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MineralsMinerals
What is a Mineral?What is a Mineral?
SolidSolid not gasnot gas not liquidnot liquid
What is a Mineral?What is a Mineral?
SolidSolid Naturally OccurringNaturally Occurring
must be found in naturemust be found in nature was not made in the laboratorywas not made in the laboratory
What is a Mineral?What is a Mineral?
SolidSolid Naturally OccurringNaturally Occurring InorganicInorganic
not made from a living thingnot made from a living thing does not contain chains of carbon atomsdoes not contain chains of carbon atoms
What is a Mineral?What is a Mineral? SolidSolid Naturally OccurringNaturally Occurring InorganicInorganic Definite Crystal StructureDefinite Crystal Structure
Atoms arrange themselves in an orderly Atoms arrange themselves in an orderly fashion to create regular geometric patternsfashion to create regular geometric patterns
Crystal Palace - MexicoCrystal Palace - Mexico
http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/channel/a-night-of-exploration/galleries/into-the-lost-crystal-caves/at/mirrors-chamber-topography-1697354/
Crystal Cave VideoCrystal Cave Video
http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/explorer/videos/a-dangerous-beauty/
What is a Mineral?What is a Mineral?
SolidSolid Naturally OccurringNaturally Occurring InorganicInorganic Definite Crystal StructureDefinite Crystal Structure Definite Chemical FormulaDefinite Chemical Formula
GoldGold (Au) (Au) CalciteCalcite (CaCO (CaCO33))
QuartzQuartz (SiO (SiO22)) PyritePyrite (FeS (FeS22))
Formation of MineralsFormation of MineralsEvaporation
Minerals can form when solutions evaporate and the materials
dissolved in the water crystallize.
Formation of MineralsFormation of Minerals
Volcanic Activity
As magma and lava cooled, minerals crystallized. Some atoms were stable and
did not combine.
Formation of MineralsFormation of Minerals
Heat, pressure and chemical change deep inside the Earth create minerals. They form from existing
minerals that are transformed by the heat and pressure.
Heat and Pressure
Mineral FactsMineral Facts
More than 4000 minerals have been More than 4000 minerals have been identified.identified.
New minerals are still being New minerals are still being discovered.discovered.
NJ is one of two places in the world NJ is one of two places in the world that have more different minerals than that have more different minerals than any other place on Earth!any other place on Earth!
Composition of the Earth’s Composition of the Earth’s CrustCrust
98.5% of Earth’s Crust is made of:98.5% of Earth’s Crust is made of:
-Oxygen (O)-Oxygen (O)-Silicon (Si)-Silicon (Si)-Aluminum (Al)-Aluminum (Al)-Iron (Fe)-Iron (Fe)-Calcium (Ca)-Calcium (Ca)-Sodium (Na)-Sodium (Na)-Potassium (K)-Potassium (K)-Magnesium (Mg)-Magnesium (Mg)
mostly in combination with one another.mostly in combination with one another.
Most minerals are made of chemically Most minerals are made of chemically combined (bonded) elements. These combined (bonded) elements. These
minerals are grouped according to the minerals are grouped according to the elements in them.elements in them.
Oxides – Oxides – have oxygen in them have oxygen in them Halides – Halides – have halogens in them have halogens in them Sulfides – Sulfides – have sulfur in them have sulfur in them Carbonates – have COCarbonates – have CO33 in them in them Sulfates – Sulfates – have SO have SO44 in them in them Silicates – Silicates – have SiO have SiO44 in them in them
Most Common MineralsMost Common Minerals Silicates – 92% of all minerals contain Silicates – 92% of all minerals contain
oxygen and siliconoxygen and silicon
Silicon Dioxide – also known as quartz Silicon Dioxide – also known as quartz (large pieces) or sand (small pieces) (large pieces) or sand (small pieces) makes up 75% of the Earth’s crust!makes up 75% of the Earth’s crust!
9 minerals make up 99% of Earth: 9 minerals make up 99% of Earth: feldspar, pyroxene, mica, olivine, feldspar, pyroxene, mica, olivine, dolomite, quartz, amphibole, clay, dolomite, quartz, amphibole, clay, calcitecalcite
FeldspFeldsparar
PyroxenePyroxene
MicaMica
OlivineOlivine
DolomiteDolomite
QuartzQuartz
AmphiboleAmphibole
ClayClay
CalciteCalcite
Most elements combined to Most elements combined to make minerals but some did make minerals but some did
not.not. Called the Native Minerals (one element alone)Called the Native Minerals (one element alone) Also called Native ElementsAlso called Native Elements
Copper (Cu) Gold (Au) Sulfur (S)
Ore – rock that contains Ore – rock that contains minerals that can be minedminerals that can be mined
Iron OreIron Ore Gold OreGold Ore
Alloy – mixture of two or more Alloy – mixture of two or more mineralsminerals
Bronze = copper + tin Brass = copper + zincPewter = tin +
copper + lead + antimony
Stainless Steel = iron
+ chromium + nickel
Solder = tin + lead
Every American Requires Every American Requires 40,000 Pounds of New Minerals 40,000 Pounds of New Minerals
per Yearper Year at this level of consumption the average newborn at this level of consumption the average newborn
infant will need a lifetime supply of:infant will need a lifetime supply of:-795 lbs of lead (car batteries, electric -795 lbs of lead (car batteries, electric components)components)-757 lbs of zinc (to make brass, rubber, paints)-757 lbs of zinc (to make brass, rubber, paints)-1500lbs of copper (electrical motors, wirings-1500lbs of copper (electrical motors, wirings-3593 lbs aluminum (soda cans, aircraft)-3593 lbs aluminum (soda cans, aircraft)-32,700 lbs of iron (kitchen utensils, automobiles, -32,700 lbs of iron (kitchen utensils, automobiles, buildings) buildings)-28,213 lbs of salt (cooking, detergents)-28,213 lbs of salt (cooking, detergents)-1,238,101 lbs of stone, sand, gravel, cement -1,238,101 lbs of stone, sand, gravel, cement (roads, homes, etc.)(roads, homes, etc.)