MMW 13 Lecture 6, April 21

Two parts to this course

First section of this course:

Eurasian integration

Second section of this course:

Formation of “Early Modernity” after 1500

Afro-Eurasian integration

Eurasian connectivity

Cases of Eurasian Integration

The following lectures

“Late Medieval” Europe

India and the Indian Ocean Basin

The Song Modernity in East Asia

April 23 Thursday The Americas and Oceania

Week 5

1500-1800 C.E. April 28 (Tuesday)

Europe In 1200 Europe, as an economically, politically, and

religious/cultural landmass, has little coherence

Class Noble (aristocracy; clergymen, dukes, knights

Servants

Artisans & Guilds

Peasantry

Boroughs (self-governing walled town)

rising middle class 1050-1300

Medieval Guilds:Guilds were able to transform the labor system on

the estates of members of the nobility.

Labor Unions

Annual Fairs at public

squares

Champagne Fairs

Lex mercatoria Largely administrated by the merchants

Merchant justice system: codes, laws and customs

practiced throughout Europe

1. Property rights

2. Contractual formalities

3. A common language for commerce

* Formation of GOOD PRACTICES

Specialization of labor and

production

Professionalization & the Separation of

Work and Domestic Space

Gender Artisan (ex. Spinning by hand), peasant

Bankers or tailors (p.404)

Private domain: embroidery, needlepoint, sewing,

spinning, and weaving

Eleanor of Aquitaine 1124-

1204

Monasticism and WomenConvents negotiated a place urban context and in the church

Economy:

1200-1500 Urban regions produced manufacturing goods only

because of the economic support from agricultural

hinterlands

Mostly rural, vast majority of Europe’s population

(95%) lived in the countryside or rural areas

Agriculture as the main mode of economic production

Agricultural Revolution

Development of new crops (Spain): sugar cane, rice, citrus

fruit, apricots, cotton, artichokes, and saffron.

Rise of Sugar mills.

Move away from manual to mechanical technologies.

Laid the foundation for the industrial revolution in the 18th

century.

Peasant Rebellions 1336-1525: Sixty Rebellions

Richard III1367 – 1400

Peasant Uprisings

1) Class conflict

2) Declining income

of the land-lords.

3) Rising inflation

4) Famine and war.

Religion and Politics Despite the church, Europe was fragmented with the

eastern regions maintained closer ties with Central Asian

Steppe than with western or southern Europe

Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches in east

central and central Europe

Western Europe: 1100s end of Germanic paganism in

place of Christianity

Al-Andalus 711

Emirate of Granada

1238–1492

1384 Parts of south eastern Europe

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Church and State relations

Relationship between the Church and feudal states

Post-Roman Imperial rule: European powers

fragmented, but not the church

Conflict arose when the church meddled with state

territorial and administrative matters

Church got powerful: during Crusades (1095-1295 C.E.

)

Germany, Italy and the Papacy

German kings (Roman heritage)

Duality of emperor and realm (Kaiser und Reich

Rise of the bourgeoisie

Money and property

Territories as predecessors of state

Gradual separation of church and state

Investiture Contest

Late 11th century

Investiture: practiced by members of the

nobility who were bishops or abbots, who also owned abbey on their estate.

Appointment of church officials by Holy Roman state authorities.

Pope Gregory VII (1073-1085) ordered the end of lay rulers appointing church officials in their kingdoms.

Emperor Henry IV (1056-1106) challenged the pope

Henry ex-communicated, enhanced prince influence

1122 Henry V & Pope Callixtus II ended

Frederick Barbarossa

(1122-1190)

“The red beard” 1152-1190: southern German.

Takes over Lombardy

(northern Italy)

Reinstated Corpus Juris Civilis: Roman rule of law

--new professional class of lawyers

Pope and Italian prince coalition

defeat Fred.

Medieval Revolution:

The Renaissance of the 12th century ●Social, political, economic, cultural, intellectual transformations.

Rise of first bureaucratic or regional states. (political)

Gun powder (military)

Rise of cities (social)

Vernacular languages and rise of classical Latin (not church) (cultural)

Intellectual: recovery of Greek sciences and translation movement (intellectual).

Scientific

Technological Revolutions

1) Caused by trade and commerce

2) Reincorporated within an expanding European society.

Urban Revolution

New cities

New technologies

Trade.

New Republics

Urbanization 1250-1350, peaked

Agriculture and growing city-based markets

Most populated city in late Medieval

Europe?

Paris

New technologies

Oil Painting

Magnetic Compass

late 12th century

Eyeglasses

1280s, Italy

Spinning wheel

Gunpowder

1202

Leonardo of Pisa

Hindu-Arabic Numeral

0

Scientific A New Method of knowledge: Aristotle

1) Logic: Use of philosophy for the understanding of reality.

2) Philological Analysis: To study the words analytically

Islamic philosophers.

Translation of Greek texts (from Arabic): Aristotle’s texts.

Medicine: Ibn-Sina or Avicenna

Avicenna (d. 1037)

The Canon of Medicine

Jean de Joinville

(May 1, 1224 – 24 December 1317)

saved by an Arab-Muslim doctor

Rise of Scholastics

Proto-Empirical Studies & recovery of

Greek philosophy

Aristotle & Dialectical reasoning

William of Ockham (1288 - c. 1348)

Franciscan Friar

Nominalism: Abstracts do not exist, only product of human mind.

Also Conceptualism.

University

Rise of Universities in Europe.

1158

1167

Al-Azhar University

Cairo

Chair of a

department

Alchemy and chemistry

Astronomy and mathematics

Earliest Experimental Sciences (against extramission

theory):

Ibn al-Haytham or Alhazen (965-1040 C.E.)

Book of Optics 1021

Hospitals.

Chess

India and the Indian Ocean

Basin

Post-Gupta India (320-550

C.E)

Southernization

100-1500 Civilization of India (and China) more “advanced” than

Europe

India faced a series of invasions:

Islamization (from Central Asia)

European colonialism (18th century)

Chola Empire 300s BCE-1279

CE

Arab Trade with Subcontinent

Hoysala Empire (1026-1343)

Vaishnava temple at

Somanathapura

Rajput dynastic orders Emerged in political importance in the 7th century

Landowners and patrilineal clans in central and

northern India

Descendent of warrior ruling class, but in reality varied

in class status

Islam and the Indian

subcontinent Mahmud (971-1030) ruler of a Turkish dynasty based

at Ghazni in eastern Afghanistan

1001 the first of numerous invasions of modern day

Pakistan

1041 Kashmir

1025 Hindu, Buddhist and Jain kingdoms of Nagarkot,

Thanesar, and Ujjain,

but left them as vassal states

Sultanate of Delhi

(1206-1526) Five dynasties, four with Turkish origins

Qutb al-din Aibak (1206-1210)

Muhammad bin Tughluq (1325-1351)