Microprocessor Laboratory Part 1: 8051

Microprocessor Laboratory

Part 1: 8051

Viking Tang & Marvin Lee

Department of

Biomedical Engineering Yuanpei University

2008/09/01

Viking & Marvin, μPLab9701 BME.YPU

I

Table of Content Table of Content................................................................................................................................... I

LAB 00: Introduction to 8051............................................................................................................. 1

LAB 01: Port I/O by μVision.............................................................................................................. 2

LAB 02: Port I/O by ICE .................................................................................................................... 3

LAB 03: Port I/O by AT89S51........................................................................................................... 4

LAB 04: P2 Chasing ........................................................................................................................... 5

LAB 05: Arithmetic Operations.......................................................................................................... 7

LAB 06: Look-up Table...................................................................................................................... 9

LAB 07: Timer Programming........................................................................................................... 11

LAB 08: Serial Interfacing................................................................................................................ 13

LAB 09: Interrupt Programming....................................................................................................... 15

LAB 10: ADC0804 Testing .............................................................................................................. 17

LAB 11: ADC Programming ............................................................................................................ 19

LAB 12: ADC and Serial Interfacing ............................................................................................... 21

Appendix........................................................................................................................................... 22

A.1. Schedule:....................................................................................................................... 23

A.2. Elements & Tools.......................................................................................................... 24

A.3. Lab Report..................................................................................................................... 27

A.4. PC Applications............................................................................................................. 30

A.5. OrCAD/Capture Tutorial............................................................................................... 36

A.6. Keil μVision C51 Tutorial............................................................................................. 44

A.7. K&H ICE Tutorial......................................................................................................... 56

A.8. AT89S51 ISP Tutorial ................................................................................................... 61

A.9. Super Terminal Tutorial ................................................................................................ 66

A.10. ASCII ............................................................................................................................ 68

A.11. C Data Types and Operators ......................................................................................... 70


1

LAB 00: Introduction to 8051 8051 CONCEPT:


2

LAB 01: Port I/O by μVision I. OBJECTIVE:

Use Keil μVision C51 to simulate: input data from P1 and then send to P2, continuously.

II. SCHEMATIC:

Fig 1-1. Schematic for Lab01

III. PROGRAM:

// Lab01 Keil uVision C51 practice // Input from P1, and then send to P2 MOV P1,#0FFH ;set P1 input mode AGAIN: MOV A,P1 ;move data from P1 to A MOV P2,A ;output data from A to P2 JMP AGAIN ;jump back to AGAIN END ;end of coding

IV. RESULTS:

SIMULATION

Fig 1-2. P1 = 101010B, P2 = 101010B


3

LAB 02: Port I/O by ICE I. OBJECTIVE:

Use ICE to emulate: input data from P1 and then send to P2, continuously.

II. SCHEMATIC:


III. PROGRAM:

// Lab02 ICE practice // Input from P1, and then send to P2 ORG 0000H JMP MAIN ORG 0050H MAIN: MOV P1,#0FFH ;set P1 input mode AGAIN: MOV A,P1 ;move data from P1 to A MOV P2,A ;output data from A to P2 JMP AGAIN ;jump back to AGAIN END ;end of coding


4

LAB 03: Port I/O by AT89S51 I. OBJECTIVE:

Input data from AT89S51 P1 and then send to P2, continuously.

II. SCHEMATIC:


III. PROGRAM:

// Lab03 AT89S51 I/O port // Input from P1, and then send to P2 MOV P1,#0FFH ;set P1 input mode AGAIN: MOV A,P1 ;move data from P1 to A MOV P2,A ;output data from A to P2 JMP AGAIN ;jump back to AGAIN END ;end of coding


5

LAB 04: P2 Chasing I. OBJECTIVE:

Sequentially light each bit of port 2 back and forth.

II. SCHEMATIC:



6

III. PROGRAM:

// Lab04 P2 chasing ORG 0 ;start memory address JMP 30H ;rid interrupt vector ORG 30H MOV P2,#0 ;clear P2 MOV A,#01H ;light on P2.0 AGAIN: MOV R1,#7 ;left shift 7 times LEFT: MOV P2,A RL A ;left shift 1-bit CALL DELAY DJNZ R1,LEFT MOV R1,#7 ;right shift 7 times RIGHT: MOV P2,A RR A ;right shift 1-bit CALL DELAY DJNZ R1,RIGHT JMP AGAIN DELAY: MOV R3,#0AH ;delay-time=10*255*255*1.085us=0.7s SELF1: MOV R4,#0FFH SELF2: MOV R5,#0FFH SELF3: DJNZ R5,SELF3 DJNZ R4,SELF2 DJNZ R3,SELF1 RET END

IV. RESULTS:

SIMULATION

Fig 4-2. P2 chasing


7

LAB 05: Arithmetic Operations I. OBJECTIVE:

21 xxy += Where x1 is the high nibble of P1, x2 is the low nibble of P1, y is the P2. When P1 = 11011010B, then x1 = 1101B, x2 = 1010B, and P2 = 00010111B.

II. SCHEMATIC:


III. PROGRAM:

// Lab05 P2 = (P1 high nibble)+ (P1 low nibble) ORG 0 ;locate on memory address 0H JMP 30H ;jump to memory address 30H ORG 30H ;locate on memory address 30H MOV P1,#0FFH ;turn off P1 output transistor AGAIN: MOV A,P1 ;read P1 and save in ACC MOV R1,A ;save P1 data copy in R1 ANL A,#11110000B ;mask low nibble SWAP A ;swap high nibble and low nibble MOV R2,A ;save high nibble copy in R2 MOV A,R1 ;restore P1 data ANL A,#00001111B ;mask high nibble ADD A,R2 ;low nibble + high nibble MOV P2,A ;output summary to P2 JMP AGAIN ;do again END ;end of codes


8

IV. RESULTS:

SIMULATION

Fig 5-2. P1 = 11011010B, and P2 = 1101B + 1010B = 00010111B


9

LAB 06: Look-up Table I. OBJECTIVE:

⎥⎦⎤

⎢⎣⎡ +=

3105xINTy , 0 ≤ x ≤ 9, x = P1, y = P2.

x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

3105 +x 3.33 5 6.66 8.33 10 11.66 13.33 15 16.66 18.33

⎥⎦⎤

⎢⎣⎡ +=

3105xINTy 3 5 6 8 10 11 13 15 16 18

II. SCHEMATIC:


III. PROGRAM:

// Lab06 P2 = INT[(5*P1+10)/3] // (P1,P2) = (0,3),(1,5),(2,6),(3,8),(4,10), // (5,11),(6,13),(7,15),(8,16),(9,18) #include <reg51.h> void main(void) // define array unsigned char j[10]=3,5,6,8,10,11,13,15,16,18; // turn off P1 output transistor P1 = 0xFF; while(1) P2 = j[P1]; // P1 as array index


10

IV. RESULTS:

SIMULATION

Fig 6-2. P1 = 0x09, and P2 = 0x12 = 18


11

LAB 07: Timer Programming I. OBJECTIVE:

Use Timer to generates 2kHz square wave from P1.0

II. SCHEMATIC:


III. PROGRAM:

// Lab07 P1.0: 2kHz square wave #include <reg51.h> void main(void) TMOD=0x02; //mode 2 TH0=0x19; //timer0 initial value TR0=1; //run timer0 while(1) if(TF0) //wait for roll over P1^=0x01; //toggle P1.0 TF0=0; //clear flag


12

IV. RESULTS:

SIMULATION

Fig 7-2. P1.0: 2kHz square wave


13

LAB 08: Serial Interfacing I. OBJECTIVE:

Send the whole ASCII to PC with 4800bps、8-bit、1 stop bit.

II. SCHEMATIC:


III. PROGRAM:

// Lab08 send all ASCII w/ 8N1 4800bps #include <reg51.h> void main(void) unsigned char i; i=0; TMOD=0x20; // timer1 mode 2 TH1=0xFA; // 4800bps SCON=0x50; // 8N1 TR1=1; // start timer1 while(1) SBUF=i; // send “i” while(TI==0); // wait for tranmission TI=0; // clear TI i++; // i=i+1


14

IV. RESULTS:

SIMULATION

Fig 8-2. send all ASCII


15

LAB 09: Interrupt Programming I. OBJECTIVE:

Generate 5kHz square wave from P1.2, and control P1.1 via P1.0.

II. SCHEMATIC:



16

III. PROGRAM:

// Lab09, P1.2: 5kHz square wave, P1.0 controls P1.1 #include <reg51.h> sbit SW = P1^0; //P1.0: switch sbit IND = P1^1; //P1.1: indicator sbit WAVE = P1^2; //P1.2: wave output // Interrupt service routine void timer0(void) interrupt 1 WAVE = ~WAVE; //toggle P1.2 void main(void) SW = 1; //P1.0 input mode TMOD = 0x02; //mode 2 for timer0 TH0 = 0xA4; //timer0 initial value IE = 0x82; //enable timer0 interrupt TR0 = 1; //run timer0 while(1) IND = SW; //P1.1=P1.0

IV. RESULTS:

SIMULATION

Fig 9-2. P1.2: 5kHz square wave, P1.0 controls P1.1


17

LAB 10: ADC0804 Testing I. OBJECTIVE:

ADC0804 selftest.

II. SCHEMATIC:


III. REFERENCE: ADC0804

Fig 10-2 Timing Diagram for Converting


18

Fig 10-3 Timing Diagram for Data Output

Fig 10-4 ADC0804 Clocking (Maximum fCLK = 640 kHz)

Fig 10-5 Vref/2 Relation to Vin Range (ADC0804)


19

LAB 11: ADC Programming I. OBJECTIVE:

Sense the voltage on R4 and show on P1 LED bank in BCD format. P1 high nibble shows digits, and P1 low nibble shows first decimal, e.g. P1=00110101B means 3.5V.

II. SCHEMATIC:



20

III. PROGRAM:

// Lab11, ADC0804 voltage sensing, show on P1 in BCD format // P1 high nibble shows digits // P1 low nibble shows first decimal // e.g. P1=00110101B means 3.5V #include <reg51.h> #include <absacc.h> //Include Macro Definitions unsigned char i; void bcd(unsigned char); void main(void) TCON |=0x01; //into edge trigger IE = 0x81; //enable int0 interrupt TCON |=0x02; //int0 1st request while(1); void int0(void) interrupt 0 i = XBYTE [0x0000]; //read from ADC bcd(i); XBYTE [0x0000] = 0; //another conversion void bcd(unsigned char j) unsigned int x; unsigned char y1,y2; x = j*10/51; y1 = x/10; y2 = x%10; y1 <<= 4; P1 = y1 + y2; //BCD data output


21

LAB 12: ADC and Serial Interfacing I. OBJECTIVE:

Sense the voltage on R4 and show on PC application. 8N1 19200bps

II. SCHEMATIC:


III. PROGRAM:

// Lab12, ADC0804 voltage sensing and serial transmission // sensed voltage is shown on PC application #include <reg51.h> #include <absacc.h> //Include Macro Definitions unsigned char i; void main(void) TMOD=0x20; //timer1 mode 2 TH1=0xFD; //9600bps PCON|=0x80; //9600*2=19200bps SCON=0x50; //8N1 TR1=1; //start timer1 TCON|=0x01; //into edge trigger IE=0x81; //enable int0 interrupt TCON|=0x02; //int0 1st request while(1); void int0(void) interrupt 0 i=XBYTE [0x0000]; //read from ADC SBUF=i; //send sensing data while(TI==0); //wait for send XBYTE [0x0000] = 0; //another conversion


22

Appendix

A.1. SCHEDULE A.2. ELEMENTS & TOOLS A.3. LAB REPORT A.4. PC APPLICATIONS A.5. ORCAD/CAPTURE TUTORIAL A.6. KEIL μVISION C51 TUTORIAL A.7. K&H ICE TUTORIAL A.8. AT89S51 ISP TUTORIAL A.9. SUPER TERMINAL TUTORIAL A.10. ASCII A.11. C DATA TYPES AND OPERATORS


23

A.1. SCHEDULE:

Table A.1.1 Lab Schedule

Week N2Y2-1 Progress N4Y3-1 Progress D4Y3-1 Progress 1 2008/9/10 Introduction 2008/9/11 Introduction 2008/9/12 Introduction 2 2008/9/17 LAB-00 2008/9/18 LAB-00 2008/9/19 LAB-00 3 2008/9/24 LAB-01 2008/9/25 LAB-01 2008/9/26 LAB-01 4 2008/10/1 LAB-02 2008/10/2 LAB-02 2008/10/3 LAB-02 5 2008/10/8 LAB-03 2008/10/9 LAB-03 2008/10/10 Nation's Birthday6 2008/10/15 LAB-04 2008/10/16 LAB-04 2008/10/17 LAB-03 7 2008/10/22 LAB-05 2008/10/23 LAB-05 2008/10/24 LAB-04 8 2008/10/29 LAB-06 2008/10/30 LAB-06 2008/10/31 LAB-05 9 2008/11/5 Midterm Exam 2008/11/6 Midterm Exam 2008/11/7 Midterm Exam 10 2008/11/12 LAB-07 2008/11/13 LAB-07 2008/11/14 LAB-06 11 2008/11/19 LAB-08 2008/11/20 LAB-08 2008/11/21 LAB-07 12 2008/11/26 LAB-09 2008/11/27 LAB-09 2008/11/28 LAB-08 13 2008/12/3 LAB-10 2008/12/4 LAB-10 2008/12/5 LAB-09 14 2008/12/10 LAB-11 2008/12/11 LAB-11 2008/12/12 LAB-11 15 2008/12/17 LAB-12 2008/12/18 2008/12/19 16 2008/12/24 2008/12/25 2008/12/26 17 2008/12/31 2009/1/1 New Year 2009/1/2 New Year 18 2009/1/7 Final Exam 2009/1/8 Final Exam 2009/1/9 Final Exam


24

A.2. ELEMENTS & TOOLS

Table A.2.1. 實驗工具 (每組自備)

# 品名數量 1 尖嘴鉗 1 2 斜口鉗 1 3 三用電錶 1 4 烙鐵（含烙鐵架） 1 5 吸錫器 1 6 實驗講義 1 7 微處理機課本 1

Table A.2.2. 色碼

黑棕紅橙黃綠藍紫灰白

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Table A.2.3. 數碼標示

數碼電阻電容 123 12 × 103 Ω = 12 kΩ 12 × 103 pF = 0.12 μF

Table A.2.4. 數量級

G M k m μ n p 109 106 103 10-3 10-6 10-9 10-12


25

尖嘴鉗

斜口鉗

烙鐵

焊錫

吸錫器

電阻

Resistor network

Resistor Variable

電解電容

陶質電容

USB A-Male

DB-25 & DB-9

DB-25 & DB-9 Case

LED

LED Bargraph

AT89S51

ADC0804

MAX232

IC Socket

Pin header

Push button

DIP Switch

XTAL

Dupont Molex

Heat-shrinkable

tubing

單心線

110V-5V 1A USB Female


26

Fig A.2.1. USB 5V power cable

Fig A.2.2 RS-232 DB9 Connector


27

A.3. LAB REPORT

Lab [Number] Report: [Title] Name Std. ID

Contributors: 1. 2. 3.

Date: Team number:

I. OBJECTIVE:

II. SCHEMNATIC:

III. PROGRAM: (WITH DETAILED EXPLAINATION)

IV. RESULTS:

Simulation Practice

V. DISCUSSION:


28

Lab 05 Report: Arithmetic and logic instructions Name Std. ID

Contributors: 1. Viking 0923567890 2. Marvin 0923567891

Date: 2008/09/01 Team number: 1

I. OBJECTIVE:

P2 = P1 high nibble + P1 low nibble

II. SCHEMATIC:

Fig lab05-1. Schematic

III. PROGRAM:

ORG 0 ;locate on memory address 0H JMP 30H ;jump to memory address 30H ORG 30H ;locate on memory address 30H MOV P1,#0FFH ;turn off P1 output transistor AGAIN: MOV A,P1 ;read P1 and save in ACC MOV R1,A ;save P1 data copy in R1 ANL A,#11110000B ;mask low nibble SWAP A ;swap high nibble and low nibble MOV R2,A ;save high nibble copy in R2 MOV A,R1 ;restore P1 data ANL A,#00001111B ;mask high nibble ADD A,R2 ;low nibble + high nibble MOV P2,A ;output summary to P2 JMP AGAIN ;do again END ;end of codes


29

IV. RESULTS:

Simulation

Fig lab05-2. P1 = A8H, P2 = AH + 8H = 12H = 18D

Laboratory

Fig lab05-3. P1 = A8H, P2 = AH + 8H = 12H = 18D

V. DISCUSSION:


30

A.4. PC APPLICATIONS

ORCAD/CAPTURE:

OrCAD: https://www.cadence.com/ Install OrCAD

Fig A.4.1. Warning for virus detection program

Fig A.4.2. Welcome message, Products selection


31

Fig A.4.3. Directory assignment, Assign the folder name

Fig A.4.4. Start installation

Fig A.4.5. Installation progress


32

Fig A.4.6. Suggestion for Acrobat reader installation, Setup complete

KEIL μVISION C51:

Download Keil μVision C51 from http://www.keil.com/

Fig A.4.7. Keil home page


33

Fig A.4.8. Evaluation product selection

Fig A.4.9. User information


34

Fig A.4.10. C51 evaluation download

Install Keil μVision C51

Fig A.4.11. Welcome message for Keil C51 installation, License agreement

Fig A.4.12. Directory assignment, User information


35

Fig A.4.13. Installation progress, Examples installation

ISP PROGRAMMER:

http://www.kmitl.ac.th/~kswichit/IspPgm30a/ISP-Pgm30a.html

Fig A.4.14. ISP programmer home page


36

A.5. ORCAD/CAPTURE TUTORIAL

D8

D3D4

D1

D5

D2

D6

SW1SW DIP-8

U1

8051 ICE

9

1819

20

2930

31

40

12345678

2122232425262728

1011121314151617

3938373635343332

RST

XTAL2XTAL1

GN

D

PSENALE/PROG

EA/VPP

VCC

P1.0P1.1P1.2P1.3P1.4P1.5/MOSIP1.6/MISOP1.7/SCK

P2.0/A8P2.1/A9

P2.2/A10P2.3/A11P2.4/A12P2.5/A13P2.6/A14P2.7/A15

P3.0/RXDP3.1/TXD

P3.2/INT0P3.3/INT1

P3.4/T0P3.5/T1

P3.6/WRP3.7/RD

P0.0/AD0P0.1/AD1P0.2/AD2P0.3/AD3P0.4/AD4P0.5/AD5P0.6/AD6P0.7/AD7

D7

R1220

123456789

Fig A.5.1. Example schematic

Fig A.5.2. OrCAD capture


37

Fig A.5.3. Open new project

Fig A.5.4. Assign project name


38

Fig A.5.5. Place part of AT89C51

Fig A.5.6. Enter Edit Mode


39

Fig A.5.7. Part editing

Fig A.5.8. Modify pin properties


40

Fig A.5.9. Leave Edit Mode

Fig A.5.10. Update current part


41

Fig A.5.11. Place part of LED

Fig A.5.12. Place part of Resistor SIP


42

Fig A.5.13. Rotate Resistor SIP

Fig A.5.14. Place part of Switch DIP


43

Fig A.5.15. Place the Wire


44

A.6. KEIL μVISION C51 TUTORIAL

Fig A.6.1. Schematic for μVision tutorial

MOV P1,#0FFH ;set P1 input mode AGAIN: MOV A,P1 ;move data from P1 to A MOV P2,A ;output data from A to P2 JMP AGAIN ;jump back to AGAIN END ;end of coding

Fig A.6.2. Initiates Keil μVision C51


45

Fig A.6.3. Create new Project

Fig A.6.4. Specify Project name and directory


46

Fig A.6.5. Specify Vendor

Fig A.6.6. Specify model number

Fig A.6.7. Copy Startup codes or “not”


47

Fig A.6.8. Create new code file

Fig A.6.9. Edit codes


48

Fig A.6.10. Save codes

Fig A.6.11. Specify file name (*.a51) and directory


49

Fig A.6.12. Add code file to Project

Fig A.6.13. Specify the a51 code file for including


50

Fig A.6.14. The a51 code file has included

Fig A.6.15. Modify Project Option


51

Fig A.6.16. Specify Xtal (MHz): 11.0592

Fig A.6.17. Specify “Create HEX File”


52

Fig A.6.18. Build Target

Fig A.6.19. Start Debug Session (Simulation)


53

Fig A.6.20. System warning message for evaluation version

Fig A.6.21. Activate Port 1 and Port 2 and Run


54

Logic Analyzer

Fig A.6.22. Logic analyzer simulation

Fig A.6.23. Logic analyzer setup


55

Serial monitor

Fig A.6.24. Serial port monitoring


56

A.7. K&H ICE TUTORIAL

Fig A.7.1. K&H hardware setup

Fig A.7.2. Initialize K&H ICE application


57

Fig A.7.3. K&H ICE application layout

Fig A.7.4. Interface setup; select Serial port “1”

Fig A.7.5. Open HEX file


58

Fig A.7.6. HEX file selection

Fig A.7.7. HEX file loaded

Fig A.7.8. Tool bar


59

Fig A.7.9. “View” menu items

Fig A.7.10. “Run” menu items

Fig A.7.11. “Memory” menu items

Fig A.7.12. Modify register

Fig A.7.13. “Option” menu items


60

建議將主程式的起始位置放在位址 0050H 之後，換句話說，建議將程式開頭寫成以下的形

式： ORG 0000H JMP MAIN ORG 0050H MAIN: ... ...


61

A.8. AT89S51 ISP TUTORIAL

ISP Cable

Fig A.8.1. Schematics for 51 ISP programming cable

Reference : http://mail.savs.hcc.edu.tw/~luohyk/8051/ISP_Loader.htm

Fig A.8.2. Resistors on DB25


62

Fig A.8.3. Components arrangement

Fig A.8.4. Pins for 51 connections


63

ISP Programmer tutorial

Fig A.8.5. Initialize ISP programmer

Fig A.8.6. Open hex file and write


64

Printer port setup

Fig A.8.7. 執行「控制台」→「系統」

Fig A.8.8. 選取「硬體」→「裝置管理員」


65

Fig A.8.9. 選取「印表機連接埠(LPT1)」

Fig A.8.10. 將「篩選資源方法」設為「儘量不要使用插斷」或「接受任何送到連接埠的插斷」。

有的時候設「儘量不要使用插斷」就可以燒錄了，但重新開機後又不能燒。這時候再改設成「接受任何送到連接埠的插斷」即可，反之亦然。


66

A.9. SUPER TERMINAL TUTORIAL

Fig A.9.1. 開啟“超級終端機”

Fig A.9.2. 連線命名、選擇連接埠與設（流量控制：「無」）


67

Fig A.9.3. 設定「回應輸入的字元」


68

A.10. ASCII

Table A.10.1 ASCII Codes


69

Table A.10.2 Extended ASCII Codes


70

A.11. C DATA TYPES AND OPERATORS

Basing on Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B

Table A.11.1. Data Types

Data Types Bits Bytes Value Range

Bit 1 0 to 1

signed char 8 1 -128–+127

unsigned char 8 1 0–255

Enum 8 / 16 1 or 2 -128–+127 or -32768–+32767

signed short int 16 2 -32768–+32767

unsigned short int 16 2 0–65535

signed int 16 2 -32768–+32767

unsigned int 16 2 0–65535

signed long int 32 4 -2147483648–+2147483647

unsigned long int 32 4 0–4294967295

Float 32 4 ±1.175494E-38–±3.402823E+38

Double 32 4 ±1.175494E-38–±3.402823E+38

Sbit 1 0 or 1

Sfr 8 0–255

sfr16 16 2 0– 65535


71

Table A.11.2. Arithmetic operators

Operator Name Syntax

Unary Plus +a

Addition (Sum) a + b

Prefix Increment ++a

Postfix Increment a++

Assignment by Addition a += b

Unary Minus (Negation) -a

Subtraction (Difference) a - b

Prefix Decrement --a

Postfix Decrement a—

Assignment by Subtraction a -= b

Multiplication (Product) a * b

Assignment by Multiplication a *= b

Division (Quotient) a / b

Assignment by Division a /= b

Modulus (Remainder) a % b

Assignment by Modulus a %= b

Table A.11.3. Comparison operators

Operator Name Syntax Less Than a < b Less Than or Equal To a <= b Greater Than a > b Greater Than or Equal To a >= b Not Equal To a != b Equal To a == b Logical Negation !a Logical AND a && b Logical OR a || b


72

Table A.11.4. Bitwise operators

Operator Name Syntax Bitwise Left Shift a << b Assignment by Bitwise Left Shift a <<= b Bitwise Right Shift a >> b Assignment by Bitwise Right Shift a >>= b Bitwise One’s Complement ~a Bitwise AND a & b Assignment by Bitwise AND a &= b Bitwise OR a | b Assignment by Bitwise OR a |= b Bitwise XOR a ^ b Assignment by Bitwise XOR a ^= b

Table A.11.5. Other operators

Operator Name Syntax Basic Assignment a = b Function Call a() Array Subscript a[b] Indirection (Dereference) *a Address-of (Reference) &a

Documents

Microprocessor Laboratory Part 1: 8051