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Microsoft Excel 2007

Starting Excel 1- Click The start Button to display start menu .

2- Navigate to all Programs .

3- Choose Microsoft office Excel 2007 ,to lunch a blank sheet

Screen Elements

1- The Ribbon The Ribbon is designed to help you quickly find the commands that you need to

complete a task. Commands are organized in logical groups, which are collected together

under tabs. Each tab relates to a type of activity, such as writing or laying out a page. To

reduce clutter, some tabs are shown only when needed. For example, the Picture Tools

tab is shown only when a picture is selected.

Cell Name

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2- Microsoft Office Button The Office Button, located in the upper left-hand corner of the program window, The

Office Button menu contains basic file management commands, including New, Open,

Save, Print and Close.

To Create a New Workbook: Click the Office Button, select New, and click Create, or

press <Ctrl> + <N>. To Open a Workbook: Click the Office Button and select Open ,

or press <Ctrl> + <O>. To Save a Workbook: Click the Save button on the Quick

Access Toolbar, or press <Ctrl> + <S>. To Save a Workbook with a Different Name:

Click the Office Button, select Save As, and enter a new name for the presentation. To

Preview a Workbook: Click the Office Button, point to Print, and select Print

Preview. To Print a Workbook: Click the Office Button and select Print, or press

<Ctrl> + <P>. To Quick Print: Click the Office Button, point to Print, and select

Quick Print. To Undo: Click the Undo button on the Quick Access Toolbar or press

<Ctrl> + <Z>. To Close a Workbook: Click the Close button or press <Ctrl> + <W>.

To Get Help: Press <F1> to open the Help window. Type your question and press

<Enter>. To Exit Excel: Click the Office Button and click Exit Excel.

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3 - Quick Access Toolbar Quick Access Toolbar you can add or Delete items on the “Quick Access Toolbar”

(QAT) choose the command from your ribbon, right click on that command, choose from

the drop down menu “Add to Quick Access Toolbar”. You can chose to add the

AutoSum to the “Quick Access Toolbar”. To remove an item from the “Quick Access

Toolbar” just right click on the icon and choose “Remove from Quick Access Toolbar”.

Another way is to left click on the drop down arrow at the right end of the “QAT”. Then

choose “More commands”. You will get a selection of commands that you can add.

4- Formula Bar A place where you can enter or view formulas or text.

5- Expand Formula Bar Button This button allows you to expand the formula bar. This is helpful when you have either a

long formula or large piece of text in a cell.

6-Worksheet Navigation Tabs By default, every workbook has 3 sheets. You are able to navigate the sheets by clicking

on the sheet tab.

7-Insert Worksheet Button Click the Insert New Worksheet button to insert a new worksheet in your workbook .

8-Normal View This is the “normal view” for working on a spreadsheet in Excel.

9-Page Layout View View the document as it will appear on the printed page.

10-Page Break Preview View a preview of where pages will break when the document is printed.

11- Zoom Level Allows you to quickly zoom in or zoom out of the worksheet.

12- Horizontal/Vertical Scroll Allows you to scroll vertically/horizontally in the worksheet.

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EXCEL Spreadsheets A spreadsheet is an electronic document that stores various types of data. There are

vertical columns (Labeled A, B, C, D, etc) and horizontal rows (Labeled 1, 2, 3, 4, etc).

There are 16,384 columns and 1,048,576 rows in a worksheet. Move from cell to cell by

hitting Tab key (moves cursor to right), Enter key (moves cursor down), arrow keys

(moves cursor in direction of arrows) or by mouse clicking in desired cell. A cell is the

intersection of a column and a row. A cell can contain data and can be used in

calculations of data within the spreadsheet. In the image below the cursor is on cell A1.

Row 1 and Column A are bold and colored orange. This indicates what is called the

address of the cell. Right above cell A1, A1 is displayed in a small box called the Name

cell.

1- Home The Home tab contains the majority of your formatting and paragraph commands.

Clipboard Group In the Clipboard Group you have the Copy, Cut, Paste, and Format

Painter buttons available for quick access.

Font Group In this group you have the ability to change the Font Type, Size and can

change the color and look of the text with Bold, Italics, and Underline. Some of the new

buttons in the Font group include:

1-Grow Font/Shrink Font This button allows you to quickly increase and

decrease the font size without having to type any numbers in.

2- Border Button This button allows you to set borders around your cells in your

worksheet.

3- Launcher The Launcher Button allows you to open the dialog box of each group

for any other buttons or commands that may not be displayed in that Group.

Alignment Group

1. To change the cell alignment on your page, select the cell(s) you want to change and

click one of the cell alignment buttons. Top Align .

Middle Align Bottom Align .

Bottom Align .

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2. To change the text alignment, select the text/cell(s) you want to change and click one

of the alignment buttons. Or click one of the alignment buttons in a blank cell and start

typing.

Align Text Left

Center

Align Text Right

3. To change the text orientation click the Orientation button. This will allow you

to rotate your text vertically or diagonally.

4. To change the margin/indent spacing click the Decrease Indent or Increase Indent

buttons. This button allows you to decrease or increase the margin between the

border and the text in the cell.

5. Click the Wrap Text button to make all content visible within a cell by

displaying it on multiple lines.

6. Click the Merge and Center button to join the selected cells into one larger cell

and center the contents in the new cell.

Number Group

1. Click the Number Format drop down arrow to choose how the values

in a cell are displayed: as a percentage, currency, date and time, etc.

2. Click the Accounting Number Format button (aka Currency Button) to format

the selected cells to US currency. Click the drop down arrow to choose an alternate

format for the selected cells (such as U.K. and Euro).

3. Click the Percentage Style button to display the value of the selected cells as a

percentage.

4. Click the Comma Style button to display the value of the selected cells with a

thousands separator.

5. Click the Increase Decimal button to show more percise values by showing more

decimal places.

6. Click the Decrease Decimal button to show less percise values by showing fewer

decimal places.

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Styles Group

1. Click the Conditional Formatting button to highlight

interesting cells.

2. Click the Format as Table button to quickly format a range of

cells and convert it to a Table by choosing a pre-defined Table Style.

3. Click the Cell Styles button to quickly format a cell by choosing from

pre-defined styles.

Cells Group

1. Click the Insert button to insert a cell, row, or column into your current

worksheet.

2. Click the Delete button to delete a column or row from your current

worksheet.

3. Click the Format button to change the row height or column width,

organize sheets, or protect or hide cells.

Edition Group

1-Click the Sum button to display the sum of the selected cells directly after the

selected cells. If you want a quick sum of selected cells without displaying the data

into a cell just highlight the cells and you will see the average, count, and sum in the

bottom right of the worksheet.

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2. Click the Fill button to continue a pattern into one or more adjacent cells.

a. Type the text or value in the first cell then select that cell and the cells you want the

value to fill to, then click the Fill button.

3. Click the Clear button to delete everything from the cell. Or click the drop down

arrow to selectively remove the formatting, contents, or comments from the selected

cells.

4. Click the Sort & Filter button to arrange the data so that it is easier to analyze.

For example, you can sort selected data in ascending or descending.

5. Click the Find & Select button to find and select specific text, formatting, or

type of information within the worksheet (i.e. Find and Replace).

2- Insert Tables Group The Insert tab is used for inserting objects such as tables, charts, pictures and links.

1. Use the Pivot Table and Table buttons to insert either into your worksheet.

a. To convert your data to a table open a worksheet or type the data into your new

worksheet.

b. Highlight the cells you want to convert to a table.

c. Click the Table button.

d. If the selection is correct click OK, if not reselect the appropriate cells and click OK.

Illustrations Group

Pictures and Clip Art

1. Click on your worksheet where you want your picture or clipart to be inserted.

2. Click Insert from the Tab Bar: To Insert a Picture click the Picture button.

Navigate to where the picture is saved on your desktop. Double click the picture to insert

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3- To Insert Clip Art click the Clip Art button . In the Clip Art task pane that

displays on the right side of your screen type in a keyword into the Search for field.

Click Go. Scroll through the different selections. Click the clipart once to insert it into

your worksheet.

4- To Insert Shapes click the Shapes button , select the desired shape from the

drop down menu, drag your mouse until the shape is the size you desire.

5- To Insert SmartArt, click the SmartArt button , select the desired SmartArt,

type in the information if necessary. Click on a blank area of your worksheet to complete

the SmartArt.

Charts Group

To Insert Charts click Insert from the Tab Bar. Type (or open) and then select the data

and values you would like to create a chart from. Select the data and values, and then

click the desired chart from the list below. Click on a blank area of your worksheet to

complete the chart.

Example :-

Creating a Chart We will do a chart displaying the total cases of flavors of ice cream

sold by class year and the combined totals of each flavor. Open the file *.xls on your

desktop

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• Select cells A3:F9

• Select the Insert tab use one of the following two methods:

Select a Chart button from the Charts group

or

Click on the Chart Dialog Box Launcher

For this example, we will choose the Chart Dialog Box Launcher so that all of the types

of charts are displayed together. The Insert Chart dialog box appears.

Choose your chart type by selecting one item from the list of 11 chart types and

then selecting a chart sub-type.

Click the OK button

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Editing the Chart

In order to make changes to the chart area, select the chart and the Chart Tools menu

will appear on the Ribbon. The Design, Layout and Format tabs are used to edit the

chart.

Switching the Row/Column Data

• Select the chart

• Make sure the Design tab under Chart Tools is selected

• In the Data group, click on the Switch Row/Column button

Adding Chart Titles

• Select the chart

• Click the Layout tab under Chart Tools

• In the Labels group, click the Chart Title button

• Select the desired option

The words Chart Title will then appear in your chart.

• Select the text box to modify the text or just begin typing

Labeling the Axis

• Select the chart

• Click the Layout tab under Chart Tools

• On the Layout tab, click the Axis Titles button in the Labels group

• In order to modify the title for the horizontal axis, select an option under the Primary

Horizontal Axis Title in the drop down menu-box

After choosing an option, type your text and press <Enter>

• In order to modify the title for the vertical axis, select an option under the Primary

Vertical Axis Title in the drop down menu-box

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• After choosing an option, type your text and press <Enter>

After choosing an option, type your text and press <Enter>

Adjusting the Legend Location

• Select the chart

• Click the Layout tab under Chart Tools

• In the Labels group, click the Legend button

• Select the desired legend location

Check out the Data Labels and Data Table buttons.

Removing the Gridlines

• Click on the Gridlines button in the Axes group

• Choose the appropriate one

• Choose None

Moving the Chart and its Elements

• Move to any empty space – pointer becomes a four-pronged arrow

• Drag the chart so it is not covering the worksheet data

You can manually move any of the chart elements (title, axis labels, legend, etc). Move

the pointer onto the element, click and drag.

Changing the Chart Layout and Style

• Select the chart

• Click on the Design tab under Chart Tools

In the Chart Layouts or Chart Styles group, click the scroll up or down arrow or

the More list arrow to view all of the options

Select the desired layout and/or style

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Changing Data

Any data changed in the worksheet will automatically update the chart. Change a few

values and some of the text.

Changing the Chart Type

• Select the chart

• Click on the Design tab under Chart Tools

• In the Type group, click the Change Chart Type button

• Click the desired chart type and then click the OK button

Formatting the Chart

You may format any of the individual elements within the chart such as the Plot Area,

Legend and Axes by using the options on the Format tab, under the Chart Tools.

Click on the Format tab and select the title

• Click on the More button in the WordArt Styles group

• Move your mouse over the various choices

• Select the Legend

• Click the More button in the Shapes Style group

• Try the Shapes Effects button on the Legend

Check out the buttons in the Size group

Deleting a Chart

• Click on the chart to select and press <Delete>

Text Group 1. To Insert a Text Box, click Insert from the Tab Bar. Click the Text Box

button. Drag your mouse to the desired text box size, or click and

start typing to begin to enter data into your text box. Click on a blank area of your

worksheet to complete the text box.

2. To Insert a Header or Footer, click Insert from the Tab Bar. Click the Header &

Footer button. Click inside the left, center, or right area of

the Header (depending on what type of alignment you desire) and type your data. Click

on a blank area of your worksheet to complete the Header. To Insert a Footer click the

Header & Footer button as described above and then click the Go To Footer

button. Click inside the left, center, or right area of the Footer (depending on what type of

alignment you desire) and type your data. Click on a blank area of your worksheet to

complete the Footer.

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3. To Insert WordArt, click Insert from the Tab Bar. Click the WordArt

button. Select the style of WordArt you desire, type in your text,

and then click on a blank area of your worksheet to complete the WordArt.

3-Page Layout Page Setup Group

Setting Page Margins

1. From the Tab Bar, click Page Layout

2. Click the Margins Button

3. Select the Margins you prefer from the drop down menu or click Custom Margins…

at the bottom of the drop down menu.

a. If you selected Custom Margins you will see a screen that looks similar to the older

version of Excel. Here you will enter in the margins you prefer. When finished click OK.

Changing Page Orientation

1. From the Tab Bar, click Page Layout

2. Click the Orientation Button

3. Select Portrait or Landscape

Changing Page Size

1. From the Tab Bar, click Page Layout

2. Click the Size Button

3. Select the size of the paper from the drop down menu or select More Paper Sizes to

choose an additional size

a. Click OK

Setting the Print Area

1. From the Tab Bar, click Page Layout

2. Highlight the area that you want to set as your Print Area.

3. Click the Print Area Button.

4. Click Set Print Area

a. To change the print area click the Print Area Button and select either Clear Print

Area to define a new print area or clear the existing one, or select Add to Print Area to

add more cells to the area.

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4-Formulas & Functions In this section you will learn to perform more advanced formulas in your workbook.

Formulas and Functions can be found in the Function Library located on the Formula

tab, shown below.

Inserting Functions The first step in inserting a function is to choose a cell to contain the function result. Once you

select a cell, display the Insert Function dialogue box by clicking the fx button next to the formula

bar. You can also choose the Insert Function button from the Formulas Ribbon.

The Insert Function dialogue box lets you select functions by category via a drop down list. The

Help on This Function link is also available if you need clarification on the use of a selected

function.

Once you choose a function you can click OK to move to the next step: the Function Arguments

box.

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Using the IF Function Excel’s IF function can often prove to be very useful. You can use this function to branch to

different values or actions depending on a specified condition. The structure of an If function is as

follows: IF (logical test, value if true, value if false) .IF functions are called conditional functions

because the value that the function returns will depend on whether or not a specific condition is

satisfied. As an example, consider the following function: IF (A1=10, 5, 1) This function states

that if cell A1 has a value of 10 the cell that contains the function will have the value of 5. But if

A1 doesn’t have a value of 10, the cell that contains the function will have a value of 1. In other

words, the function reads: if A1 equals 10 then return the number 5, else, return the number 1.

Let’s say that this next IF function is entered into cell B2: IF (A1<=100, A1*.5, C3*2)

This function states that if the contents of cell A1 is less than or equal to 100, the value in cell B2

will be the value in A1 multiplied by .5; else, the value in B2 will be the value of cell C3

multiplied by 2.

Example : In Excel, you can actually place (or nest) a function within a function. Look at the following worksheet as an example.

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By looking in the formula bar, you can see that the average function for cell E7 contains three

sum functions (the sums of the three type columns). This means that the value in E7 is the

average of the sums of columns B, C, and D.

Example

=IF(A1<100, A1*1.5,IF(A1<200, A1*2,IF(A1<300, A1*2.5,A1*3))) Start at the left and examine each IF statement carefully. The first IF tests to see whether the value in cell A1 is less than 100. If it is, the result of this function will be the value of A1 multiplied by 1.5. If the value in A1 is equal to or greater than 100, the test condition will be false, and the second value will come into play. In this case, the second value is a nested IF function that tests whether the value in A1 is less than 200. If it is, the value in A1 multiplied by 2 will be the result of the function. If the value in A1 is greater than or equal to 200 the third IF function will be used. This function tests whether the value in A1 is less than 300. The value in A1 will be multiplied by 2.5 if it is less than 300, and multiplied by 3 if it is greater than or equal to 300.

5-Data Tab The Data tab is used to import data and specify external data sources.

From the Data Tab, click the Sort Button to sort the selected data in

Ascending or Descending order. You can display certain data in your workbook easily

using the options in the Sort & Filter group on the Data tab, shown below. You need to

select a range of cells, including the column or row headings in your worksheet before

selecting the Sort or Filter options.

6-Review Tab

7-View Tab

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Window Tab

Splitting Panes

1. To split panes to view two parts of a worksheet at once from the View Tab, click the

Split Button in the Window Group.

2. Click and drag the split bars into the positions you want.

3. To remove the split, click the Split Button again.

Freezing a Row or Column

1. To freeze horizontal or vertical panes to keep row and column labels or other data

visible as you scroll through your worksheet click the View Tab.

a. To Freeze rows, click the row below where you want the split to appear.

b. To Freeze columns, click the column to the right where you want the split to appear

c. To Freeze both rows and columns, select the cell below and to the right of where you

want the split to appear.

2. Click the Freeze Panes Button in the Window Group.

3. Select Freeze Panes from the drop down menu.

4. To Unfreeze, click the Freeze Panes button in the Window Group and

select Unfreeze Panes from the drop down menu.

5. If you just want to freeze the top row or first column click the Freeze Panes

Button and select either the Freeze Top Row or Freeze First Column.

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Abbreviations

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Activating the “Analysis ToolPak” (1) To be able to draw histograms (very important in this type of analysis) in Excel, the

”Analysis ToolPak” Add-In must be activated.

1.Click on the ”Office Button” in the top left corner and select ”Excel Options”:

2.Click on the ”Add-Ins”, select ”Manage: Excel Add-ins” in the menu and click on ”Go”:

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3.Make sure the Analysis ToolPakis activated (if it is not available in the list, download it from the Microsoft home page)

4.Click ”OK”

5.When asked if you want to install the add-in, click

”Yes”

(The installation may take a couple of minutes, but should be automatic)

Go to the Data ribbon

Select the Data analysis menu (below)

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Example :- Comparison height for two samples of Theorists bipartite

Go to the Data ribbon

Select the Data analysis menu (below)

Select t-Test :two sample assuming unequal variances

Select the data ranges and set the alpha (critical P) level:

Excel 2007 results in new sheets:

Writing a conclusion:

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The results of the dependent t-test can be seen in the resultant table. The value of t

(t Stat) is -4.53744.

The probability of this result being due to chance can be read from the table as

0.000291 (two-tail) which means that this result is significant at the0 .000291

level.

We will set our alpha level as = 0.05, so we will say that p < .05 rather than that

p =0.000291 .

We could also look up the t critical value or cut-off value for t from the table by

looking at t Critical one-tail which is 2.110 without using the spreadsheet.

We now have all the information we need to complete the six step statistical inference

process:

State the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis based on your

research question.

Null hypothesis: There is no significant difference between the height of the two

samples .

Alternative hypothesis: There is a significant difference between the height of the

two samples .

Set the critical P level (also called the alpha level )

P=0.05

Calculate the value of the appropriate statistic. Also indicate the degrees of

freedom for the statistical test if necessary. t = -4.53

df = 17 (unpaired , unequal sample variance)

Write the decision rule for rejecting the null hypothesis.

Reject null hypothesis since t > 2.110

Write a summary statement based on the decision. Reject null hypothesis , p <0 .05, two-tailed

Write a statement of results There is a significant difference between the height of two

samples.