TH Jan ‘13 19/19