A.D. 500 - 1500

MIDDLE AGES

ROLE OF THE CHURCH Most Powerful and influential Institution during

Middle Ages Brought Order & Unity Functions:1. Religious-

Excommunication2. Political-

Canon Law3. Economic-

Tithe4. Social-Monasteries were places where monksand nuns focused on spiritual goals

http://www.missedinhistory.com/podcasts/why-would-you-put-a-cadaver-on-trial/

STRUCTURE OF THE CHURCH

CLERGY: 1. POPE – head of the Church 2. BISHOPS – leads the Diocese {today there are about 3000 worldwide} 3. PRIESTS – in charge of parish {Deacons assist Priests} {Cardinals are advisors appointed by

the Pope They elect the Pope…}

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE

Churches (Cathedrals) were built during Middle Ages starting in 1100 Gothic Characteristics: Stained Glass Windows Tall Spires Pointed Arches Ribbed Vaults Flying Buttresses

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE

THE CRUSADES

Series of Holy Wars between Muslims & Christians lasting over 300 years

Crusaders comprised military units of Roman Catholics from all over western Europe were not under unified command

Wars took place in the Middle East: Christians vs. Muslims

Main reason – Christians wanted to regain “Holy Land” (Palestine) from Muslims

REASONS FOR THE CRUSADES Pope hoped to unite Roman and

Byzantine Christians Sins would be forgiven Gain wealth & land Adventure –excitement & travel Get rid of quarrelsome Knights Serfs wanted to escape

FIRST CRUSADE 1095 -1099

POPE URBAN II calls for “holy war”- take back control of holy land and help out Byzantines

Soldiers recruited from all over Western Europe (France, Germany, Italy, England, Spain) July 15, 1099 Crusaders entered Jerusalem Massacred Jews/Muslims took control of city Muslims surprised by attacks not united under single ruler

RESULTS OF FIRST CRUSADE

Crusaders establish Christian states in:*JERUSALEM*ANTIOCH*EDESSA Edessa recaptured by Muslims in 1144

leading to the Second Crusade

SALADIN

Unites most of the Muslim world – Egypt, Syria, North Africa, Mesopotamia

July 4, 1187 – defeats Crusader army at Battle of Hattin

October 2, 1187 – Saladin captures Jerusalem from Christians

Loss of Jerusalem leads to Third Crusade

THIRD CRUSADE (KING’S CRUSADE) 1188-1192

Attempt by England, France, & Germany to regain Jerusalem

Crusaders led by King of England – Richard The Lionheart

Crusaders did win some victories but unable to recapture Jerusalem

Richard & Saladin sign peace treaty – Muslims controlled city but Christians could freely visit

ADDITIONAL CRUSADES

After the Third Crusade there would be 5/6 more attempts by Christians to recapture Jerusalem – all ended in failure

“Holy Land” remained under the control of Muslims until after World War I

Increased Trade & CommerceFruits, carpets, fabrics, perfumes, spices, pepper (all goods from the Middle East) Encouragement of Learning – Greek &

Roman writings {new ideas in Medicine, Science, Literature, Art}

Cultural Diffusion – Islamic Culture Goes West

Helped Undermine Feudalism – rise of Kings Religious Hatred – Muslims/Christians