Middle East:Middle East:Imperialism and Imperialism and

Nationalism Nationalism

#17 #17 Similarity between Atatürk, Similarity between Atatürk, Muhammad Ali and Reza KhanMuhammad Ali and Reza Khan

Nationalist LeadersNationalist Leaders they all tried to create modern industrialized they all tried to create modern industrialized

nations and end foreign influence nations and end foreign influence

Imperialism & Nationalism Imperialism & Nationalism Imperialism: control of one country of the political, Imperialism: control of one country of the political,

economic and cultural life of another countryeconomic and cultural life of another country

Mandate: Mandate: region ruled by outside power: region ruled by outside power: any territory that was any territory that was placed by the League of Nations under the administration of one of placed by the League of Nations under the administration of one of its European member states after World War Iits European member states after World War I

Nationalism: Nationalism: desire for political independence: desire for political independence:  especially by a country under foreign control or especially by a country under foreign control or by a people with a separate identity and culture but no state of by a people with a separate identity and culture but no state of

their owntheir own

Relationship?Relationship? Cause and effectCause and effect

““The Sick Man of Europe”The Sick Man of Europe” In the 18In the 18thth and 19 and 19thth centuries, Ottoman Empire centuries, Ottoman Empire

faces major challenges from the following faces major challenges from the following nations/people:nations/people:

1.1. Austria-Hungary – rival power in EuropeAustria-Hungary – rival power in Europe2.2. Russia – rival power in Europe and AsiaRussia – rival power in Europe and Asia BOTH want territory from the OttomansBOTH want territory from the Ottomans3. Greeks, Serbs, Romanians, and Bulgarians 3. Greeks, Serbs, Romanians, and Bulgarians

living within Ottoman Empireliving within Ottoman Empire These people wanted INDEPENDENCE from These people wanted INDEPENDENCE from

OttomansOttomans

““The Sick Man of Europe”The Sick Man of Europe”

France and England France and England alarmed by Ottoman alarmed by Ottoman decline; believe it decline; believe it will give Russia too will give Russia too much power in much power in Europe and Middle Europe and Middle EastEast

They call Ottomans They call Ottomans “The Sick Man of “The Sick Man of Europe”Europe”

Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire

#1 #1 Challenges to the Ottoman Empire: Challenges to the Ottoman Empire: Imperialism: externalImperialism: external

Russia and Austria-Hungary wanted Ottoman Russia and Austria-Hungary wanted Ottoman provinces in Europe –encouraged revoltsprovinces in Europe –encouraged revolts

Nationalism: internalNationalism: internal National groups within the empire sought National groups within the empire sought

independenceindependence Serbs, Romanians, BulgariansSerbs, Romanians, Bulgarians

#2#2 Sultans try to Sultans try to Reforms of the Ottoman EmpireReforms of the Ottoman Empire

Reforms to modernize the government & the armyReforms to modernize the government & the army Like westLike west

Set up secular schools to teach students western Set up secular schools to teach students western ideas in science and technologyideas in science and technology

SECULAR: nonreligiousSECULAR: nonreligious

WERE REFORMS SUCCESSFUL?WERE REFORMS SUCCESSFUL? Reforms didn’t go smoothly Reforms didn’t go smoothly Many Sultans refused demands Many Sultans refused demands

# 3 # 3 YOUNG TURKSYOUNG TURKS Young army officers who wanted to Young army officers who wanted to

Reform/strengthen the Ottoman Government – Reform/strengthen the Ottoman Government – against the Sultans and put their own Sultan in placeagainst the Sultans and put their own Sultan in place

were nationalists: were nationalists: #4#4

1.1. Ended Ottoman tolerance of different cultures and Ended Ottoman tolerance of different cultures and religions religions 1.1. Turkification of ethnic minoritiesTurkification of ethnic minorities

2.2. Joined WWI on side of GermansJoined WWI on side of Germans

# 4 # 4 Young Turks support Turkish Young Turks support Turkish NationalismNationalism

Wanted to end western imperialismWanted to end western imperialism Wanted to abandon diversity of culture and Wanted to abandon diversity of culture and

religionsreligions Followed a brutal policy of genocide that Followed a brutal policy of genocide that

cause the death of hundreds of thousands of cause the death of hundreds of thousands of Armenians.Armenians.

Resting after battle during Turkish revolutionResting after battle during Turkish revolution

The forgotten Holocaust: The Armenian Massacre 1915The forgotten Holocaust: The Armenian Massacre 1915

Ottomans (Turkey) and Russia fight for control of Armenia in 1916-1917Ottomans (Turkey) and Russia fight for control of Armenia in 1916-1917 After Russians withdraw, Turks seize territory and punish Armenians for their After Russians withdraw, Turks seize territory and punish Armenians for their

support of Russiasupport of Russia Turks institute policy of massacre and famine, known as The Armenian Turks institute policy of massacre and famine, known as The Armenian

GenocideGenocide As many as 1.5 million Armenians are killedAs many as 1.5 million Armenians are killed Armenian Genocide Video 60 Minutes Armenian Genocide 2010 2010

The Last Ottoman Sultan!

Mehmed VI

#5 #5 What happened to the Ottoman What happened to the Ottoman Empire after WWI? Empire after WWI?

The Ottoman empire sided with Germany against The Ottoman empire sided with Germany against Russia, Britain and France.Russia, Britain and France.

Defeat brought disaster to the Empire. Defeat brought disaster to the Empire. 1919 the Versailles peace conference stripped the 1919 the Versailles peace conference stripped the

Ottoman Empire of its Arab provinces.Ottoman Empire of its Arab provinces.

MANDATE: TERRITORY THAT WAS MANDATE: TERRITORY THAT WAS ADMINISTERED BUT NOT OWNED BY A ADMINISTERED BUT NOT OWNED BY A MEMBER OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS MEMBER OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS (FRANCE & GREAT BRITAIN)(FRANCE & GREAT BRITAIN)

WWI Effects on ArabsWWI Effects on Arabs Angered by Treaty/agreement: Why?Angered by Treaty/agreement: Why?

Promises were made and broken to Arabs about setting Promises were made and broken to Arabs about setting up independent Arab Kingdoms for revolting against up independent Arab Kingdoms for revolting against Ottoman ruleOttoman rule

Arab land was divided up between the British and FrenchArab land was divided up between the British and French Sykes-Picot AgreementSykes-Picot Agreement

Mandates:Mandates: A territory administered but not owned by a member of the League

of Nations.

MandatesMandates A territory administered but not owned

by a member of the League of Nations.

Republic of TurkeyRepublic of Turkey19231923

Ottoman Empire sides with Germany and Ottoman Empire sides with Germany and Austria-Hungary during World War I.Austria-Hungary during World War I.

Turkey loses World War I. ALL of its Turkey loses World War I. ALL of its remaining territories outside Anatolia are lostremaining territories outside Anatolia are lost

Mustafa Kemal, a Turkish general and war Mustafa Kemal, a Turkish general and war hero, abolishes the Ottoman Empire and sets hero, abolishes the Ottoman Empire and sets up a modern, secular stateup a modern, secular state

#6 #6 Who was Kemal Atatürk?Who was Kemal Atatürk?

AtatürkAtatürk = = Father of the TurkFather of the Turk Mustafa KMustafa Kemal Atatürk – military heroemal Atatürk – military hero Declared the Republic of Turkey (1923)Declared the Republic of Turkey (1923)

#7 #7 What did Kemal want to do?What did Kemal want to do?

Determined to make Turkey a modern Determined to make Turkey a modern secular state – Program of Westernizationsecular state – Program of Westernization

Reforms of AtatürkReforms of Atatürk

#7 #7 What did Kemal want to do?What did Kemal want to do?

He used government funds to build industryHe used government funds to build industry Insisted on separation of religion and Insisted on separation of religion and

governmentgovernment Women won the right to vote & hold public Women won the right to vote & hold public

office - rightsoffice - rights Adopted many features of western cultureAdopted many features of western culture

Replaced Arabic script with the western Replaced Arabic script with the western alphabet, western calendar, metric systemalphabet, western calendar, metric system

He encouraged western-style clothingHe encouraged western-style clothing

A woman judge holding court in A woman judge holding court in Turkey Turkey

A woman judge holding court in Turkey, exemplifying the reforms in the rights of A woman judge holding court in Turkey, exemplifying the reforms in the rights of women instituted by Mustapha Kemal between 1924 and 1938. women instituted by Mustapha Kemal between 1924 and 1938.

Turkey Adopting a New AlphabetTurkey Adopting a New Alphabet

Atatürk turned Turkey toward the west in several ways, changing the calendar, methods of Atatürk turned Turkey toward the west in several ways, changing the calendar, methods of time-keeping, and systems of weights and measures. He replaced the Arabic script with the time-keeping, and systems of weights and measures. He replaced the Arabic script with the Roman alphabet. Here a teacher is explaining the new alphabet to students. Within the next Roman alphabet. Here a teacher is explaining the new alphabet to students. Within the next few months, teachers were retrained, printing presses were equipped and courses were few months, teachers were retrained, printing presses were equipped and courses were established to teach the masses the new alphabet. A three-year plan was enacted. The literacy established to teach the masses the new alphabet. A three-year plan was enacted. The literacy rates during this time increased from around 10% to 75% for men and 45% for women. rates during this time increased from around 10% to 75% for men and 45% for women.

#8 #8 Who opposed Atatürk?Who opposed Atatürk?

Muslims opposed Atatürk’s policiesMuslims opposed Atatürk’s policies Concerned that the western ways would Concerned that the western ways would

destroy their traditions and valuesdestroy their traditions and values Opposed Westernization: Opposed Westernization:

the diffusion and adoption of European and the diffusion and adoption of European and American culturesAmerican cultures

Quick CheckQuick CheckThe peace settlements after World War I angered the The peace settlements after World War I angered the Arabs becauseArabs because

1. the Ottoman Empire was restored to power1. the Ottoman Empire was restored to power

2. Arab nationalism was outlawed2. Arab nationalism was outlawed

3. European nations acquired mandates over various 3. European nations acquired mandates over various Arab landsArab lands

4. Theodore Herzl was made ruler of Palestine4. Theodore Herzl was made ruler of Palestine

Quick CheckQuick CheckAtatürk is best remembered forAtatürk is best remembered for

1. ending European imperialism in Egypt.1. ending European imperialism in Egypt.

2. modernizing Turkey.2. modernizing Turkey.

3. overthrowing the Safavid Empire.3. overthrowing the Safavid Empire.

4. forcing the crusaders to leave Jerusalem.4. forcing the crusaders to leave Jerusalem.

Rise of Modern EgyptRise of Modern Egypt Ottomans lose control of Egypt in the Ottomans lose control of Egypt in the

late 18late 18thth century century England and France fight for control England and France fight for control

over Egypt - tradeover Egypt - trade

Rise of Modern EgyptRise of Modern Egypt Rivalry between Britain and France Rivalry between Britain and France (#9)(#9)

Both countries wanted to dominate Egypt Both countries wanted to dominate Egypt and build a canal across the Isthmus of Suezand build a canal across the Isthmus of Suez

Rise of Modern EgyptRise of Modern Egypt (#10) (#10) Muhammad Ali (not the boxer) becomes Muhammad Ali (not the boxer) becomes

governor of Egyptgovernor of Egypt-he was a soldier who fought against the French-he was a soldier who fought against the French

He introduced reforms to modernize EgyptHe introduced reforms to modernize Egypt Brought in French experts to train Egyptians in Brought in French experts to train Egyptians in

latest military & science techniqueslatest military & science techniques Introduced new farming techniques & Introduced new farming techniques &

promoted growing cash crops like cotton, sugar promoted growing cash crops like cotton, sugar & tobacco& tobacco

textile millstextile mills

Muhammad Ali (1769 – 1849)

#11 #11 Developments encouraging Developments encouraging Nationalism in EgyptNationalism in Egypt

Financial problems allowed imperialists to Financial problems allowed imperialists to interveneintervene Had to borrow money from European banks to Had to borrow money from European banks to

continue policies (debt)continue policies (debt) Lost control of the Suez CanalLost control of the Suez Canal Lost control of own economyLost control of own economy

Muhammad Ali (1769 – 1849)Muhammad Ali (1769 – 1849)

Map of the Suez CanalMap of the Suez Canal

The Suez CanalThe Suez Canal Egypt borrows large sums of money from England and Egypt borrows large sums of money from England and

France to pay for Ali’s policiesFrance to pay for Ali’s policies England and France interfere in Egyptian economy and England and France interfere in Egyptian economy and

politicspolitics French win the right to build Suez Canal; is completed in French win the right to build Suez Canal; is completed in

18691869

British OccupationBritish Occupation

Egyptians attempt to take back control of their Egyptians attempt to take back control of their country from Britain and Francecountry from Britain and France

Britain takes control of Egypt in 1882Britain takes control of Egypt in 1882 Egypt finally gains independence in 1922, but Egypt finally gains independence in 1922, but

Suez Canal remains under British control until Suez Canal remains under British control until 19561956

Suez CanalSuez Canal

#12#12 Britain takes control of Egypt in 1882Britain takes control of Egypt in 1882 Egypt declared their independence from Egypt declared their independence from

Britain in 1922Britain in 1922

Egypt gained control of Egypt gained control of

the Suez Canal in 1956the Suez Canal in 1956

Quick CheckQuick CheckA similarity between Muhammad Ali and A similarity between Muhammad Ali and Atatürk was that bothAtatürk was that both

1. wanted to build the Suez Canal1. wanted to build the Suez Canal

2. encouraged Islamic fundamentalism.2. encouraged Islamic fundamentalism.

3. introduced western technology to their 3. introduced western technology to their countries.countries.

4. fought against the Allies in World War I.4. fought against the Allies in World War I.

#13 #13 Challenges Iran facedChallenges Iran faced

European imperialismEuropean imperialism Russia and Britain both compete for influence in Iran Russia and Britain both compete for influence in Iran

(ancient Persia)(ancient Persia) Both want access to the Persian Gulf (sound familiar?)Both want access to the Persian Gulf (sound familiar?)

spheres of influence - oil controlled by Britainspheres of influence - oil controlled by Britain Shahs (king) were weakShahs (king) were weak Government lacked power to resist European Government lacked power to resist European

expansionexpansion

#14 #14 Pahlavi DynastyPahlavi Dynasty

By early 1900’s, nationalists demand reformBy early 1900’s, nationalists demand reform Reza Khan declared Iran’s independence & set up Reza Khan declared Iran’s independence & set up

Pahlavi DynastyPahlavi Dynasty Military leader Military leader He made himself shahHe made himself shah In 1925, Reza Shah overthrew Ahmad Shah Qajar, the

last Shah of the Qajar dynasty, and founded the Pahlavi dynasty. He established a system of government that revitalized the goals of the Constitutional Revolution of Iran

Reza Shah Pahlavi (1878-1944)

#15 #15 Reza Khan’s GoalsReza Khan’s Goals

He set out to end foreign control and create a He set out to end foreign control and create a modern industrial statemodern industrial state

Reduce Muslim clergy powerReduce Muslim clergy power He pursued these goals by modernizing and He pursued these goals by modernizing and

westernizingwesternizing Improved infrastructure Improved infrastructure Rights for women, western education, government Rights for women, western education, government

and lawsand laws

Arab NationalismArab Nationalism Ottomans lose Arab lands after World War IOttomans lose Arab lands after World War I Britain and France gain control of most of these Britain and France gain control of most of these

territories, angering the Arabsterritories, angering the Arabs Britain: receives Iraq, Transjordan, & PalestineBritain: receives Iraq, Transjordan, & Palestine France: gets Syria and LebanonFrance: gets Syria and Lebanon

MandateMandate – arrangement granting control, but not – arrangement granting control, but not ownership, of these territories to Britain ownership, of these territories to Britain and Franceand France

Colonel Thomas Edward Lawrence (1888-1935), the Colonel Thomas Edward Lawrence (1888-1935), the legendary and enigmatic "Lawrence of Arabia."legendary and enigmatic "Lawrence of Arabia."

British encouraged the Arabs to revolt against Turkish rule in 1916. British encouraged the Arabs to revolt against Turkish rule in 1916. T. E. Lawrence, a British officer, leads them. Is known as Lawrence of ArabiaT. E. Lawrence, a British officer, leads them. Is known as Lawrence of Arabia Is angered when British do not grant Arabs independenceIs angered when British do not grant Arabs independence

#16 #16 Causes of Arab NationalismCauses of Arab Nationalism

WWIWWI Felt betrayed because provinces now became Felt betrayed because provinces now became

mandatesmandates Britain and France unwilling to withdrawl Britain and France unwilling to withdrawl

because of oilbecause of oil Some independence for Arabs Some independence for Arabs

#17 #17 Similarity between Atatürk, Similarity between Atatürk, Muhammad Ali and Reza KhanMuhammad Ali and Reza Khan

Nationalist LeadersNationalist Leaders they all tried to create modern industrialized they all tried to create modern industrialized

nations and end foreign influence nations and end foreign influence