1. saxelmwifo politikiT gamowveuli sargeblisa da zaralis Sefaseba -

mwarmoeblis da momxmareblis nameti

viciT, rom momxmareblis nameti gamoxatavs erTobliv wminda sargebels,

romelsac isini iReben konkurentul bazarze. xolo mwarmoeblis nameti

gansazRvravs mwarmoebelTa erTobliv sargebels.

momxmareblis nameti aris sidide anu saerTo sargebeli, romelsac igi

iRebs gadaxdisadmi mzadyofnisa da produqtis sabazro fass Soris sxvaobis

SemTxvevaSi. grafikulad, yvela momxmareblisTvis momxmarebelTa nameti aris

farTobi, romelic mdebareobs moTxovnis mrudsa da sabazro fass Soris.

mTlianad bazrisaTvis mwarmoeblis nameti grafikulad aris

miwodebis mrudis zeviT da sabazro fasis qveviT mdebare samkuTxedis

farTobi.

Tu viciT mwarmoeblis da momxmareblis nameti, SegviZlia im

keTildReobis efeqtis (Welfare Effects) Sefaseba, romelic miiReba

sabazro meqanizmSi saxelmwifo CareviT. Aseve SesaZlebelia ganvsazRvroT,

aseTi CareviT vin rCeba mogebuli an wagebuli da ramdenad. gavixsenoT

fasebis kontrolis SemTxveva _ saxelmwifo iRebs kanons, romlis

mixedviTac mwarmoeblebi ver daaweseben fasebis zeda zRvarze ufro maRal

fasebs, fasebis zeda zRvari ki dawesebulia bazris wonasworobis fasze

dabla. viciT rom aseTi fasebis zeda zRvari iwvevs deficits (Warbi moTxovna)

warmoebis Semcirebisa da moTxovnis sididis gazrdis gamo. naxazze naCvenebia

momxmareblis da mwarmoeblis nametis cvlilebac, romelic wamoiqmna fasebze

saxelmwifo kontrolis politikis Sedegad. detalurad ganvixiloT es

cvlilebebi.

momxmarebelTa namatis wminda cvlileba aris A-s minus B radgan A

marTkuTxedi B samkuTxedze didia naxazze momxmarebelTa nametis cvlileba

dadebiTi sididea. fasebis regulirebis gamo produqtis fasi P max -s ver

gadaaWarbebs, rac wonasworobis fasis P 0 -ze qvemoTaa (A marTkuTxedsa da

B samkuTxeds Soris sxvaoba). mwarmoeblis zarali aris A marTkuTxedis

farTobisa da C samkuTxedis farTobis jami. B da C samkuTxedebi erTad

gviCveneben fasebze kontrolis dawesebiT miRebul wminda danakargebs.

wminda danakargebi. fasebze kontrolis SemoRebis pirobebSi,

momxmarebelTa mier miRebuli mogeba mwarmoebelTa zaralis kompensirebas

ver axdens. rogorc naxazi gviCvenebs, fasebze kontrols mivyavarT

mTliani nametis wminda danakargebamde. wminda danakargebi gviCveneben

fasebze kontrolis dawesebis araefeqtianobas: mwarmoeblebis mier

miRebuli nametis danakargebi aWarbebs momxmareblis nametis mogebas.

2. minimaluri fasebi

aRniSnuli situacia warmodgenilia naxazze sadac P min aris saxelmwifos

mier dawesebuli minimaluri fasi, romelic saxelmwifom daawesa. miwodebis

sidide am dros Q 2 -s, xolo moTxovnisa _ Q 3 -s Seadgens. Ggansxvaveba aris

gamoSvebuli produqtis Warbi, gauyidavi moculoba. Aaxla SevxedoT ra

cvlilebebs eqneba adgili mwarmoeblisa da momxmareblis nametebSi. is

momxmareblebi, romlebic jer kidev yiduloben produqts, axla ixdian ufro

maRal fass da nametis dakargvis gamo zaraldebian. es danakargi naxazze

warmodgenilia A marTkuTxediT. momxmarebelTa nawilma momatebuli fasebis da

nametis dakargvis gamo bazari datova. am SemTxvevaSi danakargi warmodgenilia B

samkuTxediT. momxmareblis nametis saerTo cvlileba tolia:

ΔCS = -A-B

fasi regulirdeba imgvarad, rom ar SeiZleba iyos naklebi, vidre P min.

mwarmoeblebs survili aqvT gamouSvan Q 2 produqtis moculoba, magram

momxmareblebi yiduloben mxolod Q 3 -s. Tu mwarmoeblebi awarmoeben Q 2 -s, maSin

Q2 -Q3 gauyidavi darCeba da mwarmoeblis nametis cvlileba iqneba A-C-D. am

SemTxvevaSi mwarmoebelTa mdgomareoba SeiZleba gauaresdes. saerTo cvlilebebi

mwarmoeblis nametSi toli iqneba:

ΔPS=A-C-D

3. garantirebuli fasebi da qvotebi warmoebaze

minimaluri fasebis SemoRebis garda, saxelmwifos SeuZlia produqtze

fasi gazardos ori gziT . garantirebuli fasebi da qvotebi warmoebaze. saxelmwifo

awesebs produqtis sabazro fass Tavisufali bazris fasze maRla da

yidulobs gamoSvebis mTel moculobas, rac aucilebelia fasisSesanarCuneblad.

saxelmwifos aseve SeuZlia gazardos fasebi warmoebis SezRudvis xarjze,

pirdapir an mwarmoeblis motivaciis saSualebiT. avxsniT am RonisZiebebis

gavlena momxmarebelze, mwarmoeblebsa da biujetze.

PO wonasworul fasze maRali PS fasis SesanarCuneblad, mTavroba

yidulobs gamoSvebuli produqtis nawils Qg moculobiT. mwarmoebelTa mogeba

aris A+B+D. momxmarebelTa danakargebi aris A+B. saxelmwifos danaxarjebi

warmodgenilia daStrixuli marTkuTxedis farTobiT Ps (Q 2 -Q 1 ).

bazarze Sesvlisa da gamoSvebuli produqtis Sesyidvis garda

(erToblivi moTxovnis zrdasTan erTad), saxelmwifos SeuZlia produqtze fasis

gazrda miwodebis Semcirebis xarjze. aRniSnulis miRweva SesaZlebelia Sesabamisi

kanoniT, anu gamoSvebul moculobaze qvotebis dawesebiT. amis safuZvelze

produqtze fasebi SeiZleba gaizardos.

Ps maRali fasis SenarCunebis mizniT (P0 -Tan SedarebiT, rodesac moTxovna da

miwodeba wonaswordeba) saxelmwifos SeuZlia SezRudos miwodeba Q1 doniT, an

warmoebaze qvotebis dawesebiT (rogorc taqsebze medalionebis SemoRebiT), an

mwarmoeblisaTvis finansuri stimulirebis SeTavazebiT warmoebis Semcirebis mizniT

(rogorc naTesi farTobebis SezRudvis dros). imisaTvis, rom stimulebma

imoqmedon, isini unda iyos aranakleb B+C+D, e.i. ar unda iyos naklebi im

damatebiT Semosavlebze, romelsac miiRebdnen mosavlis ufro maRali Ps fasiT

gayidvis SemTxvevaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, mTavrobis danaxarjebi sul mcire B+C+D

mainc unda iyos.

4. saimporto qvotebi da tarifebi

bevri qveyana saimporto qvotebs (importirebuli produqtis raodenobis

SezRudva) iyenebs imisaTvis, rom produqtze Sida fasi msoflio fasebze ufro maRal

doneze SeinarCunos. mTavroba amiT erovnul warmoebas ufro maRali

Semosavlebis miRebaSi exmareba, vidre Tavisufali vaWrobis pirobebSi.

danaxarjebi, romlebsac sazogadoeba gaiRebs aseTi proteqcioneruli politikis

Sedegad, SeiZleba sakmaod maRali iyos im SemTxvevaSi, Tu momxmarebelTa

danakargebi adgilobrivi mwarmoeblebis mogebas gadaaWarbebs.

Tu importi mcirdeba qvotis SemoRebis an iseTi tarifis dawesebis

Sedegad, romelic tolia T=P*-Pw , Sida fasi izrdeba P w -dan P*-mde. A

trapecia kvlav utoldeba erovnuli mwarmoeblebis mogebas. momxmarebelTa

danakargebi utoldeba A+B+C+D. Tu gamoiyeneba tarifi, maSin saxelmwifo iRebs

Semosavals, romelic D-s tolia. wminda Sida danakargebi B+C-s Seadgens. Tu

tarifis nacvlad qvota gamoiyeneba, D marTkuTxedi xdeba ucxouri mwarmoeblis

mogebis nawili, xolo wminda Sida danakargi tolia B+C+D.

5. gadasaxadebisa da subsidiebis gavlenis Sedegebi

simartivisaTvis ganvixiloT gadasaxadi gayiduli produqtis erTeulze. anu

specialuri gadasaxadi (Specific Tax). specialuri gadasaxadis magaliTis

saxiT moviyvanoT gadasaxadebi benzinsa da sigaretze. vTqvaT, saxelmwifom

SemoiRo gadasaxadi _ t TeTri erTeul produqtze. saxelmwifom unda miiRos

yovel gayidul produqtze aRniSnuli t TeTri. fasi, romelsac myidveli ixdis, t

TeTriT unda aRematebodes im fass, romelsac gamyidveli iRebs. aRniSnuli Sedegebi

naCvenebia naxazze am SemTxvevaSi P 0 da Q 0 warmoadgens sabazro fassa da

raodenobas gadasaxadis SemoRebamde. P b aris is fasi, rasac myidveli ixdis.

P S aris fasi, romelsac gamyidveli

P b aris fasi gadasaxadis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelsac ixdis myidveli, P S _

fasi, romelsac iRebs gamyidveli gadasaxadis gamoklebis Semdeg. mocemul

SemTxvevSi sagadasaxado tvirTi Tanabrad gadanawildeba myidvelebsa da

gamyidvelebs Soris. myidvelebi kargaven A+B, gamyidvelebi _D+C, saxelmwifo iRebs

A+D Semosavlis saxiT. wminda danakargebi tolia B+C. Tu moTxovna SedarebiT

araelastikuria, xolo miwodeba SedarebiT elastikuri, sagadasaxado tvirTi

ufro metad myidvels awveba.

Tu moTxovna SedarebiT elastikuria, xolo miwodeba _ SedarebiT

araelastikuri, sagadasaxado tvirTi ZiriTadad gamyidvels awveba. gadasaxadi

ZiriTadad myidvels ekisreba, Tu Ed /E s Tanafardoba arcTu ise didia da ZiriTadad

gamyidvels ekisreba, Tu Ed /Es Tanafardoba didia. myidvelze dakisrebuli

gadasaxadis procenti, misi `gadakisrebuli wili” Semdegi formulis meSveobiT

gamoiTvleba: gadakisrebuli wili = Es /(Es -Ed ) gadasaxadis wili, romelic modis

mwarmoebelze, tolia - Ed /(Es -Ed )

subsidia (Subsidy) SeiZleba iseTive xerxiT gaanalizdes, rogorc gadasaxadi.

igi ganixileba, rogorc uaryofiTi gadasaxadi. subsidiis SemTxvevaSi

gamyidvelis fasi aWarbebs myidvelis fass da maT Soris gansxvaveba aris

subsidiis Tanxa. Sesabamisad, subsidiis Sedegebi warmoebis moculobasa da

moxmarebasTan mimarTebaSi gadasaxadis Sedegebis urTierTsawinaaRmdegoa, kerZod,

moculobebi gaizrdeba.

6. mogebis maqsimizacia monopoliis pirobebSi

monopolia aris sabazro struqtura, sadac erTaderTi firma yidis unikalur

saqonels, romlis uSualo Semcvleli bazarze ar moipoveba. monopoliuri

bazari erTi gamyidvelisa da mravali myidvelis bazaria.

monopolistis mogeba maqsimaluria roca . MC=MR monop

olists ar SeuZlia mogebis gazrda gamoSvebuli produqtis raodenobis

gazrdiT an SemcirebiT, Tuki zRvruli amonagebi zRvruli danaxarjis tolia.

naxazze 11.2 `b~ maqsimaluri mogebis Sesabamisi wertili zRvruli amonagebisa da

zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudebis gadakveTis wertilia. Tu maqsimaluri mogebis

Sesabamis produqciis moculobas Q*-iT aRvniSnavT, maSin mogebis maqsimizaciis

piroba monopolistisaTvis Semdegnairad SegviZlia CavweroT:

MR(Q*)=MC(Q*)

gantolebiT Cawerili mogebis maqsimazaciis piroba zogadia da igi

marTebulia rogorc monopoliuri, aseve konkurentuli firmisaTvis.

konkurentuli firmis SemTxvevaSi zRvruli amonagebi fasis tolia. ase rom,

gantolebaSi MR -is nacvlad P sabazro fasis CasmiT miviRebT mogebis

maqsimizaciis pirobas konkurentuli firmisaTvis, romelic mogebis maqsimizaciis

zogadi wesis konkretuli SemTxvevaa:

P=MC(Q*)

7. monopoliuri fasdadeba

monopolia fasis dawesebisas iTvaliswinebs saqonelze moTxovnis mruds.

maqsimaluri mogebis Sesabamisi fasi aRemateba gayiduli bolo erTeulis warmoebis

zRvrul danaxarjs. monopolistis saqonelze moTxovnis mrudis formis specifika

da, Sesabamisad, moTxovnis safaso elastikuroba gadamwyvet rols asrulebs

monopoliuri fasdadebisas.

naxazi ,,a~ gviCvenebs maqsimaluri mogebis Sesabamis PA fass da QA

raodenobas monopoliur A bazarze. naxazi ,,b~ gviCvenebs meore monopoliur B

bazars, sadac moTxovna naklebad mgrZnobiarea PA fasis mimarT. naxazze ,,b~

moTxovnis mrudi miRebulia D A moTxovnis mrudis SebrunebiT maqimaluri mogebis

Sesatyvisi PA fasisa da QA raodenobis amsaxveli wertilis mimarT. B bazarze

maqsimaluri mogebis Sesatyvisi fasi gaxda PB . B bazarze moTxovna DB naklebad

elastikuria, vidre A bazarze moTxovna DA . fassa da zRvrul danaxarjs Soris

gansxvaveba ufro metia B bazarze, sadac moTxovnis fasismieri elastikuroba naklebia.

Tu moTxovna elastikuria, anu Q < a/2b, maSin zRvruli amonagebi dadebiTia. Tu

moTxovna araelastikuria anu a/2b<Q<a/b, maSin zRvruli amonagebi uaryofiTia.

zRvruli amonagebi nulis tolia (gadakveTs horizontalur wrfes) gamoSvebuli

produqciis iseTi raodenobisas, roca moTxovna erTeulovani elastiurobisaa

Q=a/2b.

roca monopolisti awarmoebs moTxovnis mrudis elastikur monakveTze,

mas SeuZlia mTliani amonagebis gazrda fasis Semcirebis xarjze gayiduli

produqtis moculobis gazrdiT;

roca monopolisti awarmoebs moTxovnis mrudis araelastikuri monakveTze,

mas SeuZlia mTliani amonagebis gazrda fasis gazrdis xarjze gayiduli

produqciis moculobis SemcirebiT;

8. monopoliuri bazris statikuri analizi

ganvixiloT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens monopolistis gadawyvetilebebze

sabazro moTxovnisa da warmoebis danaxarjebSi cvlilebebi. naxazi 11.10 gviCvenebs,

Tu rogor icvleba wonasworoba monopoliur bazarze moTxovnis gazrdis

SemTxvevaSi. naxazze 11.10 ..a”, sadac zRvruli danaxarji zrdadia, moTxovnis

zrda iwvevs wonasworuli fasisa da wonasworuli gamoSvebis moculobis zrdas.

naxazze 11.10 ,,b~, sadac zRvruli danaxarji klebadia, moTxovnis zrda iwvevs

wonansworuli gamoSvebis moculobis zrdas da wonasworuli fasis Semcirebas.

fasi mcirdeba miuxedavad imisa, rom monopolists SeuZlia gazrdili moTxovnis

gamo ufro maRali fasi daawesos. radgan zRvruli danaxarji klebadia, monopolisti

ufro met produqcias awarmoebs vidre awarmoebda moTxovnis gazrdamde. am

SemTxvevaSi, produqciis raodenobis zrdis gamo fasis Semcirebis efeqti

gadafaravs moTxovnis zrdis gamo fasis zrdis efeqts.

monopolistis optimaluri P* fasi:

monopolistis Suawertilis formula gviCvenebs, rom monopolistis

optimaluri fasi aris moTxovnis mrudis vertikalur RerZTan gadakveTis (a - Sokuri

fasis) da mudmiv zRvrul danaxarjis c mruds Soris zustad SuaSi mdebare

wertilis Sesabamisi fasi.

9. mravali sawarmos mqone monopolia. Kkarteli

mravali firma awarmoebs produqcias erTze met sawarmoSi. magaliTad,

mineraluri wylis `borjomis~ Camomsxmeli kompania produqcias awarmoebs

mineraluri wylis Camomsxmel ramdenime sxvadasxva qarxanaSi. monopoliis zemoT

aRwerili Teoria marTebulia mravali sawarmos mqone monopoliis SemTxvevaSic.

ganvixiloT aseTi monopoliis gadawyvetilebebi warmoebis moculobis Sesaxeb da

ganvsazRvroT monopoliisaTvis sawarmoTaA optimaluri raodenoba. ori sawarmos mqone

monopoliis gadawyvetilebebi produqciis raodenobis Sesaxeb ori sawarmos mqone

monopoliis gadawyvetileba warmoebis moculobis Sesaxeb ori komponentisagan

Sedgeba: 1. ra raodenobis produqcia awarmoos saerTod; 2. ra raodenobis

produqcia awarmoos TiToeul sawarmoSi. ganvixiloT ori sawarmos mqone

monopolia, romlis erT-erTi sawarmos zRvruli danaxarjia MC 1 (Q), xolo meore

sawarmos zRvruli danaxarji ki MC2 (Q). davuSvaT, TiToeuli sawarmo Tanabari

raodenobis produqcias awarmoebs. naxazi 11.13 gviCvenebs, rom 3 milioni

erTeuli produqciis gamoSvebisas I sawarmos zRvruli danaxarji metia II sawarmos

zRvrul danaxarjze ($6 >$3, SeadareT naxazze A wertili da B wertili). aseTi

monopoliis zRvruli danaxarjis mrudia MCT, romelic miiReba TiToeuli

sawarmos zRvruli danaxarjebis mrudebis horizontaluri RerZis gaswvriv

SekrebiT. mas mravali sawarmos mqone monopoliis erTiani zRvruli danaxarjis mrudi

ewodeba

zogjer erT dargSi momuSave ramdenime firma SeTanxmebulad gansaz

\

Rvravs dargis produqciis moculobasa da fass. karteli aris

mwarmoebelTa jgufi, romlis wevrebic erTmaneTTan aTanxmeben produqciis

gamoSvebis moculobas da fass. msoflioSi cnobil kartels warmoadgens navTobis

eqsportior qveyanaTa organizacia (OPEC). roca karteluri gaerTianebis wevrebi

icaven SeTanxmebas, maSin karteli moqmedebs rogorc mravali sawarmos mqone

monopolia. maSasadame, kartelis mogebis maqsimizaciis piroba identuria mravali

sawarmos mqone monopoliis mogebis maqsimizaciis pirobisa.

10. monofsonia

bazari monofsoniuria Tu erTaderTi firma yidulobs saqonels,

momsaxurebas an warmoebis faqtorebs mravali gamyidvelisagan. monofsonisti SeiZleba

iyos calkeuli individi, firma, organizacia an saxelmwifo. monofsoniuri

wonasworoba ganvixiloT firmis gadawyvetilebebi, romelic aris Sromis L

erTaderTi myidveli bazarze. davuSvaT, rom firmis sawarmoo funqcia damokidebulia

mxolod am faqtorze. firmis mTliani gamoSveba iqneba Q= (f L) , sadac L aris

firmis mier daqiravebul muSaTa raodenoba. davuSvaT, rom firma moqmedebs

srulyofili konkurenciis bazarze. maSasadame firmis mTliani amonagebi aris MR=P f L

Sromis faqtoris zRvruli amonagebi aris damatebiTi amonagebi, romelsac

firma iRebs erTi damatebiTi muSis daqiravebiT.

monofsonistisaTvis ukuelastikurobis mixedviT fasdadebis wesi

gviCvenebs monofsoniuri Sromis bazris gansxvavebas konkurentuli Sromis

bazrisagan. am SemTxvevaSi TiToeuli firma maqsimalur mogebas iRebs, roca

Sromis zRvruli produqtis amonagebi xelfasis tolia:

monofsoniur bazarze firma daqiravebul muSaxels uxdis iseT xelfass,

romelic Sromis zRvruli produqtis amonagebze naklebia. monofsonistisaTvis

ukuelastikurobis mixedviT fasdadebis wesis (IEPR) Tanaxmad, sxvaoba Sromis

zRvruli produqtis amonagebsa da xelfass Soris ganisazRvreba Sromis miwodebis

elastikurobis Sebrunebuli sididiT.

11 namadis miReba safaso diskriminacia

viciT, rom mogebis maqsimizaciisaTvis monopolisti awesebs P m fass, romelic

aiZulebs momxmareblebs iyidon produqtis Q m raodenoba (naxazi 12.1). monopolisti

iRebs mwarmoeblis namets. igi naxazze mocemulia G+H+K+L farTobebis jamiT.

es aris mwarmoeblis nametis maqsimaluri mniSvneloba, romelsac monopolisti

Rebulobs unificirebuli fasis dawesebiT produqtis yoveli erTeulisaTvis.

P m fasis dawesebiT monopolisti srulad ver iRebs momxmareblis namets (E+F

farTobi, naxazi 12.1). ufro metic, wminda danakargi (J+N farTobi) warmoadgens kidev

erT potenciur ekonomikur sargebels, romelsac verc mwarmoebeli da verc

momxmarebeli ver iRebs. wminda danakargebi warmoiqmneba moTxovnis mrudis A

da B wertilebs Soris. am monakveTze arian potenciuri momxmareblebi,

romlebic produqts maSinac ar yiduloben, rodesac isini mzad arian

gadaixadon Tundac maRali fasi.

12. pirveli xarisxis safaso diskriminacia

pirveli xarisxis safaso diskriminaciis (srulyofili safaso

diskriminacia) arsis gagebisaTvis sasurvelia produqtis moTxovnis skala

warmoavadginoT rogorc gadaxdisadmi mzadyofnis sqema. igi gviCvenebs Tanxis

sidides, romlis gadasaxdeladac mzad aris momxmarebeli. moTxovnis mrudi

daRmavalia, amitom momxmarebeli, romelic produqtis pirvel erTeuls yidulobs,

mzadaa ufro maRali fasi gadaixados, vidre is momxmarebeli, romelic meore

erTeuls yidulobs. gadaxdisadmi mzadyofnis sidide klebulobs yoveli axali

erTeulis gadaxdis Semdeg. pirveli xarisxis safaso diskriminacia idealuria

gamyidvelis gadasaxedidan. Tu gamyidveli warmatebulad danergavs pirveli

xarisxis safaso dikriminacias, maSin igi yovel erTeuls produqts daafasebs im

maqsimalur sidided, romlis gadasaxdeladac mzadaa momxmarebeli.

pirveli xarisxis safaso diskriminaciis dros firma axdens gamoSvebas

manam, sanam moTxovna da zRvruli danaxarjebi ar gadakveTen erTmaneTs, e.i. 20-Q=2,

Q=18 (naxazi 12.2). monopolistis mTeli amonagebi srulyofili pirveli xarisxis

safaso diskriminaciis dros aris farTobi moTxovnis mrudis qvemoT yvela

warmoebuli erTeulisaTvis. amonagebi es aris naxazze mocemuli OWXY farTobi,

romlis ricxobrivi maCvenebelia 198.

13. meore xarisxis safaso diskriminacia

meore xarisxis safaso diskriminaciis pirobebSi firma momxmarebels

sTavazobs raodenobriv fasdaklebas. erT erTeulSi gadaxdili fasi

damokidebulia nayidi produqtis raodenobaze. magaliTad, kompiuteruli

programis erT erTeulSi gadaxdili fasi damokidebulia nayidi programebis

raodenobaze. Tu erT kompiuterul TamaSs yidulob, SesaZlebelia igi 50 larad

SemogTavazon, magram 10 TamaSSi SeiZleba 400 lari (erT TamaSSi 40 lari) gadaixadoT.

unificirebuli fasis dros firma iRebs mwarmoeblis namets 81 laris odenobiT

(RTMZ-is farTobis toli) safexurebrivi tarifiT SeuZlia 11 lari fasis

daweseba pirveli 9 erTeulsaTvis, xolo Semdeg yoveli damatebiTi

erTeulisaTvis awesebs 8 lars. firma iRebs mwarmoeblis namets 99 lars (RTMZ +

FKLM farTobi).

14. mesame xarisxis safaso diskriminacia

mesame xarisxis safaso diskriminaciis dros firma sxvadasxva momxmarebelTa

jgufebs an bazris segmentTa identificirebas axdens. firma, romelsac unda

mogebis maqsimizacia, bazris yoveli segmentisaTvis specialur fass awesebs da

inversiuli elastikurobis wesis gamoyenebiT zRvrul amonagebs da zRvrul

danaxarjs utolebs erTmaneTs.

naxazi ,,a” gviCvenebs moTxovnas naxSiris sarkinigzo gadazidvebze, xolo

,,b” moTxovnas xorblis gadazidvebze. xorblis gadazidvebisTvis xSirad

rkinigzis nacvlad barJebsa da satvirTo manqanebs iyeneben, amitom misi

gadazidvebi Zalian grZnobiarea rkinigzis mier dawesebuli fasis mimarT.

naxSiris gadazidvebi ufro metad aris damokidebuli sarkinigzo gadazidvebze

da amitomac mzad arian ufro meti gadaixadon. mesame xarisxis safaso

diskriminaciiT rkinigza xSirad naxSiris gadazidvebze orjer met fass

awesebs, vidre xorbalze, miuxedavad imisa, rom produqts gadazidvebis

zRvruli danaxarji TiTqmis erTi da igivea. am magaliTSi mogebis

maqsimizaciisaTvis naxSiris gadazidvis fasia $24, xolo xorblis $12.

15. arasrulyofili konkurencia da monopolisturi konkurenciis bazari

srulyofili konkurenciis bazari Teoriuli abstraqciaa. wminda

monopolia ki ekonomikaSi iSviaTad gvxvdeba da, rogorc wesi, igi

saxelmwifos mxridan regulirdeba. realur ekonomikur sistemaSi umetesad

gavrcelebulia arasrulyofili konkurenciis bazrebi, romlebsac erTdroulad

axasiaTebT rogorc srulyofili, aseve monopoliuri bazris Tvisebebi.

arasrulyofili konkurenciis bazris struqturebia monopolisturi konkurencia da

oligopolia. orive maTgani sxvadasxva doziT aerTianebs konkurentuli da

monopoliuri bazris Tvisebebs.

monopolisturi konkurenciis dros bazarze Sesvla Tavisufalia da mravali

gamyidveli yidis msgavs, magram ara erTnair produqts. grZelvadian periodSi,

monopolisturi konkurenciis bazarze wonasworuli mdgomareobis pirobebia: 1.

wminda monopoliis msgavsad, firma fasisa da gamoSvebis moculobis Sesaxeb

gadawyvetilebebs iRebs daRmavali moTxovnis mrudis pirobebSi; 2. firma maqsimalur

mogebas iRebs im raodenobis produqtis gamoSvebisas, roca zRvruli danaxarjebi

zRvruli amonagebis tolia, xolo fasi wesdeba produqtze moTxovnis mrudis

mixedviT. konkurentuli firmisagan gasxvavebiT, fasi ar aris zRvruli

danaxarjis toli. 3. konkurentuli firmis msgavsad, grZelvadian periodSi

dargSi firmaTa Tavisufali Sesvlis gamo mogeba nulis tolia.

16. wonasworoba ologopoliur bazarze

oligopolia sabazro struqturis farTod gavrcelebuli formaa.

oligopoliuri dargis magaliTebia saavtomobilo, aluminis, foladis,

navTobqimiuri mrewveloba, energetikuli mowyobilobebisa da kompiuterebis

mwarmoebeli dargebi. oligopoliuri bazrisaTvis saqonlis diferenciacia

aucileblobas ar warmoadgens. produqtis did nawils da mTlian moculobas

firmebis arc Tu ise didi raodenoba awarmoebs. arseboben iseTi

oligopoliuri bazrebi, sadac grZelvadian periodSi zogierTi, xan ki yvela

firma, mniSvnelovan mogebas iRebs. es imiT aris gamowveuli, rom

oligopoliur bazarze arsebuli barierebi arTuleben axali firmebis dargSi

Sesvlas. oligopoliur bazarze wonasworobis gansazRvra firmaTa aseT reaqciazea

damokidebuli. es koncefcia Seiqmna jon neSis (John Nash) mier 1951 wels. amitom am

wonasworobas vuwodebT neSis wonasworobas. neSis wonasworobis dros TiToeuli

firma maqsimalurad ukeTesad iyenebs Tavis SesaZleblobebs konkurentebis

moqmedebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

17. kurnos modeli

CavataroT bazris analizi mxolod ori konkurenti firmisaTvis. aseT bazars

duopolias (Duopoly) uwodeben. duopoliis martivi modeli pirvelad

SemogvTavaza frangma ekonomistma ogiustin kurnom kurnos modelis arsi imaSi

mdgomareobs, rom TiToeuli firma konkurentis warmoebis moculobas miiCnevs

fiqsirebul sidided da amis Semdeg iRebs gadawyvetilebas, Tu ra raodenobis

saqoneli awarmoos TviTon.

`firma 1”-is gadawyvetileba gamoSvebis moculobis Sesaxeb, romlis drosac

mogeba aRwevs maqsimums, damokidebulia `firma 2”-is mier warmoebul produqtze. Tu

`firma 2” arafers awarmoebs, maSin `firma 1”-is moTxovnis mrudi _ D 1 (0) iqneba

sabazro moTxovnis mrudic. zRvruli amonagebis mrudi _ MR1 (0) `firma 1”-

is zRvruli danaxarjebis mruds _ MC1 kveTs wertilSi, sadac warmoebis

moculoba aris 50 erTeuli. Tu firma 50 erTeuls awarmoebs, maSin `firma 1”-is

moTxovnis mrudi gadaadgildeba amave moculobiT marcxena mxares da gaCndeba

D 1 (50) mrudi. Am SemTxvevaSi, mogebis maqsimizacia xdeba 25 erTeuli produqtis

gamoSvebis dros. bolos, Tu `firma 1” dauSvebs, rom `firma 2” awarmoebs 75 erTeuls,

maSin mis wilad darCeba produqtis mxolod 12.5 erTeuli

firmis reagirebis mrudebi gviCveneben, ramdeni unda awarmoos

TiToeulma maTganma konkurentis gamoSvebis moculobis gaTvaliswinebiT.

wonasworobidan gamomdinare, TiToeuli firma irCevs Tavisi reagirebis mrudis

Sesabamis warmoebis moculobas. aqedan gamomdinare, warmoebis moculobebis

wonasworuli done mdebareobs reagirebis ori mrudis gadakveTaze. warmoebis

moculobebis miRebuli wyvilis mniSvnelobebs kurnos wonasworoba ewodeba.

aseTi wonasworobis dros, TiToeuli firma sworad afasebs, ramdeni unda

awarmoos misma konkurentma da Sesabamisad iRebs maqsimalur mogebas.

`firma 1’’-is reagirebis mrudi gviCvenebs warmoebis moculobas, rogorc

funqcias im moculobidan, romelic misi azriT, unda awarmoos `firma 2’’-ma.

`firma 2’’ reagirebis mrudi gviCvenebs warmoebis moculobas, rogorc funqcias

im moculobidan, romelic unda awarmoos `firma 1’’-ma. kurnos wonasworobis

dros, TiToeuli firma zustad iTvaliswinebs moculobas, romelic unda

gamouSvas misma konkurentma da amiT axdens mogebis maqsmizacias. Sesabamisad,

arcerTi firma ar gadaadgildeba am wonasworuli mdgomareobidan. kurnos

wonasworobis dros TiToeuli duopolisti awarmoebs zustad imden produqts,

ramdenic moutans maqsimalur mogebas. amave dros isini iTvaliswineben imas,

Tu ramdens awarmoebs misi konkurenti ise, rom arc erT maTgans ar

gauCndeba survili Secvalos warmoebis moculoba.

18. safaso konkurencia

aqamde ganvixilavdiT firmebs, romlebic erTmaneTs konkurencias warmoebis

moculobebiT uwevdnen. bevr oligopoliur dargSi konkurencia mimdinareobs

fasebis mixedviT. magaliTad, `jeneral motorsis”, `fordis” da `daimler-

kraisleris” fasebi ZiriTadi strategiuli cvladebia da yoveli firma produqtze

fasebs adgens ise, rom ar iviwyebs Tavis konkurentebs. safaso konkurencia

erTgvarovani saqonlis dros _ bertranis modeli rogorc kurnos modelis dros,

aqac oligopoliaSi firmebi erTgvarovan saqonels awarmoeben. TiToeuli maTgani

konkurentis fass ganixilavs, rogorc mudmivs da yvela firma erTdroulad

iRebs gadawyvetilebas, Tu rogori fasi daawesos saqonelze. amgvarad, firmebi

warmoebis moculobebis nacvlad irCeven fass. aseTma cvlilebam SeiZleba sabazro

situaciaze gamaRizianeblad imoqmedos. safaso konkurencia diferencirebuli saqonlis

dros; oligopoliuri bazrisaTvis, garkveuli doziT, damaxasiaTebelia sasaqonlo

diferenciacia erTgvarovan saqonelTa Sorisac ki. magaliTad, benzingasamarTi

sadgurebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian adgilmdebareobiT da SeTavazebuli

momsaxurebiT. Sedegad sxvadasxva sadgurze benzinis fasebi gansxvavebuli iqneba.

bazris wili ganisazRvreba ara marto fasebiT, aramed gansxvavebuli dizainiT,

TiToeuli firmis produqtis eqsploataciisa da momsaxurebis vadebiT. aseT

SeTxvevaSi firmebs konkurenciis gaweva uwevT fasebis da ara warmoebis

moculobis xarjze. Axla ganvixilo martivi SemTxveva, bazarze marto ori firma,

wonasworoba vlindeba wertilSi, sadac reagirebis ori mrudi ikveTeba; Tqven

SegiZliaT darwmundeT, rom fasi am wertilSi orive firmisaTvis 4 laris, xolo

mogeba 12 laris tolia. am wertilSi, arc erT firmas ar aqvs fasis Secvlis

stimuli, radgan TiToeuli firma, konkurentebis fasis gaTvaliswinebiT

saukeTesod iyenebs yvela SesaZleblobas.

19. patimarTa dilemis gamoyeneba oligopoliuri faswarmoqmni dros _ moTxovnis

texili mrudi

firmebis umravlesoba awesebs fasebs da warmoebis moculobebs TavianT

konkurentebis qcevaze mudmivi dakvirvebiTa da cifrebis mudmivi koreqtirebiT.

es firmebs reputaciis SeqmnaSi exmareba, romelic SesaZloa ndobaSi

gadaizardos. Sedegad xandaxan oligopoliuri koordinacia da TanamSromloba

miiRweva. ganvixiloT sami-oTxi firmisagan Semdgari dargi. mravali wlis

manZilze am firmebis menejerebi iRlebian safaso omebSi Semosavlebis

dakargviT da maT Soris Cndeba faruli urTierTgageba, romlis wyalobiTac

yvela firma SeinarCunebs maRal fass da arcerTi maTgani aRar cdilobs

konkurentisaTvis bazris wilis warTmevas.oligopolia sabazro struqturis

farTod gavrcelebuli formaa.

oligopoliuri dargis magaliTebia saavtomobilo, aluminis, foladis,

navTobqimiuri mrewveloba, energetikuli mowyobilobebisa da kompiuterebis

mwarmoebeli dargebi. oligopoliuri am bazrebze TiToeuli firma fass da

sabazro moTxovnas iRebs rogorc mocemuls, xolo konkurentebis qcevas

ignorirebas ukeTebs. oligopoliur bazarze fasebis da warmoebis moculobis

dadgenis dros, firma nawilobriv gaiTvaliswinebs konkurentebis qcevis

Sesaxeb strategiul varaudebs. imavdroulad, konkurentebis gadawyvetileba

damokidebulia TviT firmis gadawyvetilebebze.

bazrisaTvis saqonlis diferenciacia aucileblobas ar

warmoadgens.oligopoliuri dargisTvis Cveulebriv damaxasiaTebeli fasebis

mouqneloba, anu fasebis simtkice (Price Rigidity). maSinac ki, roca icvleba

danaxarjebi an moTxovna, firmebi mainc ewinaaRmdegebian fasebis cvlilebas. roca

fasebi ecema an moTxovna mcirdeba, maT eSiniaT, rom konkurentebi SedarebiT dabal

fasebs araswor interpretacias miscemen da daiwyeba safaso omis morigi

raundi. Tu danaxarjebi an moTxovna gaizrdeba, firmebi uars amboben fasebis

momatebaze. maT eSiniaT, rom konkurentebi uars ityvian fasebis momatebaze.

oligopoliisaTvis fasebis es mouqneloba safuZvlad udevs moTxovnis

texili mrudis models (Kinked demand Curve Model). am modelis YTanaxmad,

TiToeuli moTxovnis mrudi gadatexilia mimdinare P* fasze ufro maRali

fasis dawesebis dros (naxazi 13.9). P*-ze maRali fasis dros moTxovnis mrudi

sakmaod elastikuria imis gamo, rom Tu firma gazrdis fass P*-ze metad, sxva

firmebi mas ar mibaZaven. Sesabamisad, is dakargavs gayidvebis moculobisa da

bazris wilis mniSvnelovan nawils. meore mxriv, firma darwmunebulia, rom Tu is

Seamcirebs fass P*-ze dabla, sxva firmebic mibaZaven mas. maT ar surT

dakargon bazris sakuTari wili. am SemTxvevaSi gayidvebi gaizrdeba mxolod im

donemde, ra donemdec SedarebiT dabali fasi gazrdis mTlian sabazro moTxovnas.

rogorc naCvenebia naxazze 13.9, zRvruli danaxarjebi SeiZleba gaizardos

warmoebis moculobis ucvleli donis dros magram, mainc darCes zRvruli

Semosavlebis toli. ase rom fasi ucvleli rCeba.

20. urTierTdamokidebuli gadawyvetilebebi da neSis wonasworoba

TamaSTa Teoria Seiswavlis urTierTdamokidebul optimalur

gadawyvetilebebs, roca gadawyvetilebis mimRebi subieqtebi racionalurad

iqcevian da iTvaliswineben erTmaneTis mosalodnel sapasuxo qmedebebs. TamaSi

aris situacia, roca konkurentTa gadawyvetilebebi damokidebulia erTmaneTze.

gadawyvetilebis mimRebi TiToeuli individi cdilobs gamoicnos konkurentis

mosalodneli nabiji da imoqmedos Sesabamisad. gadawyvetilebis miRebisas

moTamaSeebi (firmebi, individebi, mTavrobebi) cdiloben maTi Semosavlebis

maqsimalurad gazrdas da arCeven Sesabamis strategiebs. strategia TamaSis

gegmaa, romelic aRwers Tu rogor moqmedebs moTamaSe urTierTdamokidebuli

gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas.

neSis wonasworobisas, cnobilia ra konkurentis mier arCeuli strategiebi,

TiToeuli moTamaSis mier arCeulia maqsimaluri Semosavlis momtani strategia.

arcerT moTamaSes ar SeuZlia gazardos Tavisi mogeba meore moTamaSis mier

startegiis Secvlis gareSe. amrigad, Tuki moTamaSeebi elian, rom misi mowinaaRmdege

racionalurad moiqceva, maSin TiToeuli maTgani misTvis maqsimalurad xelsayrel

strategias SearCevs rogoric ar unda iyos konkurentis mier miRebuli

gadawyvetilebebi. Tu moTamaSeebi elian, rom mowinaaRmdege gadawyvetilebas

miiRebs neSis wonasworobis Sesabamisad, maSin TviTonac iRebs neSis

wonasworobis Sesabamis gadawyvetilebas. sawarmoo simZlavreebis gafarToebis

TamaSi neSis wonasworobis erT mniSvnelovan aspeqtzec miuTiTebs - neSis

wonasworobisas moTamaSeebis mier miRebuli Semosavlebi sulac ar aris maqsimaluri.

21. ganmeorebadi TamaSebi

sawarmoTa simZlavreebis gafarToebis TamaSSi TiToeul kompanias sakuTar

interesebze zrunvis savsebiT racionaluri motivi ubiZgebs iseTi qmedebisaken,

romelic ar aris maqsimaluri koleqtiuri mogebis momtani (cxrili 14.1).

moTamaSeebis koleqtiuri, SeTanxmebuli qmedebis SemTxvevaSi ki aseTi Sedegis

miRweva SesaZlebelia. ,,pepsisa” da ,,koka kolas” Soris konkurenciis es TamaSi

warmoadgens ,,patimarTa dilemis” cnobili TamaSis erTerT konkretul SemTxvevas.

aseTi TamaSis ramdenjerme ganmeorebis Semdeg, moTamaSeebi iTvaliswineben wina

TamaSSi sakuTar da konkurentis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebs, cvlian

strategiebs da, Sesabamisad, dramatulad icvleba TamaSis Sedegebic. ganmeorebadi

TamaSis efeqtis sailustraciod ganvixiloT ,,patimris dilemis” msgavsi TamaSi,

TiToeuli moTamaSisaTvis `motyueba~ aris dominanturi strategia, magram

moTamaSeTa koleqtiuri Semosavali maqsimaluria, roca orive maTgani irCevs

`TanamSromlobis~ startegias. Tu moTamaSeebi erTxel TamaSoben, am TamaSSi

TiToeuli maTganisaTvis saukeTeso strategia ,,motyuebaa”. davuSvaT, rom

moTamaSeebi am TamaSs uaxloes momavalSi kvlav da kvlav iTamaSeben. aseT

SemTxvevaSi, maT SesaZloa miaRwion wonasworobas, sadac TiToeuli maTgani

TanamSromlobis strategias irCevs.

Tu I moTamaSe TaRliTobs dRes, igi iRebs wyvetili xaziT gamosaxul

Semosavlebs. Tu igi TanamSromlobs mudmivad, maSin drois yovel periodSi igi

iRebs uwyveti xaziT gamosaxul Semosavlebs. AB monakveTi asaxavs I moTamaSis mier

TaRliTobis strategiiT miRebul erTjerad damatebiT Semosavals. AC monakveTis

sigrZe gviCvenebs I moTamaSis Semosavlis Semcirebas, romelic gamoiwvia II moTamaSis

mier I moTamaSis TaRliTobaze sapasuxo qmedebam.

22. mimdevrobiTi svlis TamaSebi da strategiuli svla

mimdevrobiTi svlis TamaSi (Sequential-Move Game) iseTi TamaSia, sadac

pirvelad erTi moTamaSe iRebs gadawyvetilebas, xolo mere ki danarCenebi, romlebic

jer akvirdebian pirveli moTamaSis qmedebas da mxolod amis Semdeg iReben

gadawyvetilebebs. mimdevrobiTi svlebis TamaSebSi pirveli svlis gakeTebis unars

SesaZloa zogjer udidesi strategiuli Rirebuleba qondes. mimdevrobiTi svlis

TamaSis gasaanalizeblad viyenebT ,,TamaSis xis” koncefcias. ,,TamaSis xe”

gviCvenebs TiToeuli moTamaSis mier arCeul sxvadasxva strategiebs da maT

Tanmimdevrobas. naxazi 14.2 gviCvenebs ,,TamaSis xes” ,,koka kolasa” da

,,pepsisaTvis”. naxazze TiToeuli kompaniis mier Sesrulebuli svlebi dalagebulia

marcxnidan marjvniv.

,,pepsi~ iRebs gadawyvetilebas ,,koka-kolas~ mier pirvelad miRebuli

gadawyvetilebaze dakvirvebis Semdeg. ,,koka kolas~ aqvs sami alternativa. mis

mier miRebul TiToeul SesaZlo gadawyvetilebaze ,,pepsis~ aqvs aseve sami

alternativa. alternatiuli gadawyvetilebebis Sesabamisi Semosavlebi TiToeuli

kompaniisaTvis miTiTebulia ,,TamaSis xis~ marjvena mxares. ,,koka-kolas~

TiToeul SesaZlo gadawyvetilebaze ,,pepsis~ optimaluri sapasuxo qmedebebi

aRniSnulia Sesabamisi alternativis qveS gavlebuli xaziT. neSis

wonasworobisas ,,koka-kolas~ strategiaa didi qarxnis aSeneba, xolo

,,pepsisaTvis~ – ar aaSenos qarxana.

strategiuli svla aris TamaSis adreul etapze ganxorcielebuli

alternativebis SemzRudveli svla, romelic TamaSis Semdgom etapze gavlenas

axdens konkurentTa gadawyvetilebebze svlis ganmxorcieleblis sasargeblod.