Middle EastMiddle East

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Rivers support life in the dry/desert Rivers support life in the dry/desert climate (arid)climate (arid)

Tigris and Euphrates support life Tigris and Euphrates support life from Turkey to Kuwait (Syria and from Turkey to Kuwait (Syria and Iraq)Iraq)

Tigris and Euphrates: drinking water Tigris and Euphrates: drinking water and farming (irrigation)and farming (irrigation)

Persian Gulf is oil richPersian Gulf is oil rich

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Persian Gulf is a trade route through Persian Gulf is a trade route through the Strait of Hormuzthe Strait of Hormuz

Suez Canal connects the Suez Canal connects the Mediterranean and Red Sea (trade Mediterranean and Red Sea (trade route)route)

Jordan River provides water for Jordan River provides water for Israel, Jordan, and Syria (Sea of Israel, Jordan, and Syria (Sea of Galilee to the Dead Sea)Galilee to the Dead Sea)

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Jordan River is a political boundaryJordan River is a political boundary Afghanistan is landlockedAfghanistan is landlocked Iraq with the Tigris and EuphratesIraq with the Tigris and Euphrates Iran with access to Persian GulfIran with access to Persian Gulf Saudi Arabia on the Arabian Saudi Arabia on the Arabian

peninsula (largest country)peninsula (largest country) Turkey has built many dams on the Turkey has built many dams on the

Tigris and EuphratesTigris and Euphrates

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Israel contains the Gaza Strip (south) Israel contains the Gaza Strip (south) and the West Bank (east)and the West Bank (east)

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Countries in the Middle East must Countries in the Middle East must rely on irrigation systems for water rely on irrigation systems for water supply (Saudi Arabia, Iran)supply (Saudi Arabia, Iran)

Industry, chemical fertilizers (build-Industry, chemical fertilizers (build-up of salt content) and Oil production up of salt content) and Oil production have led to some water pollutionhave led to some water pollution

Dams (hydroelectricity) caused a Dams (hydroelectricity) caused a lack of water in some areaslack of water in some areas

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Natural Gas and Oil/Petroleum are Natural Gas and Oil/Petroleum are the major natural resourcesthe major natural resources

Europeans and Americans first Europeans and Americans first controlled oil production in the M.E.controlled oil production in the M.E.

1960’s OPEC was formed1960’s OPEC was formed Wealthy countries still have problems Wealthy countries still have problems

with economic success for their with economic success for their citizenscitizens

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Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, and Kuwait Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, and Kuwait have all seen increase wealth and have all seen increase wealth and standard of living due to oil standard of living due to oil production (also caused conflict)production (also caused conflict)

Major cities are found on the 3 main Major cities are found on the 3 main rivers (centers of industry and trade)rivers (centers of industry and trade)

Desert: Saudi Arabia called Rub al-Desert: Saudi Arabia called Rub al-KhaliKhali

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Bedouins are the nomadic herders of Bedouins are the nomadic herders of the desert in the M.E.the desert in the M.E.

Water resources will often dry up and Water resources will often dry up and never exist again (no resource never exist again (no resource replenishment)replenishment)

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Ethnic group(s) are people that share Ethnic group(s) are people that share a similar belief systems for a similar belief systems for generations generations

Religious group(s) are people with a Religious group(s) are people with a belief system in a god or many godsbelief system in a god or many gods

Persia is the land known currently as Persia is the land known currently as IranIran

Persians speak Farsi and ArabicPersians speak Farsi and Arabic

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The primary religion of Persians is The primary religion of Persians is IslamIslam

Sunni (85%) and Shia (15%) Muslim Sunni (85%) and Shia (15%) Muslim are the major sub-groups of the are the major sub-groups of the religion Islamreligion Islam

The Kurds are found primarily in the The Kurds are found primarily in the mountains of Syria, Turkey, Iran, and mountains of Syria, Turkey, Iran, and IraqIraq

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Kurds speak KurdishKurds speak Kurdish The majority of Kurds are practicing The majority of Kurds are practicing

Sunni MuslimsSunni Muslims Sunni and Shia Muslims are Sunni and Shia Muslims are

separated due to the leadership separated due to the leadership chosen for Islam after Muhammad chosen for Islam after Muhammad dieddied

4 Rightly Guided Caliphs led Islam 4 Rightly Guided Caliphs led Islam right after Muhammad diedright after Muhammad died

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Sunni Muslims believe leadership Sunni Muslims believe leadership should be chosen based on the most should be chosen based on the most qualified elder in the Islamic qualified elder in the Islamic communitycommunity

Shia- “Ali” (Muhammad’s grandson) Shia- “Ali” (Muhammad’s grandson) Muslims believed a direct descendent Muslims believed a direct descendent should be chosen to lead the should be chosen to lead the communitycommunity

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Conflict between Sunni and Shia has Conflict between Sunni and Shia has been going on since the divisionbeen going on since the division

Sunni Muslims are in the majority Sunni Muslims are in the majority around the Middle Eastaround the Middle East

Iran, Iraq, and Lebanon have a high Iran, Iraq, and Lebanon have a high percentage of Shiapercentage of Shia

Arabs are the largest ethnic group in Arabs are the largest ethnic group in the Middle East (primarily follow the Middle East (primarily follow Islam)Islam)

SS7G8SS7G8 Judaism, Islam, and Christianity are Judaism, Islam, and Christianity are

all monotheistic religions (belief in all monotheistic religions (belief in one god)one god)

Israel is primarily a Jewish state Israel is primarily a Jewish state (country)(country)

There are Orthodox and Secular Jews There are Orthodox and Secular Jews in the worldin the world

Judaism traces back to times of Judaism traces back to times of Abraham (born in Mesopotamia 2000 Abraham (born in Mesopotamia 2000 bc)bc)

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He professed in the belief of one godHe professed in the belief of one god The Torah (religious text) is the first The Torah (religious text) is the first

5 books in the Hebrew scriptures that 5 books in the Hebrew scriptures that promised Abraham and the Hebrew promised Abraham and the Hebrew people freedom if they worship only people freedom if they worship only 1 god1 god

Canaan was the promise land (Holy Canaan was the promise land (Holy Land) (present day Israel)Land) (present day Israel)

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Jews began the religion and Jews began the religion and worshipped Yahwehworshipped Yahweh

Abraham and Sarah had Isaac which Abraham and Sarah had Isaac which had Jacob were the patriarch of the had Jacob were the patriarch of the Jewish people (Jacobs 12 sons Jewish people (Jacobs 12 sons became the 12 tribes of Israel)became the 12 tribes of Israel)

The Bible says the Jews were then The Bible says the Jews were then forced into Egyptian slavery around forced into Egyptian slavery around 1300-1200 bc1300-1200 bc

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A new leader (Moses) was to lead the A new leader (Moses) was to lead the Jews from slavery to the Holy Land Jews from slavery to the Holy Land (Exodus)(Exodus)

God renewed his covenant with the God renewed his covenant with the people through the 10 people through the 10 CommandmentsCommandments

They remained in the area around They remained in the area around the Jordan River (Israel/Canaan)the Jordan River (Israel/Canaan)

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Kings David, Saul, and Solomon Kings David, Saul, and Solomon became powerful kings of the Jewish became powerful kings of the Jewish nationnation

Power struggles began and split the Power struggles began and split the nation into Judah (south) and Israel nation into Judah (south) and Israel (north)(north)

Babylonians ruled for several years Babylonians ruled for several years but ended around 167 bcbut ended around 167 bc

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Around 70 ad Roman rule ended Around 70 ad Roman rule ended Jewish led Israel when the temple in Jewish led Israel when the temple in Jerusalem was destroyed (all that is Jerusalem was destroyed (all that is left is the Western Wallleft is the Western Wall

Jews fled all over the world Jews fled all over the world (Diaspora)(Diaspora)

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Islam (monotheistic) began in Mecca Islam (monotheistic) began in Mecca around 600 adaround 600 ad

Mecca was the center of trade and Mecca was the center of trade and Islamic teachingsIslamic teachings

Ka’aba is located and Mecca and Ka’aba is located and Mecca and believed to have been built by believed to have been built by Abraham and his son Ishmael to Abraham and his son Ishmael to honor God (center of Islam)honor God (center of Islam)

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Muhammad was born in 570 ad and Muhammad was born in 570 ad and at the age 40 received a message at the age 40 received a message from the angel Gabrielfrom the angel Gabriel

Gabriel told Muhammad to teach of Gabriel told Muhammad to teach of God and tell people to rededicate God and tell people to rededicate themselves to the service of Allah themselves to the service of Allah (God)(God)

They would become Muslims They would become Muslims

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Muhammad then moved to Medina Muhammad then moved to Medina (Yathrib) (622 ad)(Yathrib) (622 ad)

This date became known as the This date became known as the Hijrah and the beginning of the Hijrah and the beginning of the Islamic calendarIslamic calendar

Muhammad became a political and Muhammad became a political and religious leaderreligious leader

Quran was created to house the Quran was created to house the teachings of Islamteachings of Islam

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The Five Pillars of Islam guide The Five Pillars of Islam guide Muslims through their life (guidebook Muslims through their life (guidebook through life)through life)

Some countries base government Some countries base government and law based on the Quran (shariah and law based on the Quran (shariah law)law)

Muslims call Christians and Jews Muslims call Christians and Jews “People of the Book”“People of the Book”

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The 4 Rightly Guided Caliphs The 4 Rightly Guided Caliphs proceeded to spread Islam proceeded to spread Islam throughout the Persian and throughout the Persian and Byzantine Empire with many Byzantine Empire with many conversionsconversions

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Christianity was movement grown Christianity was movement grown out of Judaismout of Judaism

Jesus was a man born of a Jewish Jesus was a man born of a Jewish family in 4 bc.family in 4 bc.

He followed Jewish lawHe followed Jewish law Jesus taught of a more personal Jesus taught of a more personal

relationship with God and to love all relationship with God and to love all fellow humans as God loves manfellow humans as God loves man

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Jesus had disciples that followed his Jesus had disciples that followed his teachings and would later be teachings and would later be teachers of Christianityteachers of Christianity

The Gospels (1The Gospels (1stst four books of the four books of the New Testament) teach about the life New Testament) teach about the life of Jesus and his mission on Earthof Jesus and his mission on Earth

Followers believed Jesus to be the Followers believed Jesus to be the savior of Man “Messiah”savior of Man “Messiah”

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Jesus was executed (crucifixion) by Jesus was executed (crucifixion) by the Romans because of the fear of the Romans because of the fear of power and leadershippower and leadership

He was believed to have risen and He was believed to have risen and spiritually ascend into heaven for spiritually ascend into heaven for eternity with Godeternity with God

Romans opposed the teachings of Romans opposed the teachings of Jesus by his disciplesJesus by his disciples

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Constantine (313 ad) convinced Constantine (313 ad) convinced Roman rule to accept both Old Roman rule to accept both Old Testament and New Testament Testament and New Testament teachings and accept Christianity teachings and accept Christianity throughout the empirethroughout the empire

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Most of the Middle East was once the Most of the Middle East was once the Ottoman Empire (1300s-WWI)Ottoman Empire (1300s-WWI)

This empire was primarily of Islamic This empire was primarily of Islamic leadershipleadership

Power was gained due to controlling Power was gained due to controlling access of the major trade routes in access of the major trade routes in the M.E.the M.E.

Ottoman Empire joined forces with Ottoman Empire joined forces with Germany and Italy during WWIGermany and Italy during WWI

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Ottoman Empire would lose power Ottoman Empire would lose power after WWI and new European powers after WWI and new European powers would break-up the territory into the would break-up the territory into the countries known today (San Remo countries known today (San Remo Agreement)Agreement)

The new countries were not formed The new countries were not formed in consideration with the various in consideration with the various ethnic groups that are in the M.E. ethnic groups that are in the M.E. (conflict would begin)(conflict would begin)

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Palestine was created after the Palestine was created after the Ottoman Empire (primarily Muslim Ottoman Empire (primarily Muslim territory/Palestinian Arabs) territory/Palestinian Arabs) (Jerusalem major city)(Jerusalem major city)

Jews and Christians have moved into Jews and Christians have moved into Palestine because they believe it is Palestine because they believe it is their Holy Landtheir Holy Land

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WWII and Holocaust would cause WWII and Holocaust would cause Jews to migrate back to the Holy Jews to migrate back to the Holy Land to seek refuge Land to seek refuge (Zionists/Zionism)(Zionists/Zionism)

Hatred for Jews (anti-Semitism) Hatred for Jews (anti-Semitism) would force Jews to the Holy Land would force Jews to the Holy Land (over 6 million Jews died)(over 6 million Jews died)

United Nations would help to create United Nations would help to create IsraelIsrael

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1948 Israel was created for the Jews 1948 Israel was created for the Jews in the areas of the known Palestinein the areas of the known Palestine

Palestinian Arabs denied the new Palestinian Arabs denied the new creation of Israelcreation of Israel

The Arab/Israeli Conflict would begin The Arab/Israeli Conflict would begin in 1948in 1948

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Israel and Palestinians fought over Israel and Palestinians fought over the land starting in 1948the land starting in 1948

Neighboring Arab countries fought Neighboring Arab countries fought and still support on the side of and still support on the side of PalestinePalestine

Palestinians as refugees (camps for Palestinians as refugees (camps for citizens with no home due to war)citizens with no home due to war)

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USA supports Israel in the warUSA supports Israel in the war Arab Palestinians inhabit (live) mainly in Arab Palestinians inhabit (live) mainly in

the Gaza Strip and West Bankthe Gaza Strip and West Bank Israelis inhabit (live) in the surrounding Israelis inhabit (live) in the surrounding

areasareas Notice Resource MapNotice Resource Map The Arab-Israeli conflict plays a major role The Arab-Israeli conflict plays a major role

in finding people in all the Middle Eastern in finding people in all the Middle Eastern ConflictsConflicts

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USA had political and economic USA had political and economic interest in the Middle East (oil, trade interest in the Middle East (oil, trade routes, etc.)routes, etc.)

USA and United Nations led to break USA and United Nations led to break up Ottoman Empireup Ottoman Empire

1920 Kuwait became a country1920 Kuwait became a country Saddam Hussein (Iraq) believed Saddam Hussein (Iraq) believed

Kuwait was using and taking oil Kuwait was using and taking oil reservesreserves

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August 1990 Iraq began to invade August 1990 Iraq began to invade KuwaitKuwait

Iraq more access to the Persian Gulf Iraq more access to the Persian Gulf and oil suppliesand oil supplies

USA was concerned b/c much of our USA was concerned b/c much of our oil comes from Kuwait and Saudi oil comes from Kuwait and Saudi ArabiaArabia

Kuwait is part of the United NationsKuwait is part of the United Nations

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USA and UN sent troops to push Iraqi USA and UN sent troops to push Iraqi forces out of Kuwait (Persian Gulf forces out of Kuwait (Persian Gulf War and Operation Desert Storm)War and Operation Desert Storm)

February 1991 a truce to withdraw February 1991 a truce to withdraw was the resolution (3 month conflict)was the resolution (3 month conflict)

9/11/2001 the World Trade Center 9/11/2001 the World Trade Center attack sparked the USA to send attack sparked the USA to send troops to Afghanistantroops to Afghanistan

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CIA and US troops were searching for CIA and US troops were searching for Osama Bin Laden and Al-Qaeda Osama Bin Laden and Al-Qaeda (terrorist group responsible for 9/11)(terrorist group responsible for 9/11)

USA believed that the Taliban USA believed that the Taliban government (Afghanistan) was government (Afghanistan) was harboring the suspectsharboring the suspects

USA wants to help Afghanistan USA wants to help Afghanistan government to rebuildgovernment to rebuild

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USA invaded Iraq in 2003 due to USA invaded Iraq in 2003 due to accusations Saddam Hussein was accusations Saddam Hussein was making and using nuclear weapons making and using nuclear weapons and aiding members of Al-Qaedaand aiding members of Al-Qaeda

Operation Iraqi Freedom would help Operation Iraqi Freedom would help to wipe out the old government and to wipe out the old government and help to re-build their governmenthelp to re-build their government

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Iraq war and the new government Iraq war and the new government has caused much ethnic and has caused much ethnic and religious group conflictreligious group conflict

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Israel is a parliamentary democracyIsrael is a parliamentary democracy Leader chosen from the majority Leader chosen from the majority

political party in the legislaturepolitical party in the legislature Parliament called the Knesset with a Parliament called the Knesset with a

Prime MinisterPrime Minister 18 years of age to vote18 years of age to vote Suffrage: votingSuffrage: voting They vote by party affiliationThey vote by party affiliation

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Most are secular politicians, but Most are secular politicians, but many want religion to influence laws many want religion to influence laws (Jewish)(Jewish)

Saudi Arabia is a hereditary Saudi Arabia is a hereditary monarchy: King and family from monarchy: King and family from several generationsseveral generations

King and advisors make the lawsKing and advisors make the laws Laws based on the Quran or Shariah Laws based on the Quran or Shariah

LawLaw

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Almost all Saudi Citizens can vote (no Almost all Saudi Citizens can vote (no women)women)

Iran is a theocracy (republic..elect Iran is a theocracy (republic..elect your officials): based on Islam your officials): based on Islam (religious) Law(religious) Law

Citizens elect the legislature and Citizens elect the legislature and presidentpresident

16 and older can vote16 and older can vote

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Most Iranian political leaders are part Most Iranian political leaders are part of the Shia leadership group called of the Shia leadership group called the Ayatollahthe Ayatollah

Iranian government dramatically Iranian government dramatically effects oil production (OPEC)effects oil production (OPEC)

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Israel has almost no natural Israel has almost no natural resources and agricultural landresources and agricultural land

Israel’s economy is based on the Israel’s economy is based on the production of technologyproduction of technology

Israel is a mixed economyIsrael is a mixed economy Iran has a mixed to command Iran has a mixed to command

economyeconomy

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Iran has an oil production based Iran has an oil production based economy (OPEC)economy (OPEC)

Saudi Arabia is an oil based economy Saudi Arabia is an oil based economy (OPEC)…giving them money to buy (OPEC)…giving them money to buy goods (technology) they need for goods (technology) they need for survivalsurvival

Turkey is a command to mixed Turkey is a command to mixed economyeconomy

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Turkey controls much of the business Turkey controls much of the business in the country…but is starting to pass in the country…but is starting to pass law allowing more private business law allowing more private business decisionsdecisions

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Saudi Arabia and other countries Saudi Arabia and other countries have specialized in oil production to have specialized in oil production to earn money for need goods and earn money for need goods and servicesservices

Israel’s agricultural technology is Israel’s agricultural technology is sold to help make money to buy foodsold to help make money to buy food

Trade barriers restrict countries to Trade barriers restrict countries to trade (internationally)trade (internationally)

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Tariffs (taxes) are trade barriers on Tariffs (taxes) are trade barriers on imports or exportsimports or exports

Embargo is when a country will not Embargo is when a country will not trade with other countries (OPEC vs trade with other countries (OPEC vs supporters of Israel during the supporters of Israel during the Arab/Israeli Conflict)Arab/Israeli Conflict)

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Middle Eastern countries have high Middle Eastern countries have high GDP…can invest money in human GDP…can invest money in human capital and capital goods capital and capital goods (technology, advanced buildings, (technology, advanced buildings, transportation systems, education, transportation systems, education, training for workers)training for workers)