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Missed Diagnoses 2:Why didn’t I think of that either?
Eileen Klein, MD, MPH
Agenda
• Illustrative Cases• Tip offs and Tips for Success• Diagnosis specific pearls
Case 1 - Dehydration
3 year old boy with vomiting for one day
• Tired for past week• No fever• No dysuria• Decreased PO• Emesis X 2• URI 10 days ago
Exam
• Quiet 3 year old, awake
• Temp=37.2 HR=180 RR=40 BP=100/55
• Clear Lungs• No murmur, quiet heart sounds• Abdomen soft, no rebound• Capillary refill 3 seconds and cool to midcalf
Management
• Ondansetron• Oral Rehydration
• Plan – discharge when tolerating PO fluids
Why didn’t I think of that?
Re-evaluation
• Increased work of breathing when lying flat
• What test would you do next?
Chest X-ray
Diagnosis: Myocarditis
http://www.bmj.com/content/320/7230/297.full
Tips and Tip offs
• History• Not much vomiting• Recent URI
• Exam• Quiet heart sounds• Tachycardia (out of proportion) and tachypnea• Cool to mid calf – significant without big fluid losses
Myocarditis
• Characterized by• Apparent dehydration out of proportion to history• Decreased pulses• Gallop and distant heart sounds• Evidence of failure
• Hepatomegaly• Crackles on lung exam
• History often includes:• Fatigue• Respiratory distress
• Initial management• Avoid fluids• Start pressors
Case 2 – Knee pain
2 year old girl with 3 day history of right knee pain
• No fever• Now refusing to walk
Exam
• Alert, calm, well hydrated
• Temp=37.8 HR=110 RR=20 BP=100/60
• Cooperative but fussy with leg exam• Points to right knee where the band-aid is and screams
with exam• No focality to exam
Evaluation and Plan
• Knee X-ray• normal
• Discharge• Diagnosis of contusion• Return for fever or increase pain
Why didn’t I think of that?
Return visit 1 day later
• Fever• Now refusing to move leg• Exam – holding hip in abduction with knee
flexed• Elevated WBC and CRP• Normal hip x-ray but fluid in hip on ultrasound
Diagnosis:
Septic Hip
Tips and Tip offs
• History• Hip pain refers to the knee
• Exam• Inadequate assessment of hip irritability
• Evaluation• Need to evaluate for hip infection if there is any
concern with CBC, Blood culture, CRP and x-ray (AP and frog leg)
Septic Hip
• Most common organism• Staphylococcus aureus• Streptococcus• Gram negative organisms also possible
• E.g., Kingella kingae, Neisseria Gonorrhea
• Associated with• Almost uniformly no warmth or redness at hip• Pain• Limitation of motion
• Treatment• Expeditious drainage and intravenous antibiotics• Delayed drainage increases risk for avascular necrosis and future
disability (arthritis)
Case 3 – Abdominal pain
10 year old boy with abdominal pain and vomiting
• Woke this morning with vomiting• After vomiting had abdominal pain• No history of trauma• Pain is diffuse• No fever• Emesis X 10
Exam
• Alert, Cooperative, uncomfortable, sweating
• Temp=37.2 HR=135 RR=18 BP=100/60
• Abdomen seems soft, but difficult exam• Seems to have pain with hip shake
Work up and Management
• CBC• WBC = 8.1 (normal differential)
• Urinalysis and electrolytes• Normal
• Pain seems unchanged after IV fluids
• Low concern for appendicitis• Consider discharge with instructions to return
if pain worsens
Why didn’t I think of that?
Re-evaluation
Dad arrives and patient tells dad he had a bike accident on friends bike but was afraid he would get into trouble
• Exam unchanged
• Abdominal CT
Diagnosis:
Duodenal hematoma
Tips and Tip offs
• History• History didn’t fit exam findings
• Exam• Peritoneal signs unusual with short duration of
symptoms
Duodenal hematoma
• Main causes – Discrete injury• Rapid acceleration/deceleration• Seat Belt• Direct Blow• Handle bar injury
• Symptoms usually 24-48 hours after injury• Vomiting• Abdominal pain
• Diagnosis• Abdominal CT
• Treatment• Supportive versus Operative
Case 4 – Groin swelling
3 week old girl with fussiness and left inguinal swelling
• Otherwise healthy• Swelling noticed today during diaper change• Increasing fussiness over the past few hours• No fever
Exam
• Alert, active, fussy but consolable when held
• Temp=36.9 HR=180 RR=24 BP=85/60
• 2X2 cm left inguinal bulge:• Firm• No fluctuance or erythema• Unable to hear bowel sounds within swelling
• Exam otherwise normal
Work up and Management
• Inguinal hernia
• Attempts at reduction of inguinal hernia unsuccessful
• Surgery consulted• Additional attempts at reduction
unsuccessful at IV sedation
• Concern for incarcerated hernia
Why didn’t I think of that?
Additional workup
• Ultrasound done• Inguinal hernia present• Ovary within hernia sac
Diagnosis:
Inguinal hernia with entrapped ovary
Tips and Tip offs
• Firm bulge
• Female patient
• No bowel sounds heard
• Inability to easily reduce
Inguinal hernia
• Hernia more common on the right• Hernia more common in boys• Incarceration – occurs in 15-30 of hernia patients• Incarcerated in girls typically includes ovary in hernia
sac compared to intestine• Include Lymphadenitis in the differential diagnosis
Case 5 – Puffy eye
5 year old with puffy eye
• One day history of eyelid swelling• No Fever• No vomiting or diarrhea• Not eating well• Decreased energy
Exam
• Alert and non- toxic; well appearing
• T 36.5 HR 110 RR 22
• Swelling of right upper and lower eyelid • No erythema• Extra ocular muscles intact• Pupils equal and reactive to light• No conjunctivitis• Benadryl for possible allergic reaction• Told to return if symptoms do not improve
http://www.ehow.com/way_5406085_swollen-eyelids-cure.html
Why didn’t I think of that?
What happened next
• Child returned the next day with swelling of both eyelids and hands
• Blood pressure elevated• Protein in urine• Low serum albumin• Nephrology consulted – patient admitted
• Diagnosis:
Nephrotic Syndrome
Tips and Tip offs
• Didn’t think of alternative diagnoses• Periorbital cellulitis• Edema due to non-allergic process
• Exam• Didn’t take blood pressure
• Lab• If took blood pressure and high then
would need urinalysis
Nephrotic Syndrome
• Periorbital edema common initial finding• Often mistaken for allergic reaction• Primary idiopathic nephrotic syndrome most
common in younger children (<6 years)• Diagnosis:
• Proteinuria• Hypoalbuminemia
• Additional labs: • Electrolytes, BUN, Creatinine, Complement 3
• Primary Treatment – Steroids• Most are steroid sensitive
Case 6 – Finger injury
12 year old boy finger injury playing basketball
• Had collision with another boy while playing basketball
• Digit now at unusual angle
Exam
• Alert, cooperative
• T 37.0 HR 70 RR 20 BP 105/65
• Mild-moderate tenderness to palpation• No erythema, fluctuance or bruising• At an abnormal angle
• X-ray show fracture/dislocation• Dislocation reduced• Plan splint and follow up
X-Ray
http://www.wheelessonline.com/ortho/dorsal_fracture_dislocations_of_the_pip_joint
Why didn’t I think of that?
What happened next
• Immediately re-dislocated
• What should be done?
• Call orthopedic surgery
Diagnosis:
Volar Plate Injury/Entrapment
Tips and Tip offs
• Exam• Location of injury• Immediate “re-dislocation”
Volar Plate injury/entrapment
• Can occur at DIP, PIP, and MCP joints• Consider when reduction not stable with active motion• Requires orthopedic consult• Often requires operative repair
Case 7 – Abdominal pain
5 year old girl with abdominal pain
• 3 hour history of pain• Mild urinary frequency• Mild constipation by history
Exam
• Alert, cooperative
• T 37 HR 120 RR 22 BP 90/60
• Diffuse tenderness• Difficult exam but no obvious peritoneal signs• Normal GU exam
Work up
• WBC• 7.0
• Urinalysis• Normal
• Treatment with IVF• Exam unchanged
• Plan discharge with diagnosis of Abdominal Pain and possible Constipation
Why didn’t I think of that?
What happened next
• Mom concerned because she seems to be in severe pain
• Re-exam patient writhing with severe abdominal pain
• Abdominal X-Ray done
Abdominal X-Ray
http://plasticstudent.com/case/step/535
What should be done next?
Abdominal ultrasound done
Surgery consulted
Diagnosis:
Ovarian Torsion
Tips and Tip offs
• History• Pain severe• Acute onset
• Don’t let age rule out this diagnosis in your mind
Ovarian Torsion
• 15% of cases in pre-menarchal girls• Acute onset of severe pain without fever• Hard for younger children to localize pain
• In girls think about ovarian torsion when you are considering appendicitis
Case 8
2 year old girl not using left arm
• Mom was swinging child around when the child began to cry and stop moving left arm
Exam
• Happy, Playful, holding left arm at side
• T 37 HR 100 RR 20 BP 100/60
• No Bony tenderness• Neurovasularly intact• Will not use left arm
• What should be done?
Management
• Hyperpronation of forearm at elbow• “Pop” felt• Patient cried briefly• On re-examination using arm normally
Diagnosed with • Radial head subluxation - aka Nursemaids Elbow
• Discharged
Why didn’t I think of that?
Follow up
• Child returned 5 minutes later not using right arm
• Parents left the ED swinging the child between them
• Diagnosis:
Recurrent nursemaids elbow
Tips and Tip offs
• Didn’t instruct parents to swing under armpit and not by hands
Radial Head Subluxation
• Ages 6 months – 5 years• Annular ligament trapped in joint due to traction on pronated hand• Suspect even if history not classic• Patient generally calm holding arm flexed at elbow• Treatment
• Supination/flexion method• Hyperpronation method
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/110/1/171/F3.small.gif
Summary
Making timely and correct diagnosis requires:• Taking a thorough history• Getting appropriate exposure• Not losing the forest for the trees• Giving reasons to return
Final tip:• Use your colleagues – they are a great resource!
Thank you!!