Mobile and Location Based Servicesaasa.ut.ee/augsburg/slides/01_introduction.pdf · Location-based service (LBS) •Wikipedia 2019: a general class of policies in software-level services

Mobile and Location Based Services

Anto Aasa

PhD, Senior Research Fellow

department of geography

University of Tartu

Estonia

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg


http://mobilitylab.ut.ee/eng/http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

http://mobilitylab.ut.ee/eng/


EestiCapital: TallinnArea: ~45000 km2

Population: 1.35 MCurrency: €


35

825 784

1386

0200400600800

1000120014001600

Average income, €

More:link

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_average_wage

Estonia is digital society

https://e-estonia.com

https://e-estonia.com/

• Mobile and Location Based Services

– What? Why?

– Technology

– Influences

– Applications

– …


Computational geographyBig data….

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg1976

Mobile & Location Based Services

• http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

http://www.geo.ut.ee/aasa/augsburg

Passing the course:

• Lectures• Literature• Essay: „Privacy concerns: myth or reality?“

• Practical analysis & report:1) Analysis of Call Detail Record data: „German tourists in Estonia compared

with Italian, French, and British tourists“2) GPS data based tourism trip analysis

Deadline: ???

Plan of Lectures:

Date Time Topic

Feb 18, Tu 10…12 Introduction

14…16 GIS for mobile and location based services

Feb 19, We 10…12 Positioning Technologies

14…16 Location intelligence. Privacy. Crowd Sensing

Feb 20, Th 10…12 Legislation

14…16 Effects of ICT on worldview

Feb 21, Fr 10…12 LBS in tourism industry

14…16 Futu

Location Based Services (LBS)

• Wikipedia (2012): LBS is an information or entertainment service, which is accessible with mobile devices through the mobile network and which uses information on the geographical position of the mobile device

• Wikipedia (2016, 2015): Location-based services (LBS) are a general class of computer program-level services that use location data to control features.

• Wikipedia (2018, 2017): A location-based service (LBS) is a software-level service that uses location data to control features.


Location-based service (LBS)

• Wikipedia 2019: a general class of policies in software-level services that provide for accessing data, files, pipes, memory objects, streams and other or online services.

• Access policies are controlled by location data and/or time-of-day constraints, or a combination thereof.

• As such, an LBS is an information service and has a number of uses in social networking today as information, in entertainment or security, which is accessible with mobile devices through the mobile network and which uses information on the geographical position of the mobile device.


Location-based service (LBS)

• Wikipedia 2020: A location-based service (LBS) is a general term denoting software services which utilize geographic data and information to provide services or information to users


No LBS or bad LBS?


Thank you, GPS…

Keywords to describe contemporary society:

• Digital revolution

• Information society

• Digital society, Digital Citizen

• Digital divide

• Innovation

• Mobility growth– Physical

– Virtual


Mobile society

• Compaction of time-space

– Virtual availability

• Widening of time-space

– Physical possibilities


Rapid changes


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No of Cars in Estonia, (x 1000)

• Dispersion of communication networks

• Increase of communication distances



Time distance from London (1914)

Time distance from London (2016)



Physical distance isnot always euclidean…

Fragmentation of trip


Relative distanceTallinn

München

connections & money

Direct regular connections from Baltic capitals(2014)


61 35 35

Train connection

FROM: Munich airport

TO: University of Augsburg

Distance: 95 km

Train: 2h 11 min


FROM: University of Tartu

TO: Tallinn airport

Distance: 181 km

Train: 2h 5min

FROM: Tallinn TO: Munich

Distance: 1500 kmFlight: 2h 30min

Internet speed from Tartu, Estonia



1995http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburgputty

Innovation speed


diffusion of the Internet


http://www.connectorsupplier.com/3g-versus-lte-versus-true-4g-speeds-huff-060413/http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

http://www.connectorsupplier.com/3g-versus-lte-versus-true-4g-speeds-huff-060413/

• Mobile phone penetration

• Internet penetration

• M-internet

NMT & GSM Coveragearea


EMT 3G coverage area, Dec 2011


EMT 4G coverage area, Dec 2011


EMT 4G coverage area, Jan 2015



Statistics Estonia

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Clients of Cable TV, 1000


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Fixed phonesin urban areas, 1000

Fixed phones in rural areas, 1000

Digital divide


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Public phones


Statistics Estonia

Telegrams sent in Estonia


Internet users in EU


http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats9.htm#eu

Data:

http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats9.htm#eu

2017:EU average Internet penetration = 85.7%

59.80%

62.80%

69.10%

72.40%

73.30%

74.40%

75.50%

75.90%

79.40%

80.50%

84.60%

84.80%

85.20%

85.60%

86.70%

86.80%

87.10%

87.90%

88.30%

89.60%

91.60%

92.50%

92.90%

93.80%

94.80%

94.80%

96.90%

97.50%

0.00% 20.00% 40.00% 60.00% 80.00% 100.00%

Bulgaria

Romania

Greece

Portugal

Poland

Croatia

Slovenia

Cyprus

Malta

Hungary

Austria

Lithuania

Slovakia

Latvia

Italy

France

Spain

Belgium

Czech Republic

Germany

Estonia

Finland

Sweden

Ireland

Netherlands

United Kingdom

Denmark

Luxembourg

Internet penetration, 2017

46.8%

43.7%

45.9%

56.5%

36.3%

42.8%

43.9%

67.4%

73.7%

54.1%

41.9%

0.0%

44.2%

37.0%

50.2%

50.8%

49.9%

0.1%

43.6%

38.4%

47.5%

48.7%

62.5%

56.9%

58.7%

67.2%

64.8%

53.1%

0.0% 20.0% 40.0% 60.0% 80.0% 100.0%

Bulgaria

Romania

Greece

Portugal

Poland

Croatia

Slovenia

Cyprus

Malta

Hungary

Austria

Lithuania

Slovakia

Latvia

Italy

France

Spain

Belgium

Czech Republic

Germany

Estonia

Finland

Sweden

Ireland

Netherlands

United Kingdom

Denmark

Luxembourg

Facebook penetration, 2017

https://www.internetworldstats.com/stats9.htm#eu

https://www.internetworldstats.com/stats9.htm#eu

Internet users in World


Andmed: http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm

578.5

1016.8

1405.1

384.6500.7

582.4

139235.8

322.4

51.1139.9

318.6248.2 273.1 310.3

41.9 77 113.620.2 23.9 26.90

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

2008 2011 2014

Internet users, %

Asia

Europe

Latin-America

Africa

North-America

Central- East

Oceania & Australia


http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm

Internet users, %


Andmed: http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm

15.3

26.2

34.8

48.1

61.3

70.473.678.6

86.9

24.1

39.5

52.4

5.313.5

27.521.3

35.6

48.1

59.567.5

72.1

0

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2008 2011 2014

Internet users, %

Asia

Europe

Latin-America

Africa

North-America

Central- East

Oceania & Australia


http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm

Location Based Services

• LBS

– Location matters!

• Find closest

• Friend Finder, family finder

• Weather forecast

• Route

• Alarms

• …


Where is LBS?


• Phenomenas related with people have usually same patternwith population distribution

Distribution of world populationhttp://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

Earth at night


• Availability of electric power:


• Population living below national powerty line:


• Life expectancy


Gini index

• Inequality of income in society.

Corrado Gini, 1912


Big changes?

Internet traffic in 2007 vs traffic routes in ca 1930


International phone calls


http://qz.com/290868/this-map-of-international-phone-calls-explains-globalization/

http://qz.com/290868/this-map-of-international-phone-calls-explains-globalization/

World air travel routes

http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburghttp://imgur.com/gallery/vVBTV

http://imgur.com/gallery/vVBTV

Estonian road network 13th century


EENet magistral internet network


EENet magistral internet network

2015


Optical fiber (2015)

http://www.elasa.ee/index.php?page=64http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

http://www.elasa.ee/index.php?page=64


Operation of LBS

• Many players

• Value chain of LBS is very fragmented

• Roles:

– subscriber,

– network,

– network operator,

– service provider,

– content provider


OracleAS Wireless location-based services

https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B25006_02/tour/qt/wireless004.htmhttp://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B25006_02/tour/qt/wireless004.htm

Value chain

Mobile operator

LBS user

Network hardware

Positioning system

Database

Data processing

Data transmission

GIS

Spatial interpolation

Analysis

Application


Axel Küpperhttp://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

http://myovi.blogspot.com.ee/2011/09/6-players-in-location-based-services.htmlhttp://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

http://myovi.blogspot.com.ee/2011/09/6-players-in-location-based-services.html

LBS content

• Information or message service

• Location based call forwarding

• LBS:

– proactive

– reactive


LBS applications

• Business initiative

– Info services

– Community services

– Traffic telematics

– Fleet management & logistics

– Mobile marketing

– Games


LBS applications

• Public initiative

– Emergency services

– Taxation

– Information


Examples of LBS

1. Rescue Board, emergency call location

2. Friend finder

3. Find nearest …

4. Entertainment (games, dating)

5. Inspection (fleet management)


LBS 2015

• Navigation

• Mapping & GIS

• Geomarketing & -advertising

• Safety & emergency

• Enterprise applications

• Sport

• Games & augmented reality

• Social networking


Apps

• > 70 per handheld device

• 50% never paid > $1

• Download of „location based“ apps

– 2014: 2.8 billions



Size of app stores

• ca 2015

– Google Play >1.500.000

– Apple App Store 1.400.000

– Windows Store ~700.000

– Windows Phone Store > 400.000

– Amazon Appstore 330.000

– Blackberry World 223.000


• Handheld devices with GNSS support:



• (many have more than one device)


• Forecasted GNSS related market size in year 2025: € 4.000.000.000

• Annual increase: +25%


http://www.gsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/LBS_0.pdfhttp://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

http://www.gsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/LBS_0.pdf

Slow start of LBS. Why?

• Price

• Spatial accuracy

• Usability

• No services?


Background

• Spatial technology is in „mass consumption“:– Car navigation

– GNSS-Phones

– Interactive Internet maps

=> Rapid growth in public awarness about maps, mapping and spatial positioning


• LBS

– Location context to the „old service“

– New service

• LBS development is slower than development of technology


Bottlenecks of the LBS

• High-quality location information

• Cost and availability of the infrastructure

• Integration of systems

• Usability


To overcome bottlenecks

• Development of positioning technics

• Cost-effective technology

• Standards!


To overcome bottlenecks II

• Context sensitivity

• Adaptation with user

• User modelling



User profile

• IP adress (origin, service provider),

• user ID,

• Internet browser

– browser extensions,

• Display (resolution)

• Search keywords, click tracking

• Visit time, spent time


User’s modelling

• Computer skills (e.g. typing speed)

• spatial literacy

• Usage of interactive applications

• ...


Modelling

• Users background

– Cultural,

– Educational,

– Social background,

– Psychological,

– …


Example of the user modelling


Modelling user


Google about me


LBSi architecture. Example


Adaptation with user

• Show/hide content

• Show more/less information

• Tips, recommendations

• Focusing on places interesting to users

• Recommendation of social content


Social component

• User profile

• instant messenger

• Friends

• Users catalog


LBSarchitecture


Life cycle of service?

https://www.google.com/trends/http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

https://www.google.com/trends/

Technological ground

• Fast development of mobile devices

– Display

– GNSS

• GPS– A-GPS




5110

GPS: selective availability

http://www.gps.gov/systems/gps/modernization/sa/data/http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

http://www.gps.gov/systems/gps/modernization/sa/data/

• 74% of smartphone users use LBS

• Smartphone penetration in USA

– 2011: 35%

– 2012: 46%

– 2013: 56%

– 2015: 75%


• Web 2.0

– user-generated content, usability, and interoperability

• Web 3.0 (semantic web): allows data to be shared and reused across application, enterprise, and community boundaries

• Web 4.0: autonomous, proactive, content-exploring, self-learning, collaborative, and content-generating agents based on fully matured semantic and reasoning technologies as well as AI.


Qualitative growth of Internet

http://www.urenio.org/2011/11/17/semantic-web-for-smart-cities/http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

http://www.urenio.org/2011/11/17/semantic-web-for-smart-cities/


Practical work

1. Movement of tourists in Estonia.

Mobile positioning

2. Analysis of tourist trip of one person

GPS

3. Essay


Population of France

http://phys.org/news/2014-10-cellphone-population-density.html#inlRlv


http://phys.org/news/2014-10-cellphone-population-density.html#inlRlv

Movement / communication patterns

http://phys.org/news/2014-11-mobile-tsunami-ebola-outbreak.htmlhttp://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg

http://phys.org/news/2014-11-mobile-tsunami-ebola-outbreak.html

ebola

http://analyticstraining.com/2014/big-data-analytics-and-the-race-to-control-the-spread-of-ebola/


http://analyticstraining.com/2014/big-data-analytics-and-the-race-to-control-the-spread-of-ebola/

• DEVILLE et al (2014) „Dynamic population mapping using mobile phone data “

• http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg/literature


http://aasa.ut.ee/augsburg/literature

Documents

Mobile and Location Based Servicesaasa.ut.ee/augsburg/slides/01_introduction.pdf · Location-based service (LBS) •Wikipedia 2019: a general class of policies in software-level services