Microsoft Word - Section 11

Level I Course Manual – Section 11 Publ No 1 560 009 C

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11. References

Typical guidelines used by electrical utilities:

Guidelines for IR inspection of overhead and underground electrical distribution facilities Distribution

Facilities Temperature Rise (∆∆∆∆T)* Grade / Remarks

Overhead 14° to 20°C 25° to 36°F

Grade 3: Corrective measures not required. Must be recorded

21° to 60°C 37° to 108°F

Grade 2: Corrective measures required as scheduling permits or ASAP, depending upon the class of load carried and the severity of temperature rise in this range

61°C and over 109°F and over

Grade 1: Corrective measures required IMMEDIATELY

Underground 2° to 4°C 5° to 7°C

Grade 3: Corrective measures not required. Must be recorded

5° to 10°C 8° to 18°F

Grade 2: Corrective measures required as scheduling permits or ASAP, depending upon the class of load carried and the severity of temperature rise in this range

11°C and over 19°F and over

Grade 1: Corrective measures required IMMEDIATELY

* (∆T is the temperature difference between the Apparatus Temperature and the Reference Temperature.)

Delta “T” Temperature Rise Chart Severity Deg. F. To Deg. F. or Deg. C To Deg. C Minor 18 To 36 or 10 To 20 Serious 37 To 89 or 21 To 49 Critical Over 90 or Over 50

Minor: Corrective action required as scheduling permits. Serious: Corrective measures required as soon as possible. Critical: Corrective measures required immediately. Note: Any equipment found in the serious range or above, may require increased frequency of inspection until repairs are made.


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Guidelines from:

MAINTENANCE TESTING SPECIFICATIONS FOR ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION EQUIPMENT AND SYSTEMS.

9.0 THERMOGRAPHIC SURVEY

9.1 Visual and Mechanical Inspection 1. Inspect for physical, electrical, and mechanical condition. 2. Visually inspect for bus alignment. 3. Remove all necessary covers prior to scanning.

9.2 Equipment to be Scanned 1. Switches, busway, open buses, switchgear, cables, cable and

bus connections, circuit breakers, rotating equipment, and load tap changer or current carrying devices.

9.3 Provide Report Indicating the Following: 1. Problem area (location of “hot spot”). 2. Temperature rise between “hot spot” and normal or reference

area. 3. Cause of heat rise. 4. Phase unbalance, if present. 5. Areas scanned.

9.4 Test Parameters 1. Scanning distribution systems with ability to detect 1°C rise between subject area and reference at 30°C. 2. Equipment shall detect emitted radiation and convert detected

radiation to visual signal. 3. Infrared surveys should be performed during periods of

maximum possible loading but not less than ten percent (10%) of rated load of the electrical equipment being inspected.

9.5 Test Results 1. Temperature gradients of 1°C to 3°C indicate possible

deficiency and warrant investigation. 2. Temperature gradients of 4° to 15°C indicate deficiency;

repair as time permits. 3. Temperature gradients of 16°C and above indicate major deficiency; repair immediately. 4. Provide photographs and/or thermograms of the deficient

area as seen on the imaging system.*

*Optional

Copyright 1989 by InterNational Electrical Testing Association P.O Box 687, 221 Red Rocks Vista Drive

Morrison, CO 80465


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Typical Emissivity Values for Common Materials

Material Temp. λ Emit. Aluminum: anodized 20°C 0.770 Aluminum: anodized sheet, chromic acid process 100°C 0.55 Aluminum: disk, roughened 26°C 3µ 0.275 Aluminum: disk, roughened 26°C 10µ 0.180 Aluminum: foil 26°C 3µ 0.09 Aluminum: foil 26°C 10µ 0.04 Aluminum: foil, dull side, crinkled and smoothed 20°C 0.030 Aluminum: foil, shiny side 20°C 0.036 Aluminum: heavily weathered 17°C 2-5.6µ .83-.94 Aluminum: highly polished plate, 98.3% pure 227°C 0.039 Aluminum: highly polished plate, 98.3% pure 577°C 0.057 Aluminum: oxide, flame sprayed .001” thick 20°C 0.765 Aluminum: oxidized at 600°C 200°C 0.11 Aluminum: oxidized at 600°C 600°C 0.19 Aluminum: polished 8-14µ 0.05 Aluminum: polished plate 23°C 0.04 Aluminum: polished sheet 100°C 0.05 Aluminum: polished and degreased 20°C 0.027 Aluminum: rough plate 26°C 0.055 Aluminum: rough surface 8-14µ 0.07 Aluminum: sandblasted 20°C 0.210 Aluminum: sheet as received 100°C 0.09 Aluminum: strongly oxidized 8-14µ 0.25 Aluminum: vacuum deposited 20°C 0.04 Brass: highly polished 100°C 0.03 Brass: dull, tarnished 8-14µ 0.22 Brass: rubbed with 80-grit emery 20°C 0.20 Brass: oxidized 100°C 0.61 Brass: polished 8-14µ 0.10 Bronze: polished 0.10 Bronze: porous, rough 8-14µ 0.55 Chromium: polished 8-14µ 0.10 Copper: commercial., burnished 8-14µ 0.07 Copper: elecrolytic, polished 8-14µ 0.02 Copper: polished 100°C 0.05 Copper: polished 20°C 3µ 0.031 Copper: polished 20°C 10µ 0.016 Copper: polished, annealed 20°C 10µ 0.008


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Copper: oxidized, heavily

20°C

0.78 Copper: oxidized to black 8-14µ 0.88 Gold: polished 8-14µ 0.02 Gold: highly polished 100°C 0.02 Gold: plated on stainless steel and polished 20°C 0.028 Iron, cast, casing 8-14µ 0.81 Iron: cast, polished 40°C 8-14µ 0.21 Iron: cast, oxidized 100°C 0.64 Iron: hot rolled 8-14µ 0.77 Iron: oxidized 8-14µ 0.74 Iron: sheet, galvanized, burnished 8-14µ 0.23 Iron: sheet, galvanized, oxidized 8-14µ 0.28 Iron: sheet, heavily rusted 20°C 0.69 Iron: shiny, etched 8-14µ 0.16 Iron: wrought, polished 8-14µ 0.28 Lead: gray 8-14µ 0.28 Lead: oxidized 8-14µ 0.63 Lead: red, powder 8-14µ 0.93 Lead: shiny 8-14µ 0.08 Magnesium: polished 20°C 0.07 Mercury: pure 8-14µ 0.10 Nickel: electroplated, polished 20°C 0.05 Nickel: electroplated, no polish 20°C 0.11 Nickel: on cast-iron 8-14µ 0.05 Nickel: oxidized 200°C 0.37 Nickel: pure, polished 8-14µ 0.05 Platinum: pure, polished 8-14µ 0.08 Silver: polished 100°C 0.03 Stainless steel: type 18-8, buffed 20°C 0.16 Stainless steel: type 18-8, oxidized at 800°C 60°C 0.85 Stainless steel: type 18-8, sandblasted 20°C 0.440 Steel: galvanized 8-14µ 0.28 Steel: polished 100°C 0.07 Steel: oxidized 200°C 0.79 Steel: oxidized strongly 8-14µ 0.88 Steel: rolled freshly 8-14µ 0.24 Steel: rough surface 8-14µ 0.96 Steel: rusty, red 8-14µ 0.69 Steel: sheet, nickel plated 8-14µ 0.11 Steel: sheet, rolled 8-14µ 0.56 Tin: burnished 8-14µ 0.05 Tin: commercial tin-plated sheet iron 100°C 0.07


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Tungsten

8-14µ

0.05 Zinc: sheet 8-14µ 0.20 Asbestos: board 20°C 0.96 Asbestos: fabric 20°C 0.78 Asbestos: paper 400°C 0.93 Asbestos: slate 20°C 0.96 Brick: alumina 17°C 2-5.6µ 0.68 Brick: common 17°C 2-5.6µ .81-.86 Brick: common, red 20°C 0.93 Brick: facing, red 20°C 2-5.6µ 0.92 Brick: facing, yellow 20°C 2-5.6µ 0.72 Brick: fireclay 20°C 0.85 Brick: fireclay 1000°C 0.75 Brick: fireclay 1200°C 0.59 Brick: masonry 0°C 5µ 0.94 Brick: red 0.90 Brick: waterproof 17°C 2-5.6µ 0.87 Carbon: candle soot 20°C 0.95 Carbon: graphite, filed surface 20°C 0.98 Carbon: purified 8-14µ 0.80 Cement 8-14µ 0.54 Charcoal: powder 8-14µ 0.96 Chipboard: untreated 20°C 2-5.6µ 0.90 Clay: fired 8-14µ 0.91 Concrete 20°C 0.92 Concrete: dry 36°C 5µ 0.95 Concrete: rough 17°C 2-5.6µ .92-.97 Enamel: laquer 8-14µ 0.90 Fabric: Hessian, green 20°C 0.88 Fabric: Hessian, uncolored 20°C 2-5.6µ 0.87 Fiberglass 20°C 0.750 Fibre board: porous, untreated 20°C 2-5.6µ 0.85 Fibre board: hard, untreated 20°C 2-5.6µ 0.85 Filler: white 20°C 2-5.6µ 0.88 Firebrick 17°C 2-5.6µ 0.68 Formica 27°C 6.5-20µ 0.937 Glass 8-14µ 0.92 Glass: chemical ware (partly transparent) 35°C 6.5-20µ 0.97 Glass: frosted 8-14µ 0.96 Glass: frosted 1100°C 0.70 Glass: frosted 1500°C 0.67 Glass: polished plate 20°C 0.94


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Granite: natural surface

36°C

5µ

0.96 Graphite: powder 8-14µ 0.97 Gravel 6.5-20µ 0.28 Gypsum 8-14µ 0.85 Hardwood: across grain 17°C 2-5.6µ 0.82 Hardwood: along grain 17°C 2-5.6µ .68-.73 Ice 8-14µ 0.97 Iron: heavily rusted 17°C 2-5.6µ .91-.96 Lacquer: bakelite 8-14µ 0.93 Lacquer: dull, black 8-14µ 0.97 Lacquer: white 8-14µ 0.87 Lacquer: white 100°C 0.92 Lacquer: matte black 100°C 0.97 Lacquer: shiny, black, on metal 0.87 Lampblack 8-14µ 0.96 Limestone: natural surface 36°C 5µ 0.96 Mortar 17°C 2-5.6µ 0.87 Mortar: dry 36°C 5µ 0.94 Oil, lubricating (thin film on nickel base) Nickel base alone 20°C 0.05 Film thickness = 0.001 20°C 0.27 Film thickness = 0.002 20°C 0.46 Film thickness = 0.005 20°C 0.72 Thick coating 20°C 0.82 P.V.C. 17°C 2-5.6µ .91-.93 Paint: 3M, black velvet coating 9560 series optical blk 40°C 3µ �1.00 Paint: 3M, black velvet coating 9560 series optical blk 40°C 10µ �1.00 Paint: Acme, quality spray enamel, #801 brilliant blk 40°C 3µ 0.959 Paint: Acme, quality spray enamel, #801 brilliant blk 40°C 10µ 0.945 Paint: Aquadag, 4 coats on copper aluminum 20°C 0.490 Paint: aluminum 20°C 0.450 Paint: Broma, alkyd enamel #113, light blue 40°C 3µ 0.95 Paint: Broma, alkyd enamel #113, light blue 40°C 10µ 0.960 Paint: Broma, alkyd enamel #102, gold leaf 40°C 3µ 0.98 Paint: Broma, alkyd enamel #102, gold leaf 40°C 10µ 0.98 Paint: cadmium, yellow 20°C 0.33 Paint: chrome green 20°C 0.70 Paint: Chromatone, stabilized silver finish (Alumatone) 25°C 3µ 0.26 Paint: Chromatone, stabilized silver finish (Alumatone) 25°C 10µ 0.305 Paint: cobalt blue Paint: Dupont Duco #71 wrought iron black 40°C 3µ 0.982 Paint: Dupont Duco #71 wrought iron black 40°C 10µ 0.897 Paint: Dutch Boy, 46H47, National lead high heat blk 25°C 10µ 0.90


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Paint: Krylon, flat black

50°C

3µ

0.95 Paint: Krylon, flat black 50°C 10µ 0.956 Paint: Krylon, flat white #1502 40°C 3µ 0.992 Paint: Krylon, flat white #1502 40°C 10µ 0.989 Paint: Krylon, ultra flat black 36°C 5µ 0.97 Paint: Microbond, 4 coats on magnesium 20°C 0.844 Paint, oil: average of 16 colors 100°C 0.94 Paint: oil, black, flat 20°C 2-5.6µ 0.94 Paint: oil, black, gloss 20°C 2-5.6µ 0.92 Paint: oil, gray, flat 20°C 2-5.6µ 0.97 Paint: oil, gray, gloss 20°C 2-5.6µ 0.96 Paint: oil, various colors 8-14µ 0.94 Paint: plastic, black 20°C 2-5.6µ 0.95 Paint: plastic, white 20°C 2-5.6µ 0.84 Paint: TiO2, gray 20°C 0.870 Paint: TiO2, white 20°C 0.940 Paper: black 20°C 0.90 Paper: black, dull 20°C 0.94 Paper: black, shiny 8-14µ 0.90 Paper: cardboard box 5µ 0.81 Paper: green 20°C 0.85 Paper: red 20°C 0.76 Paper: white 17°C 2-5.6µ 0.68 Paper: white 8-14µ 0.90 Paper: white bond 20°C 0.93 Paper: yellow 20°C 0.72 Paper: tar 8-14µ 0.92 Pipes: glazed 17°C 2-5.6µ 0.83 Plaster 17°C 2-5.6µ .86-.90 Plaster: rough coat 20°C 0.91 Plasterboard: untreated 20°C 2-5.6µ 0.90 Plastic: acrylic, clear 36°C 5µ 0.94 Plastic: black 2-5.6µ 0.95 Plastic: white 2-5.6µ 0.84 Plastic paper: red 20°C 2-5.6µ 0.94 Plastic paper: white 20°C 2-5.6µ 0.84 Plexiglass: Perspex 17°C 2-5.6µ 0.86 Plywood 17°C 2-5.6µ .83-.98 Plywood: commercial, smooth finish, dry 36°C 5µ 0.82 Plywood: untreated 20°C 2-5.6µ 0.83 Polyproplene 17°C 2-5.6µ 0.97 Porcelain: glazed 8-14µ 0.92 Quartz 8-14µ 0.93


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Redwood: wrought, untreated

20°C

2-5.6µ

0.83 Redwood: unwrought, untreated 20°C 2-5.6µ 0.84 Rendering: gray 20°C 2-5.6µ 0.92 Rokide A 20°C 0.770 Rubber 8-14µ 0.95 Rubber: stopper, black 35°C 5µ 0.97 Sand 20°C 0.90 Shellac: black, dull 100°C 0.91 Shellac: black, shiny, on tin plate 20°C 0.82 Shingles: asphalt, sm, ceramic coated Skin, human 32°C 0.98 Snow 8-14µ 0.80 Soil: dry 20°C 0.92 Soil: frozen 6.5-20µ 0.93 Soil: saturated with water 20°C 0.95 Styrofoam: insulation 37°C 5µ 0.60 Tape: electrical, insulating, black 35°C 5µ 0.97 Tape: masking 36°C 5µ 0.92 Tile: floor, asbestos 35°C6 5µ 0.94 Tile: glazed 17°C 2-5.6µ 0.94 Varnish: flat 20°C 2-5.6µ 0.93 Wallpaper: slight pattern, light gray 20°C 2-5.6µ 0.85 Wallpaper: slight pattern, red 20°C 2-5.6µ 0.90 Water: 8-14µ 0.98 Water: distilled 20°C 0.96 Water: ice, smooth -10°C 0.96 Water: frost crystals -10°C 0.98 Water: snow -10°C 0.85 Wood: oak, planed 20°C 0.90 Wood: paneling, light finish 36°C 5µ 0.87 Wood: planed 8-14µ 0.85 Wood: spruce, polished, dray 36°C 5µ 0.86


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Reference Publications 1989 Fall Conference, ASNT Programs and Paper Summaries ISBN 0-931403-91-X American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 4153 Arlingate Plaza P.O. Box 28518 Columbus, Ohio 43228 � (614) 274-6003 FAX: (614) 274-6899 The ABC's of Infrared Bertram Bernard Howard W. Sams & Co., Inc., 1970 Library of Congress Catalog No. 77-112863 Clouds in a Glass of Beer Simple Experiments in Atmospheric Physics Craig F. Bohren John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1987 ISBN 0-471-62482-9 Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, Third Edition Frank P. Incropera and David P. DeWitt John Wiley & Sons ISBN 0-471-61246-4 Available from ASNT order # 952 American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 4153 Arlingate Plaza P.O. Box 28518 Columbus, Ohio 43228 � (614) 274-6003 FAX: (614) 274-6899 The Infrared Handbook, 1985, Revised Edited by William L. Wolfe and George J. Zissis Prepared by the Infrared Information and Analysis Center and Environmental Research Institute of Michigan for the Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy, Washington, D.C. Library of Congress Catalog No. 77-90786 Available from SPIE Publications (ISBN 0-9603590-1-X) Contact the Customer Service Department SPIE, P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, Washington 98227-0010 � (206) 676-3290 FAX: (206) 647-1445


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Handbook of Applied Thermal Design Eric C. Guyer Sc. D. Editor in Chief David L. Brownell, P.E. Associate Editor McGraw - Hill, 1989 ISBN 0-07-025353-6 � 1-800-2-MCRAW Handbook of Heat Transfer Edited by Warren M. Rohsenow and James P. Hartnett McGraw - Hill, 1973 ISBN 0-07-053576-0 � 1-800-2-MCRAW Heat and Cold (Original French Title: Le chaud et le froid) Jean - Pierre Maury Translated from the French by Albert V. Carozzi and Marguerite Carozzi ISBN 0-8120-4211-5 Barron's Educational Series Infrared Methodology and Technology Edited by Xavier P.V. Maldague ISBN 2-88124-590-0 Gordon and Breach Science Publishers Available from ASNT order # 953 American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 4153 Arlingate Plaza P.O. Box 28518 Columbus, Ohio 43228 � (614) 274-6003 FAX: (614) 274-6899 Infrared Technology Fundamentals Second Edition, Revised and Expanded Monroe Schlessinger ISBN 0-8247-9259-9 Optical Engineering Series / 46 Infrared Thermography (Original French Title: La Thermographie Infrarouge) G. Gaussorgues Translated by S. Chomet ISBN 0 412 47900 1 Microwave Technology Series 5 English Language Edition 1994 Chapman & Hall


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Introduction to Nondestructive Testing Paul E. Mix ISBN 0-471-83126-3 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Available from ASNT order # 150 American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 4153 Arlingate Plaza P.O. Box 28518 Columbus, Ohio 43228 � (614) 274-6003 FAX: (614) 274-6899 Maintenance Testing Specifications for Electric Power Distribution Equipment and Systems International Electrical Testing Association, 1989 P.O. Box 687, 221 Red Rocks Vista Drive Morrison, Colorado 80465 � (303) 467-0526 FAX: (303) 467-0579 Materials Evaluation An Official Journal of the American Society for Nondestructive Testing American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 4153 Arlingate Plaza P.O. Box 28518 Columbus, Ohio 43228 � (614) 274-6003 FAX: (614) 274-6899 NDE Handbook: Non-destructive Examination Methods for Condition Monitoring Edited by Knud G. Boving Butterworths ISBN 0-408-04392-X Available from ASNT order # 162 American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 4153 Arlingate Plaza P.O. Box 28518 Columbus, Ohio 43228 � (614) 274-6003 FAX: (614) 274-6899 Nondestructive Evaluation and Quality Control, Second printing, May 1992 ASM Handbook Volume 17 ASM International ISBN 0-87170-007-7 (v.1) Available from ASNT order #105 American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 4153 Arlingate Plaza P.O. Box 28518


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Columbus, Ohio 43228 � (614) 274-6003 FAX: (614) 274-6899 Available from ASM order #6070Z The Materials Information Society ASM International Materials Park, Ohio 44073-0002 � (800) 336-5152 FAX: (216) 338-4634 Nondestructive Evaluation of Materials by Infrared Thermography Xavier P.V. Maldague ISBN 3-540-19769-9 Springer-Verlag Available from ASNT order #950 American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 4153 Arlingate Plaza P.O. Box 28518 Columbus, Ohio 43228 � (614) 274-6003 FAX: (614) 274-6899 Non-Destructive Testing Barry hull & Vernon John Macmillan Press Ltd, 1988 ISBN 0-333-35788-4 Non-Destructive Testing Ronald Halmshaw Edward Arnold, a member of the Hodder Headline Group ISBN 0-340-54521-6 Available from ASNT order #151 American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 4153 Arlingate Plaza P.O. Box 28518 Columbus, Ohio 43228 � (614) 274-6003 FAX: (614) 274-6899


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Nondestructive Testing Handbook Volume 9: Special Nondestructive Testing Methods Technical Editor, Roderick K. Stanley; Editors Patrick O. Moore and Paul McIntire American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. ISBN 1-57117-004-9 Available from ASNT order #134 American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 4153 Arlingate Plaza P.O. Box 28518 Columbus, Ohio 43228 � (614) 274-6003 FAX: (614) 274-6899 Nondestructive Testing Techniques Edited by Don E. Bray & Don McBride John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-52513-8 Available from ASNT order #166 American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 4153 Arlingate Plaza P.O. Box 28518 Columbus, Ohio 43228 � (614) 274-6003 FAX: (614) 274-6899 Practical Applications of Infrared Thermal Sensing and Imaging Equipment Herbert Kaplan SPIE Optical Engineering Press Volume TT13 ISBN 0-8194-1207-4 Published by SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering P.O. Box 10 Bellingham, Washington 98227-0010 Quantum Theory for Beginners J.P. McEvoy and Oscar Zarate Icon Books Ltd., UK ISBN 1 874166 37 4 Rainbows, Snowflakes and Quarks Physics and the World Around Us Hans Christian von Baeyer Random House, Inc., New York N.Y. 10022, 1993 ISBN 0-679-73976-9


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Research in Nondestructive Evaluation A Journal of the American Society for Nondestructive Testing Volume 5, Number 4, 1994 ISSN 0934-9847 Springer International Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. 175 Fifth Avenue New York N.Y. 10010 � (212) 460-1500 Temperatures Very Low and Very High Mark W. Zemansky Dover Publications ISBN 0-486-24072-X Testing and Evaluation of Infrared Imaging Systems Gerald C. Holst JCD Publishing Co. Available from ASNT order # 951 American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 4153 Arlingate Plaza P.O. Box 28518 Columbus, Ohio 43228 � (614) 274-6003 FAX: (614) 274-6899 Theory and Practice of Radiation Thermometry Edited by D.P. Dewitt and Gene D. Nutter John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1988 ISBN 0-471-61018-6 The Theory of Heat Radiation Max Planck Dover Publications ISBN 0-486-66811-8 Thermal Imaging Systems J.M. Lloyd Plenum Press, 1975 ISBN 0-306-30848-7 Thermographic Instruments and Systems Robert P. Madding University of Wisconsin, 1979


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Thermology International Bibliography of Medical Thermology Volume 2, No. 3, 1987 Margaret Abernathy & Thomas Bradford Abernathy ISSN 0882-3758 American Academy of Thermology Georgetown University Medical Center 3800 Reservoir Road N.W. Washington, D.C. 20007 Business and Subscription Office: P.O. Box 1324 Vienna, Virginia 22180 � (703) 938-6391 Thermosense Proceedings SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, Washington 98227-0010 � (206) 676-3290 Thirty Years That Shook Physics George Gamow Dover Publications ISBN 0-486-24895-X Treatise on Thermodynamics Max Planck Dover Publications ISBN 0-486-66371-X Understanding Physics Isaac Asimov 3 Volumes in one • Motion, Sound, Heat • Light, Magnetism & Electricity • The Electron, Proton & Neutron Dorset Press, 1988 ISBN 0-88029-251-2 The Unexpected Vista A Physicist’s View of Nature James S. Trefil The Scribner Science Library Charles Scribner’s Sons ISBN 0-684-17869-9


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What Light Through Yonder Window Breaks? More Experiments in Atmospheric Physics Craig F. Bohren John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1991 ISBN 0-471-52915-X

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Microsoft Word - Section 11