cthbf% bcnjhbekb ,tlb cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbcfufy ufyijht,ekb mfhsdtkt,bcf

mitropoliti anania jafariZe

mfhsdtkt,bc uffa[fpt,f.

e’dtktcb fa[fptsb ‘dtkmfhsekb o.fhjt,bc sfyf[vfl

anotacia:

naSromSi uxv saistorio wyaroebze dayrdnobiT gadmocemulia

afxazeTis qarTvelTa bedi XVI s-dan XXI s-mde. kerZod: XVI s-dan

erTiani saqarTvelos saxelmwifos daSlis Semdeg mis periferiul

kuTxeebSi, adgilobrivi xelisuflebis sisustis gamo, Camosaxldnen

Crdilo kavkasieli mTielebi. am process n. berZeniSvili“mTis

Camowolas uwodebs. ase moeqca aRmosavleT kaxeTi (War-belaqani) -

lekuri tomebis xelSi, Sida qarTlis mTianeTi - osebis, xolo

afxazeTi - adiRe-Cerqezuli tomis abazebis, anu afsuebis xelSi. XVI-

XVIII ss. Cerqezi xalxi Crdilo kavkasiaSi yvelaze mravlricxovani

iyo da Sedgeboda uamravi meomari tomisagan, romelTagan erT-erTi,

rogorc aRiniSna, afxazeTSi Casaxlda da xangrZlivi brZolebis

Semdeg daipyro istoriuli odiSi (Tanamedrove soxumis, gulrifSis,

oCamCirisa da galis raionebi). mkvidri qarTuli mosaxleoba gadiqca

sazogadoebis yvalaze dabal, damorCilebul fenad, Seiswavla

mebatoneebis ena da adaT-Cvevebi, maRalma fenam afxazeTisa - Zvelma

qarTvelma Tavad-aznaurebma, SeZles TavianTi maRali mdgomareobis

SenarCuneba qveynis axali eTnikuri saxis Camoyalibebis sanacvlod.

afxazeTSi Camosaxlebul abaza-afsuebs qarTvelebma qveynis saxelis

mixedviT `afxazebi” uwodes, mogvianebiT es saxeli gadaiRes rusebma,

Tumca ki rogorc Turqi, ise ucxoeli mogzaurebi maT Cerqezebs

(//abazebs) uwodebdnen.

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nthvbyb #f,fcb@^ #fa[fpb@ xylt,f vjudbfyt,bs% #[jkj fyfrjabbc lfcfdktsbs fhc fa[fptsb^ gbhdtkfl ojlt,ekb tuhtsdt tuhbcb^ hfvtse dbyfbsufy obkb tuhjcbcf fhc pqdfvlt^ vbc ufvj tojlf #tuhb@-dt^ fhfvtl itvlujvfl ufylujvbcf^ lfbg.htc hf ,th’tysf^ vfs eojltc f,fcf^ [jkj mfhsdtksf _ fa[fptsb@ ~m& w&^ +|^ 1973^ ud& 784`& vfifcflfvt^ tuhbcbc ths yfobkc fa[fptsb tojlf #ufylujvbc itvlujv@^ hf buekbc[vt,f #ufylujvbc@ mdti( gfce[b fv rs[dbcf wyj,bkbf ’dtkmfhsekb cfbcnjhbj o.fhjcfsdbc& mhbcntij,fvlt +|-+++ cfereytt,ib gbhdtkb thsbfyb mfhsekb cf[fkvobajc itmvybcfc vfcib itdblf mfhsdtkb [fk[bc .dtkf tsybrehb ]ueab^ vstkb thb^ vfuhfv #,th’yt,bc@ ibibs fv cf[tkvobajib itcdkfpt efhb smdtc vlbyfht tuhbco.kbc bmbs vfw[jdht,kt,vf^ bcbyb xdtyc vtvfnbfytt,c mfhsdtkt,fl vbfxylfs^ obyffqvltu itvs[dtdfib^ vfsb efhb itcekb.dyty thsbfy mfhsek cf[tkvobajib #ufylujvfl@ ~qfkfnfl^ ufywfkrtdt,fl` fh xfbsdkt,jlf& afhyfdfp vtatc thsbfyb cf[tkvobajc ityt,fib lblfl totjlf tuhbcbc thbcsfdb me]b^ vfy afhyfdfpc vbvfhsf% #ity [fh idbkb sfdsf vfs mfhskbcfsf lf ity uvfhst,c eakj,f xtvb@^ me]bc cfthbcsfdjc elbltcb yfobkb thsbfy cf[tkvobajib ufthsbfylf^ #[jkj tuhbco.fkc mdtvjs lfhxf ,th’tysf^ hfvtse vrdblhsf vbc flubkbcfsf fhf byt,tc ufylujvf ,th’tysf@ ~m& w& +^ ud 24`& thsbfyb mfhsekb cf[tkvobajc vtsfeh afhyfdfpbc nbnekb b.j #vtat mfhsdtksf@^ fv vtabc cf[tkvobajc rb #mfhskbc cfvtaj@ tojlt,jlf& fv mfhskbc cfvtajcf lf #cf,th’ytsc@ ijhbc afhyfdfpbc lhjc ufdkt,ekb bmyf cfcfpqdhj [fpb _ vlbyfht tuhbco.fkpt& cf,th’ytsbc cf[tkvobaj fv vlbyfhtcsfy bwfdlf cfpqdfhc mfhskbc mdt.fyfcsfy^ rth’jl^ ,th’yekb v[fht vbbxytdlf^ hjv tuhbco.fkpt cfpqdfhb b,thbfcf lf cf,th’ytsc ijhbc lfblj fktmcfylht vfrtljytkbc lhjc& fvbnjv^ sfyf[vfl#mfhskbc w[jdht,bcf@^ | cfereytib ,bpfynbbc bvgthfnjhb fw[flt,lf^ hjv cfpqdfhb vbcb bvgthbbcf vlbyfht tuhbco.fkbf% #ufvjbrbs[f rtbcfhvfy cfpqdfhb cf,th’ytsbcf^ mdt.fyf pqdbc gbhbcf^ hjvtk fhc fa[fptsb^ lf hmef tchts% #tuhbc o.fkbsfufy dblht vlbyfht vwbhbcf [fpfhtsbcf _ tct cfpqdfhb fhc cf,th’ytsbcf fktmcfylhj,bsufy@ ~m&w& +^ ud& 177`& bcvbc rbs[df^ cfl uftlbyt,jlf vlbyfht tuhbco.fkb lf uflbjlf se fhf vfcpt cfpqdfhb cf,th’ytsbc bvgthbfcf lf mfhskbc cfvtajc ijhbc& vlbyfht tuhbco.fkc fv;fvfl _ qfkb’uf tojlt,f& #tuhbco.fkb hjv cfpqdfhb b.j^ fvfc vjovj,c hjujhw mfhsekb ~ktjynb^ ]efyithb`^ bct hjvfek-,th’yekb o.fhjt,b ~fhbfyt^ | cfereybc gthb gkecb^ ghjrjgb&&&@` ~y& ,th’tybidbkb^ cfmfhsdtkjc bcnjhbbc cfrbs[t,b^ 1990^ ud& 553`& vfifcflfvt^ #ufylujvbc@ mdti buekbc[vt,f tuhbco.kbc bmbs vw[jdht, mfhsdtksf efhb +|-+++ cc& mhbcntij,fvlt itcekb.dyty thsbfy mfhsek cfvtajib ,th’tysf ibibc ufvj& fqcfybiyfdbf^ hjv e’dtktcb mfhsekb o.fhjw _ #vjmwtdfb mfhskbcfbw@ mfhsdtksf cf[tkvobajc xhlbkj-lfcfdktsbc cfpqdfhc vlbyfht tuhbco.fkpt lt,c& | cfereytib fqybiyekb vbvfhsekt,bs vjv[lfhf cfcfpqdhj wdkbkt,f ,bpfynbfcf lf cfmfhsdtkjc ijhbc& ufphlbkf afhsj,b cfmfhsdtkjc cf[tkvobajcb^ bvbs^ hjv vlbyfht tuhbco.fkcf lf vbc lfcfdktsbs vlt,fht vl& rkbcehfc ijhbc vjmwtekb nthbnjhbf bvgthfnjhc uflfewbf mfhsdtksf vtabcfsdbc& rth’jl^ vtat df[nfyu ujhufcfkc itehsfdc rtbchbc mfkb^ hjvkbcfsdbcfw vpbsdfl bvgthfnjhc vbewbf tuhbco.fkcf lf rkbcehfc ijhbc vjmwtekb nthbnjhbf _ #lfeothf tuhbco.fkcf lf rkbcehfc ief mdt.fyf vpbsdfl@ ~m&w& +^ ud& 177`& fv lhjbcfsdbc vstkb nthbnjhbf vlbyfht tuhbco.kblfy vlbyfht .e,fyfvlt df[nfyu ujhufcfkvf xhlbkj rfdrfcbfib kfimhj,bc itvltu lfbzbhf lf lfrfdt,ekb /mjylf sfdbcb ]fht,bs^ tc vbof-o.fkb rb ,bpfynbfc sfdbc cf[tkvobajib itvfdfkfl vbfxylf^ fvbnjvfw vjkfgfhfrt,bc itvlujv^ bvbc itvltu hfw mfhsdtksf vtatv jabwbfkehfl vbbqj ,bpfynbbcfufy rkbcehfvlt vjmwtekb nthbnjhbf^ vfy ,bpfynbfc lfe,heyf fv vlbyfhbc bmbs vlt,fht vbof& vfc erdt fv lhjbcfsdbc fa[fptsb tojlt,jlf _ #&&&lf c[df fa[fptsb erecwf df[nfyu ,th’tysf@ ~bmdt^ ud& 177`& hjujhw bsmdf^ mfhsekb o.fhjt,bc sfyf[vfl^ dhwtkb nthbnjhbf lfcfdkts fvbthrfdrfcbbcf^ dblht .e,fyfvlt _ mfhsdtkb [fk[bs b.j lfcf[kt,ekb^ vfuhfv gbhdtk thsbfy mfhsek cf[tkvobajib vlbyfht tuhbco.kblfy vlbyfht .e,fyfvlt vjmwtekb nthbnjhbf fh itdblf^ hflufyfw ,th’yek cf[tkvobajib b.j vjmwtekb& itvlujv fm vhfdfkb c[dflfc[df njvb lfcf[kt,ekf^ [jkj nthbnjhbfc tuhbco.fkcf lf vwbht [fpfhtsbc ~.e,fybc` vlbyfhtvlt vbeqbf cf[tkojlt,f _ fa[fptsb& vbcb thsb yfobkb^ hjujhw bsmdf^ | cfereytib itethslf mfhsek cf[tkvobajc ~vl& rkbcehfvlt`^ [jkj

lfyfhxtyb yfobkb mfhsek cf[tkvobajc itthst,bf |+++ cfereytib^ bv lhjc^ hjwf #,th’yt,b vje’keht,ekfy@ fhf,sf uf’kbtht,bc ufvj ~y& ,th’tybidbkb^ lfcf[& yfih&^ ud& 553`& fhf,sf itvjctdt,bc itltufl erblehtcfl lfcecnlf mfhsekb cf[tkvobajw^ hjvkbc cfpqdfhb ,bpfynbfcsfy fv lhjbcfsdbc rdkfd vlbyfht rkbcehpt uflbjlf& fhf,t,b jhbdt mhbcnbfyekb mdt.ybc ,bpfynbbcf lf cfmfhsdtkjc vnht,b b.dyty^ fvbnjvfw fv lhjbcfsdbc ,bpfynbbc bvgthbfv lfbdbo.f sfdbcb bvgthbfkbcneh-vnfwt,kehb phf[dt,b mfhskbc cfvtajc vbvfhs& tc ufvjb[fnf bvgthfnjhbc vbth ufvjwtvek bv ,h’fyt,f-vbsbst,t,ibw^ hjvtkybw vfc ufeupfdybf thbcsfdbcfsdbc fa[fptsib& hjujhw bsmdf^ bv lhjbcfsdbc fa[fptsb itlbjlf ,bpfynbbc bvgthbfib lf vfc vfhsfdlf ,bpfynbbc cf[tkvobajc ofhvjvflutytkb #fa[fpsf thbcsfdbc@ nbnekbs& vehdfy-.hec cfibytkb itvjctdt,bc itvltu bvgthfnjhc fa[fptsbc thbcsfd ktjybcfsdbc ufeupfdybf ,h’fyt,f^ hfsf bc fqfh lfc[vjlf sfdc mfhskbc cfvtajc^ hjvkbc cfpqdfhb uflbjlf vlbyfht rkbcehpt^ #lf vjeothf ktjyc tcht cf[tl% #.jdkfldt cfpqdfhsf mfhskbcfsf xdtyufy mvybk fhc dyt,f&&& fvbthbsufy yeqfhfvwf [tkvobat,bc dyt,fl vfslf lf cfpqdfhsf vfssf tuhbcfsf@ ~mfhskbc w[jdht,f^ +^ ud& 239-240`& vfhsfkbf^ rkbcehf bv lhjbcfsdbc b.j utjuhfabekb ufv.jab tuhbccf lf fa[fptsc ijhbc^ vfuhfv bc fvfdt lhjc bub ofhvjflutylf gjkbnbreh cfpqdfhc mfhsdtksf ~fye mfhskbc` cfvtajcf lf cf,th’ytsc ijhbc^ bvgthfnjhb sfdbc othbkib hjwf othc ktjyc #.jdkfldt cfpqdfhsf mfhskbcfsf xdtyufy mvybk fhc dyt,f@^ uekbc[vj,c cojhtl ,th’tysf lf vfsb gjkbnbrehb ofhvjvflutykt,bc _ fa[fpsf thbcsfdt,bc sfdlfc[vt,c fqybiyek cfpqdfhpt& fvbnjvfw itvlujv frjyrhtnt,c ,h’fyt,fc lf othc% #fhfvtl rtsbkfl gfnbdbcwtvlb vtatsf lf thsf vfufs mfhskbcfsf lf fvbthbsufy yeqfhfvwf [tkutobat,bc dyt,fsf vfslf lf cfpqdfhsf vfssf tuhbcfsf@ ~bmdt^ ud& 240`& t&b& fa[fptsib itvj[bpyek^ fhf,sfufy ltdybk mfhskbc vtatt,c vbhcf lf fhxbkc gfnbdb twb lf vfsb mdt.ybc cfpqdfhc tuhbcsfy yeqfh lffhqdtdj& mfhskbc vtat vbhc df;b fh /.fdlf^ fvbnjvfw bc^ fhf,sf vbth cfcbrdlbkjl lfzhbkb^ sfdbc cfvtajc e.jac mfkbidbkt,c ~lf ‘vf fhxbkc`^ jqjyl thsb gbhj,bs^ cb’t esejl eylf .jabkb.j fhf ew[j mdt.ybc ofhvjvflutytkb^ fhfvtl mfhskbc cfvtajc ofhxbyt,ekb^ vtat sfdbc ‘vf fhxbkc enjdt,c fcts fylth’c% #xdty itvwbht,ek dfhs^ hfvtse ity [fh ewjkj^ lf vt dfh e’tj^ fo hflufy vjb.dfybfy vfvfsf xdtysf wjkyb fcekyb thbcsfdsf xdtysfyb^ vbcwty vfs fcekyb xtvyb lf ufye.dty vfs mdt.fyfyb mfhskbcfyb@ ~mfhskbc w[jdht,f^ +^ ud& 241`& vtat vbhc 7 mfkbidbkb /.fdlf^ vfsufy 6 vbcwf mfhskbc thbcsfdt,c lf vfsdt vbcwf cfvtajc itcf,fvbcb mdt.yt,bw^ vtidvlt mfkbidbkbc ithsdf byt,f fa[fptsbc thbcsfdvf^ vfc fylth’bc sfyf[vfl fh itt’kj ithsdf vtabc mfkbidbkbcf^ hflufyfw mfhskbc cfvtajc thbcsfdb fh b.j^ fvbnjvfw byt,f sfdbcb cfthbcsfdj ittthst,byf mfhskbc cfvtajcfsdbc^ fvbs bc uflfbmwtjlf mfhskbc thbcsfdfl lf fv upbs eakt,f vbtwtvjlf itthsj vtabc mfkb& vfuhfv bc [jv ,th’tysf mdt.ybc lf fhf lfvjerblt,tkb mdt.ybc ~fa[fptsbc` thbcsfdb b.j( bmfvlt^ vwbht [ybs flht^ vfc vjegjdt,bf sfdbcsfdflj,f ,th’tysfufy^ bc te,yt,f mfhskbc vtatc% #[jkj ktjy hmef% #vjvwf vt rtbcfhvfy mdt.fyf tct vrdblhj,bs rtsbkfl cbv[ybsf smdtybsf& [jkj fvbthbsufy fhc tct vfvekj,bs cfvrdblht,tk xtvsf rkbcehbsufy dblht vlbyfhtvlt lblfl [fpfhtsfl^ cflf lfcodlt,bc odthb rfdrfcbbcf fvbc& itvhst vtwf vjyfsf itysf sfyf^ hjvtkyb _ tct lqtc qbhc .dty idbkfl lf ‘vfl itylf& fhf vbylf yfobkb ityufy^ fhfvtl xtvbwf tct ityfldt b.jc@ ~mfhskbc w[jdht,f^ +^ ud& 242`& t&b& ktjy thbcsfdc bvgthfnjhbcfufy #vfvekj,bs cfvrdblht,tkfl@ vbeqbf nthbnjhbf vlbyfht rkbcehblfy [fpfhtsbc vlbyfhtvlt& ufsfdbceakt,bcsfyfdt^ fa[fptsbc thbcsfdbc cehdbkbf sfdbcb mdt.fyf lferfdibhjc mfhsdtksf cfvtajc& bc [lt,f mfhsdtksf vtabc #idbkb lf ‘vf@ _ #vjyf@ vcufdcfl c[df mfhsdtkb cb’tt,bcf^ lf fvbc vbcfqotdfl vtatc ew[flt,c% #fhf vbylf yfobkb ityufy^ fhfvtl xtvbwf tct ityfldt b.jc@& t&b& sfdbc vfvek-mdt.fyfc^ fa[fptsc^ f’ktdc mfhsdtk vtatc^ cfvfubthjl [lt,f cb’t _ bc bhsfdc vtabc mfkbidbkc uehfyle[nc& serb c[df cb’tt,vf cfvtajc hfqfw yfobkt,b vbbqtc^ ktjy thbcsfdb mfhsdtksf vtabcfufy bqt,c udbhudbyc _ #lf .dtc fqsmvf lf abwb cfibytkb^ dbsfhvtl fhf b.jc vnhj,f ijhbc vfscf^ fhfvtl thxjltc ktjy fhxbkc .jdtksf lqtsf vbcsf@ ~bmdt^ ud& 243`& mfhskbc cfvtaj nf[nb uflftwf vbh vtabc ‘vfc fhxbkc^ vfcdt vbtwf _ #cfe[ewtcj@ nthbnjhbf _ vstkb lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkj #umjyltc cfe[ewtcjl _ te,yt,f fhxbkc vjvfrdlfdb vtat vbhb _ tuhbcb^ cdfytsb^ sfrdthb^ fhudtsb lf uehbf@ ~mfhskbc w[jdht,f^ +^ ud& 241`& fhf,sfufy fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkj ‘kbth #ufyh.dybkb@ _ lfmwtekb b.j^

fvbnjvfw vtat fhxbkb 12 okbc vfy’bkpt #lftvrdblhf tuhbcc^ dblht ijhfgyfvlt lf ufyfuyf .jdtkyb .jdtkyb wb[tyb lf mfkfmyb@ ~bmdt^ ud& 243`& fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc jlyfdb vjityt,bcsfyfdt fhxbkb uflfdblf bm^ iblf mfhskib fhf,t,vf fh vbcwtc lfvrdblht,bc cfiefkt,f& bc itvltu uflfdblf rf[tsib^ fm lftvrdblhf^ lfj]f[lf^ vfuhfv itvltu fhf,t,vf itbg.htc lf cbrdlbkbs lfcf]tc& bcvbc rbs[df^ dby vfhsfdlf lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc vtat fhxbkbc rf[tsib uflfcdkbcf lf vbcb cbrdlbkbs lfc]bc itvltu( thsflthsb rfyjybthb vtvrdblht cfvtaj nf[nbcf vstk lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjib b.j vbh vtabc mfkbidbkb uehfyle[nb^ lf w[flbf^ vbcb vteqkt fa[fpsf thbcsfdb ktjyb& xfyc^ bcbyb vfhsfdlyty rbltw lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc& vtat fhxbkbc vwbhtokjdfyb idbkt,b ]efyithb lf bjdfyt fv lhjc ]th rbltd rf[tsib b.dyty^ vfhsfkbf^ itvlujv bjdfyt fhxbkbc ‘t sfdbc ltlfcsfy thsfl uflfdblf lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjib^ cflfw vfc rfyjybthb vtaehb eakt,t,b uffxylf^ vfuhfv^ xfyc^ fm vbcb gjpbwbf fhw se bct vnrbwt b.j^ vbcb cfvtaj j]f[bc erblehtcb lfvwbht,bcf lf fhf,sfufy ltdybc ufvj& fvfcj,fib cfthsfijhbcj dbsfht,f rbltd eahj lfb’f,f^ rth’jl^ ,bpfynbbc ufdktyf itvwbhlf lfcfdkts fvbthrfdrfcbfib^ uf’kbthlf xhlbkjrfdrfcbehb [fpfhsf cf[tkvobaj^ hfcfw sfy thsjlf fqvjcfdkts rfdrfcbfib fhf,sf ,fnjyj,f& ,bpfynbbc lfcecnt,fv uff’kbthf fa[fptsbc cfthbcsfdj^ hjvtkcfw v[fhc [fpfhtsbw ezthlf& #[jkj hf;fvc vje’kehltc ,th’tyyb^ ufluf vfsufy thbcsfdb fa[fpsf^ cf[tkbs ktjy^ ‘vbcoekb ktjy thbcsfdbcf^ hjvkbcfl vbtwf cfvrdblhjl fa[fptsb& tct vtjht ktjy fcekbc oekb b.j [fpfhsf vtabcf^ lf ‘fkbsc vfsbsf uffluf ,th’tysf^ lfbg.hf fa[fptsb lf tuhbcb dblht kb[fvlt^ cf[tk-bldf vtat fa[fpsf^ hfvtse vbwdfkt,ek b.j bjdfyt lf lf,tht,ek b.j ]efyith lf itvlujvfl fvbcf ]efyithbwf vbbwdfkf@ ~mfhskbc w[jdht,f^ +^ 251`& lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkj mfhsdtk vtatsf #cfe[ewtcj@ nthbnjhbfl vbbxytjlf^ bctdt^ hjujhw rf[tsb& t&b& bcts nthbnjhbfl^ hjvtkbw cfvtaj j]f[bc cfresht,fl^ gbhfl cfeakbcoekj vfvekfl bsdkt,jlf& cojhtl fvbnjv vbh vtatv sfdbc mfkbidbkt,c fhw rf[tscf lf fhw lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjib vfvekt,b fh uflfcwf^ cb’tt,c vfvekb-vpbstdb vbcwf iblf mfhskib^ lf thsflthsc _ fa[fptsib& vstkb lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc cfeakbcoekj vfvekb vbtwf vtat vbhbc ‘vf fhxbkc ~mfhskbc w[jdht,f^ ud& 241`& vbcb rf[tsib uflfcdkbc itvltu fhxbk vtatv lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkj cfvfhsfdfl^ xfyc^ uflfcwf mfhsdtk vtatsf udbhudbybc vmjyt uehfyle[ncf lf ktjy +-c fa[fptsbc thbcsfdc& [jkj bvbc itvltu^ hfw fhf,t,vf afmnbehfl vjcgtc mfhsekb cfvtaj nf[nb ~afhyfdfpbfy-ujhufckbfysf`^ mfhsekvf cf[tkvobajt,hbj,fv fhct,j,f ufyfuh’j lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjib^ fm fhf se vjbcgj mfhsekb cf[tkvobajt,hbj,f^ fhfvtl fhct,j,bc f[fk cfat[ehpt fdblf^ vfhsfkbf^ lbyfcnbf itbwdfkf^ vfuhfv f[fkb lbyfcnbf rfyjybthb vtvrdblht b.j ‘dtkbcf& rth’jl^ ktjy ++-tc vstk lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjpt uffxylf eakt,f dbsfhwf ktjy +-bc vtvrdblhtc& f[fkvf lbyfcnbfv vbbqj nbnekb #fa[fpsf vtatt,bcf@^ vfs vstkb cfmfhsdtkjc cfvtaj nf[npt uffxylfs rfyjybthb eakt,f bvbc ufvj^ hjv uehfyle[nb #mfhsdtksf vtabc@ fcekb lf nf[nbc vtvrdblht b.j^ fvbnjvfw vbcb j]f[bc otdht,b vbbcofhajlyty rbltw sfdbfysb crbgnhbc mdti chekbfl cfmfhsdtkjc ufcfthsbfyt,kfl& sevwf cfmfhsdtkjc cfvtaj nf[nbc rfyjybth vtvrdblhtl vbh vtabc .dtkf cb’bc j]f[c vbfxylf sfdbcb sfdb ~vfs ijhbc b.dyty nfj-rkfh]tsbc ,fuhfnbjyt,bw`& vfhsfkbf^ f[kfl itmvybkvf #fa[fptsbc cfvtajv@ vjbwdf vstkb lfcfdktsb cfmfhsdtkj^ vfuhfv utjuhfabekb vybidytkj,bs #fa[fptsb@ tojlt,jlf fv cfvtajc ths ufyfgbhf res[tc^ hjvtkvfw vfkt flvbybcnhfwbekb vvfhsdtkj,fw vbbqj& rth’jl^ fa[fptsbc cfvtaj flvbybcnhfwbekfl lfb.j hdf cfthbcsfdjl^ ths-thsc tojlf #fa[fptsbc cfthbcsfdj@^ fqcfybiyfdbf^ hjv fa[fptsbc cfthbcsfdjib w[evb ~vjvfdfkb cj[evb` fh itlbjlf^ vfc sfdbc thbcsfdb /.fdlf^ vfcib fh itlbjlf ,tlbfw ~mfkfmb vlbyfht tuhbco.fksfy`& vfifcflfvt^ sdbs fa[fptsbc cfvtajibw rb fa[fptsb tojlt,jlf w[evbc uflfqvf^ xhlbkjtsbcfrty vlt,fht nthbnjhbfc& [jkj w[evcf lf vbc cfv[htsbs vlt,fht nthbnjhbfc tojlt,jlf tuhbcb& tc xfyc fa[fpsf gbhdtkb vtabc ktjybc vbth mdt.ybc flvbybcnhfwbekb lf.jablfy% #[jkj lf]lf hf tct ktjy vtatl lf lfbg.hf .jdtkb tuhbcb^ fhqfhf tojlf tuhbcb^ fhfvtl fa[fptsb lf ufy.j tct tuhbcb lf fo fa[fptsb hdf cfthbcsfjl% 1& lfcdf fa[fptsc lf vbcwf fa[fptsb^ ]bmtsb dblht pqdfvlt lf [fpfhsf vlbyfhtvlt& 2& lfcdf w[evc lf vbcwf tuhbc-bmbs fyfrjabf fkfybsehs& 3& lfcdf ,tlbfc lf vbcwf tuhbcbc fqvjcfdktsb w[tybco.fkfvlt& 4& dbyfblfy fvfcdt ktjyc vjthsyty j’hf[jc obkyb zjhj[bc cfv[htsbcyb lf ufyeluyty j’hf[jc thbcsfdc& eojlf uehbf lf lfcdf vey thbcsfdb sdbcb&

5& lfcdf hfzf-ktx[evcf& 6& lfcdf cdfytscf& 7& ijhjgfybcfdt&&& kb[fvlt chekbfl fhudtsbcf& 8& lfcdf mesfsbcc dfrbcf&&& hbjybc lfcfdkbs w[tybco.fkfvlt& vfydt fqfityf mesfsbcb mfkfmb lf wb[t /.j cf.lfhb fa[fpsf vtabcf^ dbsfhwf fyfrjabf /.j nf[nfl vtjhtl tct mesfsbcb& fvbcufydt cfujyt,tk fhc ufysfdbceakt,f fa[fpsf rfsfkbrjpbcf yt,bsfdt ,th’tysf@ ~mfhskbc w[jdht,f^ +|^ ud& 796`& y& ,th’tybidbkb othc% #&&&/thjcbc^ mfhskjcbc lf tuhjcbc [dtlhb mdt.yt,b _ vfs ijhbc cdfytsb^ fa[fptsb&&& .dtkf tctyb #mfhsdtkt,b@ b.dyty lf tc fhf vfhnj rjyatcbehb sdfkcfphbcbs^ fhfvtl atjlfkehb reknehbc sdfkcfphbcbs& fv sdfkcfphbcbs^ fvltyfldt^ fm fh itb’kt,f c[dflfc[df thjdyt,fpt^ hjujhw tsyjreknehek wyt,fpt^ cfe,fhb& hjujhw atjlfkehb mdt.fyf^ fa[fptsb bctsbdt cfmfhsdtkj b.j lf fa[fpb bctsbdt mfhsdtkb b.j^ hjujhw tuhbcb lf vtuhtkb^ hjujhw /thtsb lf /thb^ hjujhw mfhskb lf mfhsktkb&&&@ ~y& ,th’tybidbkb^ cfmfhsdtkjc bcnjhbbc cfrbs[t,b^ 1990^ ud& 668`& ++& mfhsdtkb bcnjhbrjct,b fa[fptsbc tsybrehb itvflutykj,bc itcf[t, hjujhw fqbybiyf^ ‘dtkmfhsekb o.fhjt,b dhwtk nthbnjhbfc rfdrfcbbc mtlbc cfv[hts-lfcfdktsbs mfhsdtkb [fk[bs lfcf[kt,ekfl vbbxytdlf^ vfs ijhbc bcnjhbek fa[fptscfw& tc vbof-o.fkb sdbs vlbyfht .e,fyfvlt mfhsdtkb [fk[bs^ rth’jl^ rb vtuhtkt,bc njvbs lfcf[kt,ekfl vbbxytjlf mhbcntij,fvlt lblb [ybs flht^ fvfc vbesbst,c #mfhskbc w[jdht,f@& itvlujvibw^ lblb [ybc vfy’bkpt^ mfhsek cfpjufljt,fib lfhxtybkb .jabkf ktutylf-uflvjwtvfw ‘dtkb fa[fptsbc vtuhtksf njvbs lfcf[kt,bs itcf[t,& vfufkbsfl^ fyfrjabbc fqvjcfdktsbs vlt,fht nthbnjhbfc jlbib tojlf cojhtl mfhsdtkt,bc ‘dtkfl fm w[jdht,bc vjcfujyt,kfl& df[einb othc% #[jkj jlbib bcf[tkf jhbsf cf[tkbsf% gbhdtkfl vtuhtkyb^ hfvtse tuhjc fqfityf mfkfmb lf eojlf tuhb&&& [jkj jlbib _ ufyluyty hf tuhbcbc vlbyfhbc bmbsyb lf vbthsyty ,th’tysf^ bn.jlyty% #jltib b.jvt mdt.fyf bub xdtyb@ ~mfhskbc w[jdht,f^ +|^ ud& 776`& fm buekbc[vt,jlf itvltub vjdktyf% afhyfdfpbc vbth cf[tkvobajc itmvybc lhjc^ hjujhw fqbybiyf^ vbc cfvtajib itdblf nthbnjhbf vlbyfht tuhbco.kfvlt^ fv vlbyfhbc bmbs vw[jdht,b mfhsdtkj,f vjtmwf ,th’yekb cf[tkvobajc afhukt,ib^ fvbnjvfw b.j^ hjv tuhbco.fkc fmts vw[jdht,b vjcf[ktj,f lfyfyt,bs fv,j,lf tuhbco.fkc bmbs vjmwtek mdt.fyfpt _ #jltib b.j mdt.fyf bub xdtyb@^ t&b& jltcqfw bc mdt.fyfw xdtyb b.jj& df[einbc^ bct hjujhw ‘dtk mfhsdtk bcnjhbrjct,c^ tuhbco.kbc bmbs vjmwtekb tuhbctksf njvbs lfcf[kt,ekfl vbfxylf& df[einbc cbn.dbs fyfrjabfc fqvjcfdktsbs vlt,fht mdt.fyfc jlbib tojlf lf bc vtuhtkt,bs b.j lfcf[kt,ekb ~fyfrjabf _ pqdbcgbhf vwbht mfkfmb b.j ,bzdbysfcf lf cj[evc ijhbc^ kb[ybc fqvjcfdktsbs _ #f[fkb fsjyb@`& mhbcntij,fvlt gbhdtkb fsfcoktekbc vtjht yf[tdfhib sfyfvtlhjdt fa[fptsbc lf rbltd eahj xhlbkjtsbs vlt,fht pqdbcgbhf nthbnjhbt,b lfcf[kt,ekb .jabkf /tybj[t,bs^ fmftkt,bs lf rthrtnt,bs^ fhw-thsb fqybiyekb njvb fh vbbxytdf flbqeh njvfl^ bcbyb eahj mfhsdtkeh cfv.fhjc erfdibhlt,bfy& vfufkbsfl^ /tybj[t,b^ hjvkt,cfw fqybiyek gthbjlib tzbhfs rjljhbc vbvlt,fht vbof-o.fkb ,pbabc [tj,bc xfsdkbs cjzfvlt^ fctdt cfv[hts cfmfhsdtkjibw^ rth’jl rb zjhj[bc [tj,fib w[jdhj,lyty& fa[fptscf lf mfhskib lfcf[kt,ekb /tybj[t,b ~utjuhfabek geymnt,c sfyfvtlhjdt cf[tkt,bs db[ctybt,s`^ xfyc^ thsb lf bubdt njvb b.j _ vfsb rfdibhb mfhsdtkeh cfv.fhjcsfy etzdtkbf^ bctdt hjujhw fa[fptsib itvlujv lfvrdblht,ekb cfybut,bcf lf mfhskib ~zjhj[bc [tj,fib` vw[jdht,b _ zfyt,bcf& fctdt^ fa[fptsib itvlujv lfvrdblht,ek f,fc[t,cf lf mfhskbc vtc[t,c ijhbc^ vfs g& byujhj.df sfyfvtnjvtt,fl vbbxytdlf& + lf ++ cfereytt,ib fa[fptscf lf^ cfthsjl^ rjk[tsib [lt,jlf tsybrehb wdkbkt,t,b^ njvsf uflfflubkt,fyb& mfhsekb o.fhjc^ rth’jl^ df[nfyu ujhufcfkbc #w[jdht,bc@ sfyf[vfl^ fa[fptsbc xhlbkjtsbs tcf[kt,bfy ]bmt,b& vfsb ‘dtkb cfvij,kj xhlbkjts rfdrfcbbc wtynhfkeh cntgt,ib vlt,fhtj,lf^ fkfyt,bc vtpj,kfl& ,th’yekb o.fhjt,bc sfyf[vfl^ ]bmt,b lfvrdblht,ekfy pqdbc gbhfc^ bm cflfw rthrtnt,bc vbof-o.fkb vlt,fhtj,lf _ #rjk[tsbc xhlbkjts yfobkib ~lqtdfyltk fa[fptsbc cfyfgbhjpt^ vbc xhlbkjtsbs`^ cfyfgbhjc ufcodhbd^ fynbrehb o.fhjt,b thsvfytsbcfufy vrdtshfl fyc[dfdt,ty cfyfgbhj pjkbc vidblj,bfy vjcf[ktj,fc lf vjvb]yfdt vsbfytsib vw[jdht, vtjvfh njvt,c^ gbhdtks fynbrehb nhflbwbf fresdyt,c rthrtnt,c& fv erfyfcrytks^ fhntvbljhtc ~’d& o& ++-+ cc&` vb[tldbs^ trfdfs cfyfgbhj pjkb lff[kjt,bs lqtdfyltkb

yjdjhjcbbcrblfy dblht nefactvlt& bvfdt fdnjhbc wyj,bs^ nefactc cfv[htsbs^ cjzbc hfbjyfvlt cfyfgbhjc ufcodhbd w[jdhj,lyty fmftkt,b^ [jkj fmtlfy cj[evbc vblfvjt,fvlt _ /tybj[t,b& ‘d& o& + c& lfcfo.bcib eylf vjv[lfhb.j flbqehb njvt,bc _ ]bmt,bc itvjctdf^ hjvtkybw flht rthrtnt,bs lfcf[kt,ek nthbnjhbfpt lfcf[klyty@ ~cfm& bcn& yfhrd& n&+^ 1970^ ud& 478`& #mfhskbc w[jdht,f@ .dtkf njvc^ fa[fptsib vw[jdht,c _ tuhjcbc isfvjvfdkfl vbbxytdlf^ ufhlf ]bmt,bcf& /tybj[t,b^ cfybut,b se rthrtnt,b mfhsek njvt,fl vbbxytjlf& eahj vtnb^ cnhf,jybc wyj,bsfw fa[fptsbc cfyfgbhjpt vw[jdht,^ bv lhjbcfsdbc e’kbthtc cdfyt,bc njvc b,thbtkt,fl vbbxytdlyty& fv v[hbd cnhf,jybc wyj,fc ufycfresht,ekb afcb eylf lftljc& vbc vbth fqothbkb cdfyt,b^ hjvkt,cfw b,thbtkt,cfw eojlt,lyty^ sfyfvtlhjdt cj[evbcf lf vbvlt,fht vbof-o.fkpt vrdblhj,lyty& s& vbx,efyb othc% #lfdbo.js vcjakbjib wyj,bkb ,th’tyb utjuhfajcbs _ cnhf,jybs^ hjvtkbw lfb,flf lff[kjt,bs ‘d& o& 64 otkc lf ufhlfbwdfkf f[& o& 24 otkc& fb^ hf wyj,t,c udfodlbc bub cdfysf ufycf[kt,bc itcf[t,% «К числу народностей, которые сходятся в Диоскуриаду... живут и Соани... они почти самые воинственные и сильные из всех. Во всяком случае они господствуют над всеми народностями вокруг них, занимая вершины Кавказа, возвышающиеся над Диоскуриадой, у них есть царь и совет и 300 человек, как говорят, они могут выставить воиско до 200.000 человек... Некоторые навывают их также иберийцами _ одинакого с западными от золотых россыней, находящихся в обеих странах... Прочие народности, живущие около Кавказа, занимают скудные и незначительные пространства земли» (Страбон, География, М., 1964, стр473-474)... vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf^ hjv cnhf,jyb sfdbc yfihjvib dhwkfl vbvjb[bkfdc fqvjcfdkts ifdbpqdbcgbhtsib vjcf[kt [fk[t,c cdfyt,c^ rjk[t,c^ asbhjafut,c^ cfyt,c lf f&i&^ vfcsfy fhw ths[tk fh ud[dlt,f #f,fpfc@ fy #faibkt,bc@ vj[ctyt,f& bc fcts [fk[c cfthsjl fh bwyj,c&&& w[flbf^ hjv cnhf,jybc lhjc lf eahj flht cdfysf ufycf[kt,bc fhtfkib itlbjlf lqtdfyltkb fa[fptsbc pqdbcgbhtsbc ufhrdtekb yfobkb vfbyw& fvfc flfcneht,c fynbrehb [fybc hjvftkb fdnjhb rkfdlbjc gnjktvfbjcbw ~f[& o& +-++ cc`& vbcb wyj,bs^ ufuhf-,bzdbysbc ctmnjhib w[jdhj,lyty #cefyjrjk[t,b@ ~y& kjvjehb^ rkfelbjc gnjktvfbjcb^ #utjuhfabekb cf[tkv’qdfytkj@ wyj,t,b cfmfhsdtkjc itcf[t,& b[& vfcfkt,b #cfmfhsdtkjcf lf rfdrfcbbc bcnjhbbcfsdbc@^ yfhrd& 32^ 1955^ ud& 44`& dby fhbfy #cefyj-rjk[t,b@^ se fhf cdfyt,b lf rjk[t,b ~vtuhtk-zfyt,b`( &&&eahj vtnbw^ |++ c& #cjv[eh utjuhfabfib@ lfwekbf wyj,f bvbc itcf[t,^ hjv lqtdfyltk flkthcf lf ,bzdbysfc ijhbc rdkfd vjb[ctybt,bfy cdfyt,b&&&@ ~s& vbx,efyb^ #dby b.dyty cefyj-rjk[t,b(@^ ufp& #cf[& ufyfs@&^ 6& \++^ 1989 o&`& fa[fptsbc cfyfgbhj pjkib cfybusf^ f,fput,bcf lf faibkt,bc njvt,b f[fkb otksfqhbw[dbc + cfereybcfsdbc ufvjxtybkf ~cfm& bcn& yfhrd&^ +^ ud& 539`& bcbyb vbfxybfs vsbtksf njvt,fl lf vfsb xfvjcf[kt,bc ths-ths vbptpfl b,thbbc cfvtajc lfcecnt,f vbbxytdf ~bmdt^ ud& 540`& #vfuhfv wtynhfkeh rjk[tsib vsbtksf xfvjcf[kt,f^ hjujhw xfyc^ [lt,jlf fhf vfhnj xhlbkjtsblfy^ fhfvtl cfv[htsblfyfw^ cfv[hts fqvjcfdktsib ifdbpqdbcgbhts vsbfytsblfy&&& tctyb evsfdhtcfl lfcfdkeh mfhsekb ~zfyehb` njvt,b b.dyty& vfs^ bctdt hjujhw xhlbkj rjk[tsbc vsbtkt,c dthfathc e[th[t,lyty ufysmvekb hjvftkb v[tlfhsvsfdht,b&&& zjhj[bcf lf fh[fdt-cec itcfhsfdt,c ijhbc ‘blhbnt,bc njvb vrdblhlt,f^ hjvtkbw f[&o& ++ c& b,thbbc vtabc vjhxbkt,fib bv.jat,f^ rbltd eahj xhlbkjtsbs rb^ wtynhfkehb rjk[tsbc pqdbcgbhf pjkib^ fmnbehb hjkbc itchekt,fc bo.t,ty kfpt,b& tc vtuhek-zfyehb njvbw^ itb’kt,f cfv[hts-fqvjcfdkts vsbfytsblfy xfvjcf[klf&&& xfvjcf[kt,ekb vsbtkt,b yfobkj,hbd cltdybfy^ vfuhfv yfobkj,hbd thtdbfy ,fhbc ‘dtk flubkj,hbd^ tybs pju]th vfssfy f[kjc vlujv vjcf[ktj,fc ~fctsb b.j fk,fs dbsfht,f^ rth’jl^ kfpt,bc ufdhwtkt,bc nthbnjhbfpt^ cflfw erdt lblb [ybc vfy’bkpt fuhtsdt vtuhek-zfyehb ~pfyehb` rjk[ehb njvt,b vjcf[ktj,ty&&&@~bmdt^ ud& 540`& hjvbc vj[tkt fhbfyt bvgthfnjh flhbfytc othlf rjk[tsbc vjcf[ktj,bc itcf[t,% #vfrhjyt,bcf lf /tybj[t,bc vtpj,kt,b ‘blhbnt,b fhbfy& tctyb afhcvfybc mdtitdhljvt,b fhbfy^ ‘blhbnt,bc udthlbs kfpt,b fhbfy&&& kfpt,bc vtpj,kt,b facbkt,b fhbfy&&&

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cdbfnjgjkr-vbhcrbc& rth’jl^ bcbyb othlyty% «большая часть местностей носит грузинские названия» («Докладная записка депутатов

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cfmfhsdtkjc wtynht,ib^ rth’jl^ z.jylblib uflvjenfybfs ybdst,b& #vfhndbkbc nf’fhib lfwekbf iefnfybc n.fdbc cf[fht,f^ vhfdkbc cehfst,bs itvrekb lf evfqktcbc [tkjdyt,bs lf[fnekb& lblfl wyj,bkb fhmtjkjub rjylfrjdb uffwdbahf fv cehfst,bc evodthdfktcvfy [tkjdyt,fv^ hjvkbc vcufdcb^ vbccfdt vjovj,bs^ c[df fh bgjdt,f cfmfhsdtkjib lf bidbfsbf vstkc ltlfvbofpt& fqvfnt,ekbc [tkjdyt,bs fhbc ufvj.dfybkb fuhtsdt fcjvsfdhekb fcjt,b &&&.dtkf ofhothfsfufy cxfyc^ hjv cf[fht,f lfothbkb .jabkf vjmdbc nf’hbcfsdbc lf^ hjujhw cxfyc^ fa[fptsib mhbcnbfyj,bc lfvwbht,bc itvltu ~\|++-\|+++ cfer&` tc cf[fht,f vfhndbkib vbenfybfs& vjmdbc [fnt,b rb fcdtybf [jac lf peulblc@ ~s&;jhlfybf^ mhjybrt,b ++^ ud& 172`& mfhsekb tybs tdtlht,jlyty qvthsc fa[fpb qdsbcvcf[eht,bw cfereytsf vfy’bkpt& tc xfyc ofhotht,blfy vjmdbc cf[fht,bcf _ #vjmdbc qdsbcf vij,tkj itbo.fkt cekb smdty obyf vlt,bcf vjmdtk vsfdfhtgbcrjgjpbcf f,hf/fvbcf@* #.jdkfl ovblfj ltljafkj qdsbcvij,tkj lfbwtd lf itbo.fkt jhsfdt w[jdht,fcf ibufy vjmdbcf vtnhfgtpt ubjhub ltrfyjpb@* #lblt,f qvthscf chek v.jatkcf .jdkbcf rtsbkbcfcf^ lfbothf ovblf tct js[sfdb lfcf,fvbsufy otksf 1300@* lf ,jkjc #&&&xdtyyb cf[fht,fyb gbhdtkbsufy ovblfl sfhuvybkbf lf rtsbkfl [fyvtnybwf lf cf,fovbylehbwf&&&@ ~bmdt^ ud& 173`& hjujhw ptvjs vj.dfybkblfy xfyc^ vjmdbc cf[fht,bc vtgfnhjytyb^ vjmdbc qdsbcvcf[ehyb #xdty cf[fht,fc@ eojlt,ty ‘dtkmfhsekb [fyvtnb lf cf,fovblehb htlfmwbt,b wyj,bkbf |+++ cfereybc itvltu&vjmdtkb qdsbcvcf[ehyb sfdbfys sfdc fresdyt,lyty mfhsdtk [fk[c lf fvbnjvfw othlyty% #xdtyyb cf[fht,fyb gbhdtksfufy ovblfl sfhuvybkbf@& t&b& +|-|+ cfereytt,ibw [fyvtnj,bcfc lf itvltufwj& fvfdt vjmdbc cf[fht,bc ofhotht,blfy xfyc^ hjv 1300 okfvlt vjmdtkb vsfdfhtgbcrjgjcb .jabkf f,hf/fvb^ vbc itvltu vjmdtkb vsfdfhtgbcrjgjcbf lfybtkb^ itvlujv tgjmfib \|+ cfereybcfsdbc vjmdtkb vsfdfhtgbcrjgjcbf abkbgt x[tnb’t ~eahj flht^ 1438 okbcfsdbc vjmdtkb vsfdfhtgbcrjgjcb .jabkf hjvfyjpb^ \|+ cfereytib vsfdfhtgbcrjgjcb uhbujk vfu’ybc ‘t^ tmdsbvt cf.dfhtkb’t^ hjvtkbw itvltu 1605 okblfy fa[fptsbc rfsfkbrjcb ufv[lfhf^ itvltu fylhbf cf.dfhtkb’t^ \|++ c-ib _ bfrj,b ~b[& bmdt^ ud& 174`& fmtlfy xfyc^ hjv vjmdbc qdsbcvcf[eht,c fhfdbsfhb rfdibhb fhf fmds facfhek-flbqeh cfv.fhjcsfy^ bcbyb v[jkjl lf v[jkjl mfhsek tsyjcc ufytresdyt,bfy& fa[fptsbc tsybrehb itvflutykj,bc ufycfpqdhbcfsdbc ‘fkpt vybidytkjdfybf bc afmnb^ hjv fa[fptsbc rfsfkbrjpb tmdsbvt cf.dfhtkb’t ,bzdbysbc cf[tkjdfy nf’fhc ~1600 okbcfsdbc` c[df ovblf obuyt,sfy thsfl cobhfdc #mfhskbc w[jdht,fc@& rth’jl^ vfc ,bzdbysbcfsdbc iteobhfdc itvltub obuyt,b% #thsb jmhjc rjylfrb vtkybs lf[fnekb^ thsb c[dfb tnhfnbcfb rjylfrb&&& thsb ;fvyb^ thsb lfdbsyb^ thsb rehs[tdfb&&& thsb mfhskbc w[jdht,fb lf[fnekb@ ~mfhsekb cfvfhskbc ‘tukt,b^ +++^ ud& 387`& #mfhskbc w[jdht,f@ _ ovblf obuyt,bc udthlbs^ ovblf obuyt,bc hfyuibf f.dfybkb fa[fpsf rfsfkbrjct,bc vbth& fa[fptsbc cfrfsfkbrjcjc fsfcokjdfyb bcnjhbbc vfy’bkpt xdtysdbc wyj,bkb .dtkf rfsfkbrjcb mfhsdtkb b.j lf fhw itb’kt,jlf #mdtvj bdthbbc@ trktcbbc vtsfehb mfhsdtkb hjv fh .jabkb.j& fvbc thsflthsb vbptpb bc b.j^ hjv fa[fptsbc cfrfsfkbrjcjc vhtdkb _ thjdyt,bs^ udfhbidbkj,bs ofhvjflutylyty^ lf cojhtl fct othc thsb fa[fptsbc rfsfkbrjcb sfdbc cfvo.cjc itcf[t,& rfsfkbrjcb uhbujk kjhsmbafyb’t fa[fptsbc trktcbbc cfvo.cjc mfhsdtkt,c eojlt,c lf othc^ hjv mfhsdtksf itvot lf vafhdtkvf qdsbcvij,tkvf mfhsdtkb vhtdkbcfsdbc ufvjfupfdyf fa[fptsib ~t&b& mdtvj bdthbfib` fylhbf vjwbmekbj ~b[& mdtvjs`& fa[fptsbc fstekj,bs rfsfkbrjpsfufy vjqotekbf pjubthsbc udfhb% vfkfmbf f,fib’t ~1529-1632`^ tdltvjp x[tnb’t ~1557-1578`^ tmdsbvt + cf.dfhtkb’t ~1578-1605`^ 1600 okbcfsdbc fa[fptsbc rfsfkbrjcbf tdltvjy cf.dfhtkb’t ~mfhsekb cfvfhskbc ‘tukt,b^ +++^ ud& 386`^ \|++ c& 20-bfy okt,ib fa[fptsbc rfsfkbrjcbf vfkfmbf uehbtkb ~1616-1639` ~bmdt^ ud& 482`* vfmcbvt vfzenf’t ~1639-1657`* \|++ c& 50-bfy okt,ib fa[fptsbc rfsfkbrjcbf pfmfhbf mdfhbfyb ~1657-1660`^ cdbvjy x[tnb’t ~1660-1666`^ tdltvjp ++ cf.dfhtkb’t ~1666-1669`^ tmdsbvt ++ cf.dfhtkb’t ~1669-1673`^ lfdbs ytvcf’t ~1673-1696`^ uhbujk kjhsmbafyb’t ~1696-1742`^ uthvfyt oekerb’t _ ,tcfhbjy thbcsfdb ~1755-1769` ~hfzbc inj thbcsfdt,bcf` ~bmdt^ ud& 880`* 70-bfy okt,ib _ fa[fptsbc rfsfkbrjcbf bjct, ,fuhfnbjyb ~vtabc ‘t` ~bmdt^ ud&885`^ vfmcbvt fsf,fub ~1776-1795`& bvbc itvltu^ hfw mfhskbcf lf rf[tsbc cfvtajt,b bmwf cgfhctsbc dfcfkeh mdt.yt,fl \|++ cfereytib^ lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc gjkbnbrehb thstekt,b ~bvthtsbc cfvtaj cf cfvsfdhjt,b` itlfht,bs sfdbceakt,bs cfhut,kj,lyty^ fvbc ufvj fa[fptsbc cfrfsfkbrjcj^ hjvtkbw vjbwfdlf vstk lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc^ mfhskbc itlfht,bs eahj uf’kbthlf& fa[fptsbc cfrfsfkbrjcjv sfdbc sfdpt fbqj mfhsdtkj,bc^ mfhsekb mhbcnbfyj,bc^ fye vfhskvflblt,kehb cfhoveyjt,bc pheydbc ndbhsb& tc bc lhjf^ hjwf

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wlbkj,c hjujhvt lffhoveyjc vrbs[dtkb^ sbsmjclf cfmfhsdtkjc bcnjhbek ghjdbywbfc^ fa[fptsc^ cfmfhsdtkjcsfy fhfdbsfhb rfdibhb fhf fmdc` othc^ hjv wb[t-cbvfuhtsf tc cbcntvf fut,ekbf ktdfy ++ lflbfybc lhjc lf vbcb lfybiyekt,f b.j #fa[fpt,bc@^ fye xhlbkjtkb vsbtkt,bc jlbipt itvjntdbc itxtht,f& rtkfcehb^ hjvtkbw fv lhjbcfsdbc cfpqdfhb ufv[lfhf ktdfy lflbfybcf fa[fptsbc cfvsfdhjt,c ijhbc^ w[evsfy f[kjc^ vbc fqvjcfdktsbs vlt,fhtj,c& vfifcflfvt^ fv lhjbcfsdbc jlbic erdt lfrfhuekb fmdc fyfrjabf lf w[evb& rtltkb ktdfy ++-bc lhjc feubfs lblb cbxmfhbs^ pjubthsb rjirb gbhlfgbh vbofpt lfelufvs eaeylfvtynjl^ pjubthsbcfsdbc rb cfsjaeht,bw rb fh lfenfyt,bfs& vnthc wb[t-rjirbc vityt,kt,b tkjlyty lfcfdktsbcf lf xhlbkjtsbc v[hblfy^ hjujhw fvfc fv yfut,j,bc fhmbntmnehf exdtyt,c& b& djhjyjdb othc% Как выяснилось, общая длина линии обороны Келасурской стены составляет около ста километров.Эта линия прослеживается от усья реки Келасури до села Лекухона (правобережье Ингури) ... врага ждали с Северо-Запада со стороны

Сухуми и Цебельды ... Бойницы в башнях расположены во втором этаже, обычно в Северной и Западной стенах ... Несомненно предназначены для огнестрельного оружия... Сооружение во многих своих частях сработано на скорую руку. В одних башнях забыли сделать бойницы. ... Иногда башни ставились без фундамента прямо на траву или полусоженный кустарник ...

некоторые участки стены вообще незавершены _ успели вырить только траншею для фундамента ... В последний период своего правления (1640-1657) Леван был вынужден перейти к организованной обороне своих владений, выразившейся в возведении и укреплении фортификационных сооружений на границе с Абхазией. Арканджело Ламберти сообщал, что владетели Мегрелии «о весьма большими расходами возвели стену длиною в 60 тысяч шагов, и на известном расстоянии в ней находятся башни, охраняемые значительными отрядами стрелков». На карте другого итальянского миссионера, Кастелли, над выразительным изображением Келасурской стены имеется надпись: «Стена в 60 тысяч шагов, для сдерживания абхазов предназначенная» (В мире архитектурных памятников Абхазии, М., 1978, ст. 104). Hjujhw ptvjs fqybiyf b& djhjyjdvf^ rtkfcehbc rtltkb ofhvjflutylf cfvtuhtkjc cfvsfdhjcfsdbc #jhufybpt,ekb sfdlfwdbc@ cfajhnbabrfwbj yfut,j,fc& tc cbvfuhtsf vstkb cbcntvf jlbipt fa[fpt,bc itcfxfht,kfl b.j ufycfpqdhekb^ fut,ek bmyf \|++ cfereybc 40-50-bfy okt,ib lf bwfdlf sfyfvtlhjdt uekhbaibc^ jxfvxbhbc^ ufkbc lf yfobkj,hbd peulblbc hfbjybc pqdbcgbhf^ e[dvjcfdkbfy^ cfvbofsvjmvtlj v[fhtt,c^ [jkj fv v[fhtsf vjvwdtkb rfdrfcbjyb vsbfytsb erdt ezbhfds vsbtk ofhvfhst,c^ cojhtl fvbnjv uh’tklt,f tc rtltkb pqdbcgbhtsbc gfhfktkehfl^ sbsmvbc 100 rv-bc cbuh’tpt& fv lhjbcfsdbc^ vfhsfkbf^ vlbyfht rjljhbc pqdbcgbhfc vlt,fht cfyfgbhjt,b rdkfd mfhsekb vjcf[ktj,bsff lfcf[kt,ekb^ vfuhfv vsbcobytscf lf vst,ib vlt,fht fv vlbyfhbc vfh]dtyf cfyfgbhj erdt fa[fp-vsbtkt,bs .jabkf lfrfdt,ekb lf cfpqdfhbw fm uflbjlf jh cfvsfdhjc ijhbc& lfcvek rbs[dfpt^ se hjujh it’kj vwbht cfvsfdhjv ‘kbthb cfvtuhtkjc cfvsfdhjc itdbohjt,f lf vbc [fh]pt sfdbcb nthbnjhbt,bc ufphlf^ eylf degfce[js^ hjv fhf v[jkjl fa[fptsbc cfvsfdhjc vwbhthbw[jdfyb vjcf[ktj,f t,h’jlf jlbicf lf lfcfdkeh-mfhsek cf[tkvobajt,hbj,fc^ fhfvtl vstk xhlbkj-bvbthrfdrfcbfib vfw[jdht,b xthmtpek-flbqehb njvt,b^ hjvtksfw ,fpf fa[fptsib uffxylfs& xhlbkjrfdrfcbtkb vt,h’jkb njvt,bc ,h’jkf cfmfhsdtkjc res[tsf obyffqvltu wyj,bkb afmnbf& rf[tsbcf lf mfhskbc cfvtajt,c t,h’jlf xhlbkj-fqvjcfdktsb bvbthrfdrfcbf^ fye lfqtcnfyb^ ktrt,bc cfthsj cf[tkojlt,bs& vfs ,fpf ufbxbytc lfg.hj,bk fqvjcfdkts rf[tsib^ hjvtkcfw zfh-,tkfmfyb tojlf& fctdt t,h’jlyty bv gthbjlbcfsdbc mfhskbc vsbfytsc jct,b& fa[fptsib flbqtehb^ fye xthmtpekb njvt,bc vfcbeh xfvjcf[kt,fc \|++ cfereybc 20-bfyb okt,blfy uffxylf sfdbcb bcnjhbekb ofyfv’qdht,b& flbqtt,bc njvt,c ~f,fpt,bc^ facet,bc lf c[df cf[tkt,bs` hfvltybvt [ybs flhtw itvjeqotdbf fa[fptsib^ vfuhfv \|++ c-ib vsbtkb vt,h’jkt,b rdkfd vjeodtdbf ktdfy lflbfybcfufy erblehtcfl itehfw[.jabk fa[fptsbc vsfdfhc&

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ufvj[fnfdty cbn.dbs^ hjvtkcfw xfvothyb othty^ hjujhw #f,bcbybf@& cfabmht,tkbf^ hjv ktutylt,bc vsmvtkyb fv,j,ty cf[tkc #f,cyb@^ hjvtkbw vcufdcbf gkbybecbc #f,cefcb@^ [jkj xfvotht,c tcvbs f,bcbybf& #,fnjy i-byfk-bafc vj/.fdc uflvjwtvf bvfcsfy lfrfdibht,bs^ hjv fa[fpt,b f,bcbybblfy uflvjcf[klyty vbecthfib@ ~s& vbx,efyb^ dby b.dyty&&&^ ufp& #cf[& ufy&@^ 6&\++&89`& flbqtdtk njvsf fa[fptsib xfvjcf[kt,bc itcf[t, uflvjwtvt,b lfwekbf xhlbkj rfdrfcbfibw& itvjyf[ekbf flbqt .f,fhljc cf[fk[j uvbhbc byfkbc itcf[t, uflvjwtvf^ cflfw fqothbkbf^ se hjujh itvjbzhf bc \|+ c& lfcfo.bcib fa[fptsbc nthbnjhbfpt vhfdfkfsfcbfyb kfimhbs^ itvjb.dfyf bm vjcf[ktj,f _ «В легенде об Инале говорится, что после покорения Абхазии нахлодясь на Дзибе (бзиби) для заключения мира с абхазскими племенами Инал скончался. Старики абхазинцы помнят, что в \+\ в. На територии абхазского общества Псху (в горах Абхазии) было почитаемое место, где по преданию похоренен Инал. Оно называлось Иналкъба, т.е. «Иналов мавзолей» (История Кабардино-Балкарсой АССР т. +, М., 1967, стр. 83; k&ne[fidbkb^ e’qt,b idbkb^ ufp& #f[& bdthbtkb@^ 5&|+++&89`& byfkb sehvt xhlbkjrfdrfcbtkb #f,fpbyt,bc@ sfdflt,c fitc lf ifitc fmwtdlf .ehflqt,fc& fv f,fpbyt,cf lf facet,c thsb tyf /mjylfs^ xfyc^ fa[fptsib xfvjcf[kt,bc itvltu lfv[dtlh mfhsdtk ufvjxtybk cfsfdflj cfudfhtekjt,c sfdbct,ehfl eojltc #fit@ lf #ifit@& #fit lf ifit ufvjbsmvbc [ibhfl^ hjujhw fxt^ fmtlfy fx-,f lf xfxt _ fmtlfy xfx-,f@ ~bmdt& ithdfib’tt,cf lf fyxf,f’tt,c sfdbfyst,ehfl fx,f lf xfx,f eojltc& [jkj itvltu mfhsdtkt,bcfufy cbn.df #sfdflbw@ itbsdbctc lf ufvjsmdfvlyty hjujhw #f-sfefl@& fa[fptsbc itcf[t, vjqotekbf sehmb bcnjhbrjcbc tdkbf xtkt,bcf lf mfsb, xtkt,bc wyj,t,b& \|++ c& 20-40-bfy okt,bcfsdbc mfsb, xtkt,bc wyj,bs^ cj[evb _ fa[fpt,c fh tresdybs lf fa[fpt,b vst,ib w[jdhj,ty cj[evbc xhlbkj-fqvjcfdktsbs thsb rbkjvtnhbc vfy’bkpt& fa[fpsf vf[kj,kfl kfpt,bc njvb ,byflhj,c& fa[fpt,bc cfpqdfhb rjljhfvltf _ ptvj otkb& fa[fpt,b bubdt xthmtpt,bf^ hflufyfw mfsb,bc wyj,bs^ xthmtpt,bc cfpqdfhb cfvtuhtkjf^ xthmtpt,ib cojhtl fa[fpt,c uekbc[vj,c& eahj vtnbw^ bc gbhlfgbh vbesbst,c^ hjv xthmtpt,b lf fa[fpt,b thsb [fk[bf& vbcb fphbs^ f,fpf fhff mfhsdtkb^ vtuhtkb lf lflbfyb rb #yfvldbkb mfhsdtkbf@& mfsb, xtkt,b flfcneht,c^ hjv vfcfw ufewdybf uflvjwtvt,b f,fpt,bc ~f[fkb fa[fpt,bc` ew[j v[fhblfy vjcdkbc itcf[t,& wyj,bkbf^ hjv [fpfht,b^ vj,byflhtyb xhlbkj rfdrfcbfib^ |+++-\ cfereytt,ib belfehb cfhoveyjt,bc fqvcfht,tkyb uf[lyty& bcbyb itvltu ufyb,yty eahj vtnfl lfcfdktsbc vbvfhsekt,bs^ belfehb cfhoveyjt,bc ufvj vfs t,hftkt,cfw eojlt,ty& mfsb, xtkt,b othc% #fv,j,ty^ hjv tctyb bchfbktkt,bcfufy ofhvjbidyty& sbsmvbc fv v[fhtib cfvb t,hfekb njvb vjdblf lf lfcf[klf& xthmtpt,b lf f,fpt,b fv cfvb njvbcfufy ufdhwtklyty@ ~mfsb, xtkt,bc wyj,t,b cfmfhsdtkjcf lf rfdrfcbbc itcf[t,^ 1978^ ud& 132`& [fpfht,b^ vfhskfw^ rfcgbbcgbhf bv flubkt,ib w[jdhj,lyty^ cflfw flht f,cet,bc njvbc cfw[jdhbcc vbesbst,lf gkbybecb& itcf’kt,tkbf^ [fpfhtsib belfbpvbc ufdhwtkt,bc itvlujv +\-\ cfereytt,ib [fpfht,vf uflfyfwdkt,f lfbo.tc sfdbfysb cfw[jdhbcblfy& cfabmht,tkbf^ hjv lfcfdkts xhlbkjrfdrfcbfib ufvjxtybk xthmtpt,c hfbvt rfdibhb /mjylfs vfssfy^ .jdtk itvs[dtdfib^ |+++-\ cfereytt,ib xhlbkjrfdrfcbbc lfcfdkts yfobkib fhf xthmtpt,b^ fhvtl jc-fkfyt,b vrdblhj,lyty& fa[fptsbc ths vsbfy res[tc #fkfybfw@ rb thmdf& itvltu^ xfyc^ vj[lf njvsf uflfflubkt,fyb^ .jdtk itvs[dtdfib^ mfsb, xtkt,bc wyj,f bvbc itcf[t,^ hjv xthmtpt,b lf f,fpt,b fa[fptsib vjcekb njvt,b fhbfy^ cf.ehflqt,jf& f,fpf _ f[fkb fa[fpt,bc cbyjybvehb cf[tkbf& #f,[fpb _ ‘bhbsflfl njvbc cf[tkbf& tc njvb^ hjvtkbw xdtyc lhjib bckfvbc mdt.yt,ib f,fpfc eojlt,ty^ .fhf f;lf/fybc vfw[jdht,kt,bcfufy ofhvjlut,f& mfkfmb vlt,fhtj,c ifdb pqdbc yfgbhpt^ vsfpt^ pqdbc .ehtib^ f,[fpb _ cj[evblfy thsb vbkbc vfy’bkpt^ xhlbkj fqvjcfdktsbsff& f,[fpsf vf[kj,kfl kfpt,bc njvb&&&@ ~bmdt^ ud& 133`& mfsb,b rbltd ths[tk bvtjht,c^ hjv vbcb lhjbc fa[fpt,b fhf vrdblhyb fhbfy fa[fptsbcf^ fhfvtl #.fhf f;lf/fybc vfw[jdht,kt,bcfufy@ ofhvjlut,bfy& hjujhw bsmdf^ xthmtpt,b lf f,[fpt,b ~fa[fpt,b` sehm bcnjhbrjcc thsb [fk[bc njvfl vbfxybf& #njvt,b thsvfytsc gfhfdty [fk[c lf dfzht,c vb/.blbfy& ltlf-vfvf se uf.bldbc itvltu sfdbc df;c dfzfhc lfeyf[fdc^ dtqfh ufvjbc.blbfy& vfs ijhbc fctsb flfsbf&&& thsvfytsc gfhfdty lf ,tut,c f’ktdty@ ~bmdt^ ud& 132`& f,fpfc [fk[bc #sfdlfgbhdtkb cfpqdht,b cjzblfy rjljhc fqotdc@ ~ud& 132`&

f,fpfc mdt.fyf cfmfhsdtkjc vjcfpqdhtf& cfmfhsdtkjib rb vlt,fhtj,c f,fpfc vjcfpqdht lflbfybc mdt.fyf% #lflbfyb ifdb pqdbc cfyfgbhjcsfy f[kjc^ f,fpfc vjcfpqdht mdt.fyff& vbcb ufvut,tkb .jdtksdbc t,h’dbc f,fpfc& vbcb thsb v[fht ajsc fqotdc@ ~ud& 136`& mfsb,b othc% #cfmfhsdtkj _ dbkfbtsbf &&& ibhdfybc pqdfcf lf ifd pqdfc ijhbc^ vbcb cfpqdht,bf% fqvjcfdktsbs _ lth,tylb lf ibhdfyb^ cfv[htsbs _ xbklbhbc^ .fhcbc lf fhphevbc tbktst,b^ lfcfdktsbs ifdb pqdf^ xhlbkjtsbs rb f,fpfcf lf lfqtcnfybc dbkfbtst,bs fhbc itvjcfpqdhekb& lfvjerblt,tkb ufvut,tkb /.fdc& vstkb vjcf[ktj,f mhbcnbfyb mfhsdtkt,b fhbfy&&& fxbr-,fic^ lflbfyc^ vtuhtkc lf c[dt,c mfhsdtkt,c eojlt,ty& yfvldbk mfhsdtkt,fl fxbr-,fib lf lflbfyb bsdkt,bfy@ ~bmdt^ ud& 136`& hjujhw fqbybiyf^ #f,fpt,b@ lf #lflbyb@ velfv t,h’dbfy thsvfytsc^ f,fpt,b _ vbcb fphbs^ bubdt xthmtpt,b fhbfy^ [jkj #lflbfyb@ yfvldbkb mfhsdtkbf^ vfifcflfvt^ mfsb,bc fphbs^ jvb vbvlbyfhtj,c xthmtpt,cf lf mfhsdtkt,c ijhbc^ fye xhlbkj rfdrfcbbc elbltc [fk[cf lf xdtyc [fk[c ijhbc& vfhskfw^ xhlbkj rfdrfcbtkb vsbtkt,bc fa[fptsib lfvrdblht,fc oby fqeluf vstkb lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc cfvtaj-cfvsfdhjt,b^ vfuhfv eitltujl& vfs sehmtsbw ezthlf v[fhc& ktdfy ++ lflbfybc lhjc ~1611-1657` cfpqdfhb cfvtuhtkjcf lf fa[fptsc ijhbc vlbyfht rtkfcehsfy bo.t,f ~bmdt^ ud& 58`& vlbyfht hbjyc mfsb,b eojlt,c _ #ajsbc vlbyfhtc@^ fvbnjvfw cfabmht,tkbf^ hjv sehmb bcnjhbrjcb \|++ cfereybcf tdkbf xtkt,b #afi@ cf[tkc eojlt,lf fhf vlbyfht hbjyc^ fhfvtl bv lhjbcfsdbc cf[tkufysmvek yfdcfluehc^ vlt,fhtc aiflbc .ehtcsfy^ hjvkbc itcf[t,fw othlyty itvlujvb lhjbc vjupfeht,bw ;& ufv,f lf cgtycthb& fqybiyekb #aiflbc@ .ehtib xfvfdfk vlbyfhtc thmdf #afi@& .jdtk itvs[dtdfib hbjyb fhfcjltc .jabkf ufv.jab fa[fpt,cf lf vtuhtkt,c ijhbc^ tdkbf xtkt,bc sfyf[vfl rb^ vlbyfht afif^ hjvkbc o.kt,bw brhb,t,f #&&&cjzfc vst,bc [tdbc o.kt,bcfufy^ itvltu gbhlfgbh cfv[htsbcfrty vbtlbyt,f lf cfvtuhtkjcf lf f,fpfc mdt.fyfc ief pqdfc thsdbc& fqvjcfdkts cfyfgbhjpt vskbfyfl ehxb cfvtuhtkjc cjakt,bf& lfcfdktsbc yfgbhb f,fpfc xfxt,bc njvbc mdt.fyff@ ~tdkbf xtkt,b^ vjupfehj,bc obuyb^ 1971^ ud& 96`& fhfdbsfh itvs[dtdfib vl& #afib@ hbjyb fhff^ bc fy vlbyfht rjljhbf^ fylf^ hjujhw fqbybiyf^ aiflbc .ehbc ityfrflbf& fqcfybiyfdbf^ hjv y& ,th’tybidbkb lffcrdybc% #fct^ hjv tdkbfc wyj,f fhw bct ae’tvlt,kehb xfyc@ ~y& ,th’tybidbkb^ lfcf[& yfih&^ ud& 606`& fv lfcrdybs sbsmjclf y& ,th’tybidbkvf obyfcofh ufcwf gfce[b ]& /bebnc^ hjvtkbw tdkbf xtkt,bc fqybiyekb wyj,bc fhfcojhb ufut,bc itltufl fcrdyblf^ sbsmjclf fa[fpt,b vlbyfht hbjysfy w[jdhj,lyty^ hfw f,cehlbf& ajsb fv lhjbcfsdbc fh .jabkf yfdcfluehb^ thsflthsb yfdcfluehbf rjljhsfy vlt,fht _ #bcfuehb@ ~c& ]fyfibf^ |+^ 1988^ ud& 281`& tdkbf xtkt,b b’ktdf ufcfjwfh wyj,t,c& vfufkbsfl^ othc _ #vjcrjdb mfhsdtkt,bc mfkfmbf@ ~t& xtkt,b^ lfcf[& yfih&^ ud& 98`^ hjv sehvt tcgfytkt,b^ ahfyut,b^ kfsbyt,b sfshekb ofhvjij,bc [fk[bf^ [jkj byukbctkt,b _ cgfhcekb ~bmdt^ ud& 98` lf f&i& cfthsjl^ fqybiyekb bcnjhbrjct,b dth ittlht,bfy xdtyc df[einb ,fnjybidbkc& tdhjgtkb vjupfeht,bw [ibhfl bvtjht,lyty .ehvjrhek fv,t,c^ vfuhfv vfsb fyfkbpb ~buekbc[vt,f ;& ufv,f lf cgtycthb` eahj lfvf]tht,tkbf& cgtycthb f[fk fa[fpt,c gbhlfgbh eojlt,c xthmtpt,c^ xthmtptsb^ vbcb fphbs^ bo.t,f fyfgfib lf ,bzdbysf vbcb yfobkbf& ufuhfw xthmtptsibf lf ,bzdbysbc nf’fhbw^ ufv,jhb _ kb[yb xthmtptsbc iefuekbf^ ithdfib’t _ xthmtpt,bc njvbc vsfdfhbf^ cfthsjl& bc facet,c eojlt,c fhf fa[fpt,c^ fhfvtl xthmtpt,c& #cfvtuhtkjc vtcfvt ghjdbywbf uflfzbvekbf xhlbkjtsbs rjljhbc rjyw[fvlt lf cfpqdhfl eltdc fvfdt cf[tkojlt,bc vlbyfht^ ‘dtkb fdnjht,bc rjhfmcb^ fqvjcfdktsbs rb ob,tkb _ cfrvfjl vfqfkb vst,b& tc ghjdbywbf fnfht,c fuhtsdt cfvehpf.fyjcf lf fa[fptsbc cf[tkc& bub lflbfyt,bc cf[tkvobajc yfobkc itflutyc^ vfuhfv itb’kt,f bsmdfc^ hjv bub fhwths [tkbceakt,fc fh tvjhxbkt,f& fm bidbfsfl se dyf[fds lfveifdt,ek vbot,c lf chekbfl fh fhbc vjcf[ktj,f& tc flubkt,b yfvldbkb elf,yjf^ hjvtkbw sfdlfwdbc flubkc ofhvjflutyc lf ,fhbthfl ufvjb.tyt,f fa[fpt,cf lf vtuhtkt,c ijhbc&&& ktrt,bcf lf fa[fpt,bc cf[tkvobajsf cfpqdfhpt elf,yjt,bf uflfzbvekb& fvltyfl^ ufcfrdbhb fh fhbc^ hjv tyuehcf lf rjljhbc rjyw[c ijhbc mdt.fyf chekbfl lfecf[kt,tkb lf tdhjgbcf se nhjgbrt,bc .jdtkudfhb vwtyfhtekj,bcfsdbc ufvjcfltub vbcb vbot,b ufvje.tyt,tkbf@ ~;fr ufv,f^ vjupfehj,f fvbthrdrfcbfib^ 1987^ ud& 112`& cfvehpf.fyj lf^ cfthsjl^ nthbnjhbf vlbyfht rjljhfvlt .jdtksdbc cfvtuhtkjl bsdkt,jlf^ hjujhw tdhjgtkb vjupfehbc fqothblfyfw xfyc^ cojhtl fvbnjv uffyfluehtc bub vjv[lehvf vsbtkvf njvt,vf& ufv,fc itevxytdbf bcbw^ hjv fa[fpt,b utytnbrehflfw rb ithtekb c[dflfc[df tsybrehb [fk[t,bc yfhtdc ofhvjflutylf^ bc othc% #fa[fpt,b^ hjvkt,bw cj[ev-rfktib cfrvfjl ,tdhyb dyf[ts^ vtnobkfl cecnb fqyfuj,bcf lf lf,fkb

nfybcfyb b.dyty^ at[t,b lf ,fh’f.t,b odhbkb lf vj[hbkb /mjylfs&&& ,tdhb lblt,ekb dyf[ts cj[evib lf heltc rfktib .jaybc lhjc& bcbyb cfiefkjpt vfqfkb nfybcfyb^ qjybtht,b b.dyty lf rfhub ufhtuyj,f /mjylfs^ utujyt,jlfs^ c[df ofhvjij,bcfyb fhbfyj^ dblht bc fa[fpt,b^ hjvtksf gjhnhtnbw vt tc-tc fhbc fqdotht@ ~bmdt^ ud& 90`& cfthsjl^ fa[fptssfy vbvlt,fht ifdb pqdbcgbhtsib ths-thsb cfertstcj yfdcf.eltkbf aiflbc .eht _ #fa[fptsbc cfpqdfhsfy ntkty]brblfy lff[kjt,bs cfvjw dthcpt _ aiflbc .ehtf&&& aiflbc .eht ecfahs[jf otkboflbc w[hf sdbc ufyvfdkj,fib vbcb cfthsj cbqhvt 7-9 cf;tybf@ ~bmdt^ ud& 76`& cgtycthb othc% #xthmtptsbc vhfdfkhbw[jdfy .ehtsf lf yfdcfluehsfufy ths-thsc aiflc vbdfqobts^ aiflb vybidytkjdfyb yfdcfluehbf@ ~r& rj[bcf lf j&cgtycthbc wyj,t,b cfmfhsdtkjcf lf rfdrfcbbc itcf[t,^ 1981^ ud 115`& tc yfdcfluehb ufzbhdt,bs feqbfs hect,c lf cbvfuhtl emwtdbfs 1840-41 okt,ib ~bmdt^ ud& 116^ itybidyf`& fdnjhb othc% #yfdcfluehib itcdkf ‘fkbfy ‘ytkb b.j^ xthmtpb kjwvfybc ufhtit^ ufhlf fvbcf^ fmfehb vhfdfkhbw[jdfyb vw[jdht,kt,b rfdrfcbbc .dtkf njvc ijhbc wyj,bkyb b.dyty^ hjujhw .dtkfpt vtjvfhb ,eyt,bcf lf hectsbc lfe’byt,tkb vnht,b^ hjwf xthmtpt,b sdfkc vj/rhfdlyty yfgbhbcfrty vjf[kjt,ek utvc cf,h’jkdtkfl fqzehdbkb yfdt,bs^ sbsmjclf ]fljcyehb ]j[bc lfmytdfpt^ yfdcfluehbc vstkb itcfcdktkb lf bhudkbd vlt,fht ujhfrt,b sdfkbclf[fv[fvt,fib bdct,jlf itbfhfqt,ekb [fk[bs^ pjub rb yfgbhbcrty ufh,jlf&&& vfsb rbdbkb thsudfhfl offufdc neht,bc .vebkc& bub bvltyfl itvfphptyb lf fhfflfvbfyehbf^ hjv se bc gbhdtkfl tcvbc flfvbfyc^ itb’kt,f ujyt,fw rb lfrfhujc& fldbkb ofhvjcflutybf^ hjujhb gfybrehb ibib bg.hj,c xthmtpt,bc cf,h’jkj .b;byfpt^ whevjhoveyt lf ufeyfskt,tkb ukt[t,bcfufy itvlufh fhvbfc^ ufycfresht,bs cfpfhtkbf ufv’dbydfht,ek vsbtksf ,h,jc .b;byf&&&@ ~bmdt^ ud& 116`& 1980-bfyb okt,bc ,jkjc mfhsdtksf obyffqvltu lfvrdbhdt,kt,b ufjwt,bs fqothlyty^ se hjujh cohfafl^ sbsmjclf e[bkfdb [tkbc lfmytdbs brhb,t,jlf fsfcj,bs fa[fpb c[dflfc[df hfbjyt,blfy rjyakbmnbc flubkfc& ;ehyfkbcnt,bc fqotht,b cfjwhfl tvcufdct,f cgtycthbc wyj,fc& njvj,hbj,bc ituh’yt,f lf vt,h’jkb ,eyt,f lqtcfw fh itwdkbkf& j& cgtycthb othc% #qepf xfdeidbs xthmtptsbc gbhdtk yfdcfluehib _ fyfgfib&&& fhwthsb hecekb cflujvb xthmtptsbc cfyfgbhjpt fh .jabkf bctsb cfibib^ hect,bc ]fhbcfsdbc hjujhw ufuhf& ,bzdbysblfy ufv,jhib ufdtvupfdhts&&& xdty uflfdo.dbnts xthmtptsbc iefuekib ufvupfdht,f^ fvbcfsdbc vsfdfhvf sfdflvf ithdfib’tv erdt lblb [fybf vbbqj hectsbc vsfdhj,bc mdtitvhljvj,f&&& xdty gfnfhf mfkfm ufv,jhbc^ fye kb[ybc lfsdfkbtht,fc itdeltmbs&&& fv ‘kbthb njvbc sfdflb fa[fpb vb[tbk ithdfib’tf&&&tc sfdflb thsflthsb vfufkbsb fh fhbc xthmtptsib cfvij,kjcflvb fctsb sfdlflt,ekb cb.dfhekbcf&&& cj[ev-rfkt bcnjhbekb sdfkcfphbcbs vjvltdyj cfbynthtcj flubkbf xthmtptsbc cfyfgbhjpt&&& cj[ev-rfktibw^ bct^ hjujhw xthmtptsbc cfyfgbhjc c[df cbvfuhtt,cf lf ,kjrgfept,ib&&&@ ~bmdt^ ud& 106-130`& fmtlfy xfyc^ hjv bv [fk[c^ hjvtksfw xdty fa[fpt,c deojlt,s^ vjupfeht,b xthmtpt,c eojlt,ty^ sevwf bwbfy cbn.df #fa[fpbw@& vfufkbsfl^ fa[fpb sfdflbf xthmtpt,bc vsfdfhb ithdfib’t& tc vfhskfw fct b.j bcnjhbekflfw& fmfehb ‘dtkb mfhsdtkb sfdflt,b^ hjvtkybw njvj,hbdfl ‘dtkb fa[fpt,b^ fye mfhsdtkt,b b.dyty^ xthmtpsf itvjctdbc itvltufw sfdbc cfvsfdhj-cfsfdflj nf[npt lfhxyty lf fa[fpb ~mfhsdtkb` sfdflb ithdfib’t fmfehb xthmtpt,bc ~f[fkb fa[fpt,bc` vsfdhfl bmwf& fctsb b.j vlujvfhtj,f \+\ cfereybc + yf[tdfhib% #1866 okbc f]fy.t,bc itvltu sehmtscf lf cbhbfib uflfcf[kt,ekb bmyf fv vjcf[ktj,bc vybidytkjdfyb yfobkb^ hjvtksfw xdty fv;fvfl deojlt,s fa[fpt,c& fqcfybiyfdbf^ hjv bcbyb lf vfsb isfvjvfdkt,b sfdbfys sfdc eojlt,ty fhf fa[fpt,c^ fylf facfht,c^ fhfvtl xthmtpt,c^ bcbyb fhw fhfcjltc vbbxytdlyty sfdbfys sfdc fa[fpt,fl&&& sehmtsbc jabwbfkehb cnfnbcnbrbs^ bcbyb fqbhbw[yty fhf fa[fpt,fl^ fhfvtl xthmtpt,fl& vjcrjdib lfcnfv,ekb tsyjltvjuhfabekb wyj,fhb #yfctktybf vbhf@ cfthsjl fh fcf[tkt,c sehmtsib fv;fvfl vw[jdht, fa[fpeh-flbqeh [fk[sf ijhbc fa[fpt,c^ cfvfubthjl fcf[tkt,c xthmtpt,cf lf f,fpt,c& sehmtsib w[jdhj,c 150 000 xthmtpb lf 10 000 f,fpb ~#f,fpbyb@` ~c& ,her^ yfctktybf vbhf^ 1981& ud& 526`& bcbyb fa[fptsblfy uflfcf[kt,eksf isfvjvfdfkyb fhbfy^ v[jkjl mfhsdtkt,b eojlt,ty fa[fptsblfy sehmtsib uflfcf[kt,eks fa[fpt,c& sehmtsib vw[jdht, fv fa[fpt,bc hbw[dc mfhsekb tywbrkjgtlbf 100 000-bs cfpqdhfdc ~mct n&c cnfnbf #fa[fpt,b@`& vfiby^ hjwf vcjakbjc fhw thsb mdt.ybc cnfnbcnbrbs ~vfs ijhbc vjcrjdib lf,tzlbkb #yfctktybf vbhf@` fa[fptsblfy sehmtsib uflfcf[kt,ekb vjcf[ktj,f fa[fpt,fl fh fqbhbw[t,f^ .dtkufy vfsb yfvldbkb cfnjvj cf[tkb xthmtpt,b tojlt,fs&

vcufdcfl sehmtsbcf^ cbhbfib fa[fptsblfy uflfcf[kt,ek vjcf[ktj,fc xthmtpt,b tojlt,fs& bm 35 000 xthmtpb w[jdhj,c& cfthsjl^ vhfdfkb ufeut,hj,bcf lf e[th[ekj,bc o.fhjf bc^ hjv mfhsdtkt,b fa[fptsib lfvrdblht,ek vjcf[ktj,fc sfdbfys tsyjcf[tkc facet,c^ facfht,c fylf xthmtpt,c fh eojlt,ty& fv cfrbs[c rb cbw[flbs fcf[fdc fpbbcf lf vcjakbjc c[df mdt.yt,bc tsyjcnfnbcnbrf@ ~tgbcrjgjcb fyfybf ]fafhb’t^ lfcf[& yfih&^ ud& 25`& rdkfd lfde,heylts cgtycthbc wyj,t,c xthmtpt,bc itcf[t,^ hjvtksfw xdty #fa[fpt,c@ deojlt,s& xthmtptsbc fqothfc bc fvsfdht,c cj[evsfy^ [jkj cj[ev-rfktlfy #vj.jkt,ekb bo.t,f cfvtuhtkj@& xthmtptsbc #kfvfpb ,eyt,bc itvltu^ hjvtkvfw fct ufudfjwf^ xdtyc sdfkoby etwhfl itcfybiyfdb cfyf[fj,f uflfbifkf& tc uf[kfds qhe,kt,fvlt fn.jhwybkb rfdrfcbbc fkgehb pjkb^ hjltcfw sdfkc uflffdkt, cfvtuhtkjc ufedfk n.tt,c&&&@ ~r& rj[bcf lf j& cgtycthbc wyj,t,b cfmfhsdtkjcf lf rfdrfcbbc itcf[t,^ 1981^ ud& 136`& lfvrdbhdt,tkb othc^ hjv vlbyfht tyuehfvlt mdt.fyf ufyflueht,ekbf xthmtpt,bc vbth^ hfcfw sfdbc f[cyfc e’t,ybfy% #xthmtpt,bc xdtekt,ff uffyfluehjy .dtkfathb bc hbcb ofqt,fw fh itb’kt,f vfqfkvsbfy hfbjyib@ ~bmdt^ ud& 134`& ,bzdbysbc^ lhfylbc^ ,tlbbc^ vjmdbc cfrfstlhj nf’ht,ib se c[df trktcbt,ib lfey]t,ekb cfereyjdfyb ufy’b lf mjyt,f^ xfyc^ fct uffyuluehtc& rtkfcehb^ rjljhb^ bkjhb^ fyfrkbf^ vlt,fhtj,c fhf xthmtptsib^ fhfvtl cfvtuhtkjib& bc bmblfy xfyc^ hjv vfspt r&rj[b vc]tkj,c mdtsfdib #cfvtuhtkj lf cdfytsb@ ~bmdt^ ud& 136`& fv cfyfgbhjpt #fhfdbsfhb ybifyo.fkb fh fhbc bvbcf^ hjv fv elf,eh flubkfc dbyvt w[jdhj,ltc@ ~bmdt^ ud& 138`& mdt.fyf #fa[fp@-xthmtpsf vbthf ufyflueht,ekb& cgtycthb^ bctdt hjujhw .dtkf ew[jtkb vjupfehb lf vtwybthb^ lfhoveyt,ekbf^ hjv tc xthmtpt,b fhbfy fhf vrdblhb vjcf[ktj,f^ fhfvtl xfvjcf[kt,ekb xhlbkjtsblfy _ .e,fyblfy& #vjcf[ktj,f hectsbc .dtkfpt cfibib lf itehbut,tkb vnthbf^ bcbyb yfobkj,hbd .bhbvbcf lf .e,fybcf [fyt,bcf lf ceksfyt,bc xfvjvfdkt,b fhbfy^ hjvkt,bw sfdbc njvt,sfy thsfl lfcf[klyty fv flubkt,ib@ ~bmdt^ ud& 135`& .dtkf ew[jtkb vtwybthb^ \|++-\+\ cfereytt,bc lfvrdbhdt,kt,b^ fqybiyfdty^ hjv t&o& f[fkb #fa[fpt,b@ fye fa[fptsib ,jkj fcoktekt,ib uf,fnjyt,ekb vjcf[ktj,f xfvjcekbf njvj,hbdfl xhlbkjrfdrfcbblfy se flbqtlfy& uffa[fpt,ekb udfht,b mfhsdtksf uffa[fpt,f ~buekbc[vt,f uffacet,f` bctsb firfhf lf sdfkbs[bkekb afmnbf^ hjv vfc fh efh.jaty^ sevwf rb xdtyib fhbc vblhtrbkt,f^ efh.jy^ fylf fh lfbyf[jy mfhsdtksf ltyfwbjyfkbpfwbbc c[df afmnt,b^ dsmdfs^ mfhsdtksf ufcjv[t,f^ ufktrt,f^ ufjct,f lf f&i& hjujhw bsmdf^ mfhsdtksf uffa[fpt,f sdfkyfstkb afmnbf^ vbcb lfyf[df .dtkfc ite’kbf^ .dtkfv bwbc^ hjv xfrdtnf’t^ zfdzfyb’t se c[df vhfdfkb^ hjvtkybw fa[fpt,fl fw[flt,lyty sfdc^ ofhvjij,bs mfhsdtkt,b fhbfy& fvfc sdbsjyfw fctsb udfht,bc vfnfht,kt,bw fqbfht,ty& itb’kt,f mfhsdtksf uffa[fpt,f gbhj,bsfl tnfgt,fl fylf gthbjlt,fl lfd.js^ hfvtse c[dflfc[df tnfgt,pt uffa[fpt,bc ghjwtcc c[dflfc[df c[dflfc[df cjwbfkeh-cfpjufljt,hbdb gbhj,t,b tlj cfae’dkfl& vfufkbsfl^ uffa[fpt,fc cf,zjsf gthbjlib^ uffa[fpt,fc fa[fptsbc cfvsfdhjc ufemvt,bc itvltu \+| c-bc 70-bfyb okt,blfy 1921 okfvlt^ uffa[fpt,fc eahj flht fa[fptsbc cfvsfdhjc gthbjlib^ cfvtuhtkjc vbot,bc vbthst,f-fytmcbbc lhjc& 1921 okblfy mfhsdtksf uffa[fpt,bc itcf[t, othc vhfdfkb vrdktdfhb& b&fystkfdf^ rth’jl^ othc _ #cf,zjsf [tkbceakt,fv fa[fptsbc fcch itvflutykj,fib vjfmwbf ‘bh’dtkb mfhsdtkb vbot,b^ hfvfw itvlujvib cfae’dtkb lfelj evwbhtcj,bc lbmnfnc& sfyfvlt,j,t,bc ufyfobkt,bc yjvtyrkfnehekb cbcntvbc gbhj,t,ib fa[fpj,f ghbdbktubfl bmwf& fv ghbdbktubbc vbcfqt,fl ,tdhb sfdfyrfhf mfhsdtkb fa[fpfl xftothf& thjdyt,f ghjatcbfl ufb[flf& fhfvwbhtlbf fctsb fa[fp tmcnhtvbcnsf kbltht,c ijhbcfw@ ~b&fystkfdf^ #fa[fpehb ghj,ktvbc&&&^ #vfvekb@^ =6^ 1989`& h& vbvbyjidbkb lf u& afy]brb’t othty% #&&&fa[fpvf [fk[vf xdtyc lhjib bvltyb egbhfntcj,f lf ghbdbktubf vbbqj^ hjv fv ghbdbktubt,bc uekbcfsdbc ,tdhvf cekvjrkt mfhsdtkvf bo.j uffa[fpt,f&&& fa[fpt,b fhbfy fa[fptsib fhf v[jkjl thb^ fhfvtl ghbdbktubht,ekb rkfcb^ hjvkbc hbut,blfyfw .fkb,lt,f fdnjyjvbehb htcge,kbrbc vstkb flvbybcnhfwbf cfjkmj rjvbntnbc gbhdtkb vlbdfyblfy lfo.t,ekb^ lfvsfdht,ekb gfnfh-gfnfhf cfofhvjt,bc lbhtmnjht,bs^ vfsb vjflubktt,bs lf lbcgtxtht,bsfw rb@

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32& ‘jotyb’t _ ~+++` lf c[dfyb& uffa[fpt,bc cehfsc rfhufl fqothc pjubthsb fvjyfothb% vfufkbsf^ dbyvt yfz.t,bt,b ~fa[fptsib vw[jdht,yb` fa[fpt,fl bvbnjv bsdkt,bfy^ hjv mfhsekb fh bwbfy^ sevwf rb mfhsekb ofhvjij,bcfyb fhbfy% #tctyb ofhvjij,bs mfhsdtkt,b fhbfy^ vfuhfv afmnj,hbdfl fa[fpt,b fhbfy^ mfhsekb fh bwbfy@ ~+|`& ,fhfstkbfc udfhc udfhvfofhvjt,tkb jhvfub mfhsekb ceabmcb fmdc _ #tk@ lf #bf@& udfhbc ofhvjij,f firfhfl mfhsekbf& fa[fpb zfdzfyb’t fv,j,c% #xtvb udfhb jhfcb otkbf^ hfw fa[fptsib w[jdhj,c@ ~|+++`& fhf vfhnj fv;fvfl^ \\ c& vboehekc^ fhfvtl sbsmvbc fcb okbc obyfsfw fctdt fa[fptsbc vjcf[ktj,bc #lblb yfobkb@ fqbfht,lf sfdbc mfhsek ofhvjij,fc^ hjujhw fvfc vbesbst,ty 1870 okbc vbvfhsdfib fa[fpb sfdfl-fpyfeht,b% «Большая часть жителей признает свое мингрельское или Грузинское происхождение и сохранили даже свои Грузинские и мингрельские фамилии», (ufp& Докладная записка. #cf[& ufy&@^ 20&|+^90`& ufycfresht,bs eylf bsmdfc fa[fptsbc vsfdfh ithdfib’tsf udfhbc itcf[t,& fa[fptsbc vsfdht,b bsdkt,jlyty fa[fpb [fk[bcf lf vbcb cf[tkvobajt,hbdb ofhvjyfmvybc vtsfeht,fl& w[flbf^ fa[fpsf vsfdht,b fa[fpt,b eylf .jabkb.dyty tsybrehflfw^ vfuhfv fhf& sdbs fa[fpt,b othty fv sbsmvbc fcbjlt okbc obyfs _ «Во главе своего Абхазского народа стоит владетель Абхазии и фамилии старинного Грузинского рода Шарвашидзе. Владетель как и все грузинские мтавари, сделавшиеся после разделения Царства самостоятельными, соединял в своих руках верхнюю политическую и гражданскую власть над всем Абхазским народом» (там же, стр. 11). y& ,th’tybidbkbw othc^ hjv ithdfib’tt,c fa[fpt,b mfhsdtkt,c t’f[lyty& #&&&lfvf[fcbfst,tkbf fv v[hbd bc ufhtvjt,f^ hjv ithdfib’tt,c udbfy sdbs fa[fpt,b mfhsdtkt,c t’f[lyty^ xfyc^ fvbnjv tctyb ‘dtk mfhsek nhflbwbt,c vbcltdlyty^ fvfcsfy lfrfdibht,bs fqcfybiyfdbf^ hjv \|+++-\+\ cfereytt,ibw fa[fpsf uf,fnjyt,ekb ohtt,bc cfvothkj,j tyf mfhsekb b.j&@ ~y& ,th’tybidbkb^ cfmfhsdtkjc bcn& cfrbs[t,b^ ud& 616`& vjqotekbf sdbs fa[fpt,bc cfvsfdhj,j cf[kbc erfyfcrytkb vtvrdblhbc ubjhub ithdfib’bc xfyfotht,b^ cfblfyfw xfyc^ hjv vfc sfdbcb sfdb mfhsdtkfl vbfxybf& fqcfybiyfdbf^ hjv fhf vfhnj ithdfib’tsf wyj,bkb cfudfhtekj^ fhfvtl fa[fptsbc vfqfk atyfc cfthsjl elbltcb rfdibhb /mjylf mfhsek tsyjcsfy^ reknehfcsfy^ se fhfc dbn.dbs vfsb mfhsekb udfht,bc itcf[t,& cfthsjl^ vsblfy xfvjcek ofhvfhs xthmtp-flbqt,pt lblb ufdktyf vje[ltybf lfv[dleh mfhsek-vtuhek vjcf[ktj,fc^ fye fa[fptsbc f,jhbutyt,c& fvbc ufvj fa[fpvf [fk[vf «...до последнего времени сохранил у себя древнейшие грузинские обычаи» (Докладная записка, там же, стр. 11). y& ,th’tybidbkb cothc% #&&&tc afmnb bvbc vjovj,ff^ hjv fv lhjc fa[fpb atjlfkbc cf[kb #mfhsekbf@ lf tc fctf fhf vfhnj v[jkjl mhbcnbfyj,bc sdfkcfphbcbs^ fhfvtl cfthsj reknehbc sdfkcfphbcbs ~fa[fpb mfkb fa[fptsib ufphlbkb cf[tkufysmvekbf^ sfdb vjfmdc bv #phlbkj,bs@^ hfw cfmfhsdtkjcsdbc lfvf[fcbfst,tkbf^ sfdb vjfmdc dta[bcn.fjcybc reknehbc vfnfht,kj,bs& fa[fptsbc vsfdhbc cfcf[kt dta[bcn.fjcybc reknehbc rthff% mfhsekb atjlfkehb rkfcbrehb #phlbkj,f@ ceatdc fa[fpb vsfdhbc cfcf[ktib` lf iefcfereytt,bc fa[fptsib fh fhct,j,lf atjlfkehb reknehf ufhlf mfhsekbcf^ ufhlf dta[bcn.fjcybc reknehbcf&&& ~ufb[ctyt fktmcfylht ithdfib’bc ghjntcnb% Я не абхазский а грузинский князь...` kfv,thnbv rfhufl bwbc fa[fpsf vfct,bc ufyc[dfdt,ekj,f vtuhekb vfct,bcfufy^ fa[fpt,bc ghbvbnekj,f^ tybc c[dfj,f^ .jaf-w[jdht,bc c[dfj,f&&& fa[fpsf vsbtkt,bc xfvjojkf^ t&b& flhtatjlfkehb ehsbthsj,bc fqlutyf@ ~lfcf[& yfih& 611`& hjujhw fqbybiyf^ xfvjojkbc itvltu fa[fptsbc f,jhbutyekb^ t&b& mfhsekb vjcf[ktj,f facefl bmwf t&b& sfyfvtlhjdt nthvbyjkjubbs _ uffa[fplf^ sevwf rb mfhsek reknehfc vskbfyfl dth vjco.lf& uffa[fpt,bc cjwbfkeh vbptpsf itcf[t, y& ,th’tybidbkb othlf% #fa[fptsib uf,fnjyt,ekb f[fkb .jaf^ hjv cfcehdtkb b.j atjlfkeh eqtkib xf,vekb cfpjufljt,bcfsdbc^ rfhufl xfyc bmblfy^ hjv \+\ cfereytib cfvtuhtkjc vjcf[ktj,f vybidytkjdfyb hfjltyj,bs uflflbc fa[fptsib lf bm #fa[fplt,f@ v[jkjl bvbnjv^ hjv tc vfs cjwbfkeh sfdbceakt,fc fybzt,lf@ ~bmdt^ ud& 616`& wyj,bkbf^ hjv fa[fptsbc cfvsfdhjc ofhvjmvyfvlt ~\|++ c&` nthbnjhbf vstkb ifdbpqdbcgbhtsbcf dblht ]bmtsfvlt itlbjlf cfvtuhtkjc cfvsfdhjib^ ]bm-facfh-xthmtpt,bc itvjctdt,bc itvltu #lflbfyt,b

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~c& ]fyfibf^ +|^ 1988^ ud& 281`& vsbtkb njvbc itvjcdkf^ xfyc^ [lt,jlf fa[fpsf vsfdhbcf lf fa[fptsbc sfdflfpyfehsf sfy[vj,bsfw^ hflufyfw fa[fptsbc cfvsfdhjc sbsmvbc ofhvjmvybcsfyfdt lfbo.j ecfcnbrtcb lf ufesfdt,tkb jvt,b cfvtuhtkjc cfvsfdhjcsfy^ hjvkt,ibw .jdtksdbc bvfh]dt,lf lflbfyb& fa[fptsbc v[fhtc tcfzbhjt,jlf kfimfhb^ vt,h’jkt,b^ [jkj xthmtpt,b cojhtl vt,h’jkt,b b.dyty^ sfyfw itcfybiyfdb& xthmtpsf xfvjcf[kt,fc fh itt’kj vskbfyfl ittwdfkf cf[t fa[fptsbc tsyjcbcfsdbc^ fm vhfdkfl lfhxyty flubkj,hbdb mfhsdtkt,b^ sevwf vhfdfkb xthmtpekb tktvtynb itbsdbctc& mfhsekb cf[t ithxf fa[fptsbc sfdfl-fpyfehsf ‘bhbsfl yfobkc^ gbhdtk hbuib^ tc b.j vfsb mhbcnbfyj,f^ mfhsekb udfht,b^ mfhsekb tybc wjlyf lf hfw vsfdfhbf^ sfdbfysb sfdbc vbresdyt,f mfhsekb reknehbcf lf tsyjcbcflvb& fvbc lfvfvnrbwt,tkb vfufkbsbc vjnfyfvlt eylf bsmdfc^ hjv^ vfhsfkbf^ xthmtp-facfht,c ezbhlfs sfdbfysb sfdflt,bc uh’tkb mfhsekb udfht,bc ofhvjsmvf lf sfdbfysb tybc ,eyt,bc itcf,fvbcfl vfs fvjrkt,lyty^ vfuhfv sfdfl-fpyfeht,vf ,jkjvlt itvjbyf[tc sfdbfysb mfhsekb udfht,b% ithdfib’t ~fa[fpehfl itvjrkt,ekb _ xfx,f`^ vfhifybf^ fyxf,f’t ~fx,f`^ tv[efhb ~tv[ff`^ x[jnef^ vfhqfybf lf c[df& sfdflj,bc bycnbnenbc mfhsdtkj,fc fa[fptsib flfcneht,c bcbw^ hjv fa[fpehfl ~facfhekfl` sfdflc _ fsefl _ mfhsekb cbn.df thmdf& fhf vfhnj sfdfl-fpyfehj,fc^ fhfvtl fa[fptsbc ofhxbyt,ekt,cfw lbl[fyc iteyfhxeyt,bfs mfhsekb tybc wjlyf& df[einb othlf sfdbc lhjbc fa[fpt,bc itcf[t,% #tyf cfresfhb sdbcb fmds^ fhfvtl eo.bfy ofhxbyt,eksf mfhsekb@ ~m&w&^ +|^ ud& 786`& hjujhw xfyc^ fa[fptsbc sfdfl-fpyfehj,f cek ,jkj lhjvlt ~t&b& htdjkewbbc vbth vfs ufyflueht,fvlt` sfdbfys sfdc mfhsdtkt,fl vbbxytdlf& fctsb b.j^ vfufkbsfl^ fa[fptsbc erfyfcrytkb vsfdhbc ‘t _ ubjhub ithdfib’t& fh itb’kt,f bc vbdbxybjs ufvjyfrkbcfl^ hflufyfw bub b.j vsfdhbc ‘t lf bwjlf^ se hf cfgfce[bcvut,kj b.j vbcb .jdtkb ufvjcdkf^ cbn.df se cfmvt& afmnbehfl bc ufvj[fnfdlf sfdbc cfvsfdhj j]f[ib lfwek cfereyjdfy nhflbwbt,c lf fuhtsdt fa[fptsbc ofhxbyt,eksf bltt,cfw& ubjhub ithdfib’t cfmfhsdtkjc #xdtyc cfvij,kjc@ eojlt,c ~c& ]fyfibf^ |+^ ud& 18`& mfhsek tyfc eojlt,c #cfvij,kj tyfc@~bmdt^ ud& 20`^ #xdtyc tyfc@ ~ud& 21`^ #mfhsek vecbrfkeh tyfc@ ~ud& 19`& mfhsek reknehfc eojlt,c #xdtyc reknehfc@ ~ud& 19`& bc pheyfdc #bdthsf lfreoekb [fk[bc@ thsj,bcfsdbc^ #ereqvfhsfl lfnhbfkt,ekb thbc fhct,f@ vbcb pheydbc cfufybf& #trfvfst,f bvfs^ dbyw tobyffqvltut,f cfmfhsdtkjc fdnjyjvbbc bltfc^ #,ho.bydfkt vptc thbc ufysfdbceakt,bcf^ ufvjwjw[kt,bc@& tc ituyt,f fhbc ubjhubc vjmfkfmtj,hbdb gbhjdyt,bc cf’bhrdtkb@ ~bmdt^ ud& 19`& vcufdcb bltt,b uffxylfs fa[fptsbc ofhxbyt,ekt,cfw& cojhtl fvbnjv bwjlyty vfs mfhsekb tyf^ /mjylfs mfhsekb udfht,b^ eahj vtnbw^ vfs fhf se bwjlyty mfhsekb tyf^ fhfvtl cojhtl mfhsekb tyf b.j vfsb vij,kbehb tyf _ ltlf tyf& bcbyb ltlbc ‘e’ecsfy thsfl bsdbct,lyty mfhsek tyfc^ sdbs xdtyc cfereytibw rb fa[fpb sfdflfpyfehj,bc j]f[t,ib ,fdidb ltlfc mfhsekfl vbvfhsfdlf _ #ltlf@& #hecb vrdktdfhb ctktpytdb^ hjvtkbw 1841 o& b.j fa[fptsib^ othc^ hjv fv ohbc ofhvjvflutytkvf ,tdhvf bwbc mfhsekb lf jcvfkehb othf-rbs[df@ ~tgbcrjgjcb fyfybf ]fafhb’t^ sfvfh ltljakbc df;bc cf[tkb^ ]dfhb dfpbcf^ =4^ 1989^ ud& 47`& ithdfib’tsf vcufdcfl mfhsekb reknehbc vfnfht,tkyb b.dyty fa[fpb sfdflb x[jnet,bw& u& ithdfib’bcf lf x[jnefc itcf[t, othc c& ]fyfibf% Оба они были воспитаны на почве древнегрузинской культуры, с которой были прекрасно знакомы. Оба сотрудничали в газете «Дроеба» ~bmdt^ ud& 80`& fa[fptsbc cfvsfdhjib vsbtkt,bc xfvjcf[kt,bcf lf ufvfh]dt,bc itvltu^ bcbyb ufyeo.dtnkbd tc[vjlyty sfdc mfhsek vjcf[ktj,fc^ vhfdfk mfhsdtkc fn.dtdt,lyty lf bvjyt,lyty fv cbn.dbc gbhlfgbhb vybidytkj,bs^ cfukt[j htajhvbc lhjc fa[fptsib vjyt,bw /.fdlfs% «...образовался особый класс бесправных рабов... в Абхазии под общим названием _ Агырва» (Докладная записка, там же, ст. 12). fubhdf vjyfsf rkfcbc cfthsj cf[tkb b.j^ tc rkfcb lbathtywbht,ekb b.j& cfthsj cf[tkb fqybiyekb cbn.df b.j^ vfuhfv fuhbdf^ fye fubhef _ vtuhtkc tojlt,jlf fa[fpehfl^ fctsbdt vjyf-vcf[ehb b.j #fuehb@ fye uehekb& «...Агирва, Обыкновенно военнопленные, если не выкупились своими родными, обращались в рабство и тогда они оставаясь холостыми, перепродаваясь из рук

в руки, служили разменной монетой и носили название ахашвала (в переводе на русский язык значит одна голова холостая)» (там же, ст. 12). fa[fptsib cek ukt[sf js[b rfntujhbf .jabkf^ vfs ijhbc f[jbe lf f[fidfkf^ _ mfhsekb ~vtuhtkb^ uehekb` lfn.dtdt,ekb vfcf^ fmtlfyfw xfyc^ se hfjltyj,bc mfhsdtkj,f fa[fplt,jlf& #f[jbe& nthvbyb f[jbe ybiyfdc #cfzvkbc vjvpflt,tkc@ ~vjcfvcf[ehtc`&&& f[jbec pju]th eojlt,ty #fubhefc@ ~vtuhtkb` fy rbltd #fuehc@ ~uehekb`&&& f[fidfkf^ fye fsdb vofhvjt,tkb rkfcbc .dtkfpt lf,fkb rfntujhbf b.j@ ~cfm& bcn& yfhrd&^ +|^ ud& 200`& vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf^ hjv fa[fptsib \|+ c& itvltu c[dflfc[df xthmtpekb ofhvjij,bc t&b& fhfmfhsekb njvb xfcf[klf^ vfspt lfv[dlehb mfhsekb vjcf[ktj,bc ufdktyf ‘fkpt lblb b.j& lhjsf ufyvfdkj,fib mfhsekb cf[tkvobaj it’kt,lf fv [fk[bc vjmwtdfc mfhsdtkb [fk[bc reknehbc ohtib^ hjv fhf hectsbc bvgthbbc vbth cfmfhsdtkjc fytmcbf& vhfdfkb mfhsekb cbn.df^ flfsb^ otcxdtekt,f^ vbofsvjmvtlt,bc reknehf lf c[df itbsdbctc vjcekvf vsbtkt,vf mfhsdtkb f,jhbutyt,bcfufy& cojhtl fvbnjv othlyty fa[fpb sfdflt,b hectsbc [tkbceafkc% «...как в древние времена, так и теперь жилища, одежда, пища, земледельческие орудия, способя ведения сельского хозяйства в Абхазии совершенно те же как и в Менгрелии, большая часть местностей носит грузинские названия, большая часть жителей, признает свое мингрельское или грузинское происхождение и сохранили даже свои грузинские и мингрельские фамилии. Одно только может дать повод считать Абхазию отдельно от Грузии . Это язык, но и в нем мы находим на половину слов мингрельских и грузинских, правда часто сильно измененных, но не представляющих особого затруднения в отыскании первоначального корня мингрельского или грузинского» (Докл. Записка, ст. 11). vfufkbsfl^ fa[fpehb cbn.df fiyfrvef _ ibyf.vf^ frfi,fi _ rfvtxt,b^ f]fvb _ ]fvb^ #z.jylfh@ _ tgbcrjgjcb ~z.jylbltkb`^ fcfrevfk _ cfrvtkb^ f,th _ ,thb^ fcfrhbfk _ cfhtrtkb ~pfhb`^ f]fh _ ]dfhb ~f&,fmhf’t` lf c[df vcufdcyb^ fctdt vcufdcfldt itbwdfkf mfhsekb njgjybvt,b& vfufkbsfl^ #w[tkrfhb@ _ mfhsekb njgjybvb fa[fptsib fct itewdkbfs fa[fpehb tybc ,eyt,bc itcf,fvbcfl #fwrfh@ ~t&b& cbn.df itevjrkt,bfs`^ njgjybvb #cfsfvfij@ _ #nfvbifl@ lf f&i& .jdtkbdt ptvjs xfvjdkbkbc ufvj f[fk fa[fp [fk[cfw rb fa[fpb sfdflt,b #mfhsek j]f[ib itvfdkfl@ vbbxytdlyty lf hect,bcfufy bs[jdlyty& «Мы смеем надеяться, что в применении к Абхазии и Самурзакано крестьянской реформы мы не будем исключены из общей семьи Грузинских народов к которой принадлежали» (там же, ст. 12). mfhsdtkb lf fa[fpb [fk[t,b vj’t,yblyty ehsbthscb.dfhekbcfsdbc cfthsj atcdt,c^ hjv fhf ew[j ‘fkbc vbth itmvybkb lf,hrjkt,t,b^ hjujhw ief cfereytt,ib bct vbc itvlujv& tc obuyb lfbothf 1992 okfvlt& fv;fvfl xdtyb e,tleht,bc ufvj cfmfhsdtkjv lfrfhuf fa[fptsb^ bm^ fa[fptsib xfhxf fsb fsfcj,bs mfhsdtkb^ mfkb lf ,fdidb^ vj[ewb lf f[fkufphlf^ vfssdbc thsflths upfc uflfhxtybcf ofhvjflutyc sfdbfysb mfhsdtkj,bc efh.jaf lf fa[fpt,fl sfdbc ufvjw[flt,f^ fvbnjvfw mfhsdtkt,bc uffa[fpt,bc ghjwtcb lqtc-lqtj,bs rbltd eahj ufv’faht,ekbf lf ufqhvfdt,ekb& cfvoe[fhjl^ tcff afmnb&

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