Mobility and Tourism NexusMain debates on tourist mobility

Eduard J Alvarez PalauLecturer in Transport and logistics

Universitat Oberta de Catalunya

PART 0 - Introduction

PART 1 - The importance of mobility to attract tourism

PART 2 - Urban mobility of tourists

PART 3 - Tourism mobility and its future sustainability

Index

0. Introduction

Tourism definition

According to WTO:

A visitor is a traveller taking a trip to a main destination outside his/her usual environment, for less than a year, for any main purpose (business, leisure or other personal purpose) other than to be employed by a resident entity in the country or place visited.

A visitor is classified as a tourist if his/her trip includes an overnight stay, or as a same-day visitor (or excursionist) otherwise.

0. Introduction

Are urban mobility schemes adequate for tourists?

● Do our public transport systems have sufficient spare capacity?

● Are the routes (and frequencies) adequate to transfer the tourist to the points of tourist interest (eg peripheral enclaves, large capacity events, etc.)?

● What should be the rate to be applied to move non-residents?

● Are we willing to adapt the public transport network spatially and seasonally?

● What alternatives do we have in case we choose not to facilitate mobility by means of the public transport network?

● Can we achieve sustainable tourism mobility?

1. The importance of mobility to attract tourism

Figura: Ranking europeo de las 10 ciudades más visitadas por turistas internacionales en 2017 (en millones). Fuente: Statista.

Figura: Distribución de turistas visitando Barcelona en 2017 por medio de transporte. Fuente: Statista.

1. The importance of mobility to attract tourism

PART 1 - The importance of mobility to attract tourism

Figura: Mapa de conexiones de transporte público del aeropuerto Barcelona - El Prat. Fuente: Aena.

Rates

Railway: 2,2€

Underground: 4,6€

Aerobus: 5,6€

Taxi: 35€

1. The importance of mobility to attract tourism

According to Lohmann and Duval (2014), parallelisms between tourism and mobility are:

● Regulatory synergies:Tourism occupies regulatory space(s) that incorporate provisions of safety, environment, and economic contribution. The regulation of one, particularly in the case of transport, can have a meaningful and direct impact on the other.

● Objective function:Both transport and tourism are implicitly based on the mobility of people.

● Shared emphasis on sustainability:Both sectors are receiving strong pressures to begin the transition towards sustainability. New challenges have emerged to respond to certain restrictions planned in future scenarios that want to eliminate externalities.

1. The importance of mobility to attract tourismHow does the geography of the place affect tourist mobility?

URBAN ENVIRONMENT● Quality of public transport service● Constraints on private cars● Symbiotic co-operation between leisure facilities and transport providers● Long-term effects of transport implementation

ISLANDS AND ARCHIPELAGOS● Ensure the availability of transport connections even if not profitable● Concerns over competition

MOUNTAINOUS AND RURAL AREAS● Abandonment of schemes● Lack of support for public transport● Restrictions on car use are difficult to implement● Need to think on thought-through approaches

1. The importance of mobility to attract tourismHow does the geography of the place affect tourist mobility?

1. The importance of mobility to attract tourismWhat are the characteristics of tourist transport demand?

Camp de Tarragona’s Case

Fuente: Gutiérrez y Miravet (2016)

Fuente: Gutiérrez y Miravet (2016)

1. The importance of mobility to attract tourismWhat are the characteristics of tourist transport demand?

Fuente: Gutiérrez y Miravet (2016)

1. The importance of mobility to attract tourismWhat are the characteristics of tourist transport demand?

1. The importance of mobility to attract tourismCan transport enhance tourism?

1. The importance of mobility to attract tourismCan transport enhance tourism?

Study: 500 questionnaires targeting tourists in Madrid. Fuente: Pagliara et al (2014)

1. The importance of mobility to attract tourismCan transport enhance tourism?

Fuente: Pagliara et al (2014)

1. The importance of mobility to attract tourismCan transport enhance tourism?

Study: 1500 interviews to tourists arriving Toledo. Fuente: Muro y Pérez (2016)

1. The importance of mobility to attract tourismCan transport enhance tourism?

Fuente: Muro y Pérez (2016)

PART 2 - Urban mobility of tourists

2. Urban mobility of tourists

Figura: Reparto modal en Barcelona, 1a corona y resto RMB. Fuente: EMEF, 2000.

2. Urban mobility of tourists

Figura: Número de visitantes de los principales puntos de interés de Barcelona. Fuente: Statista 2017.

Figura: Satisfacción de los turistas con su estadía en Barcelona. Fuente: Statista 2017.

2. Urban mobility of tourists

2. Urban mobility of touristsHow is public transport financed?

Study: Comparison urban transport operators in Spain. Fuente: Delgado et al (2014).

2. Urban mobility of touristsHow is public transport financed?

Fuente: Anguita et al (2014)

2. Urban mobility of touristsHow is public transport financed?

Fuente: Delgado et al (2014).

2009 (average Spain) 2019 (Barcelona)

Single ticket 1,16 € 2,20 €

10 trip pass 7,24 € 10,20 €

Monthly pass 38,16 € 54 €

Raise in overall rates

Demand drops Less revenue

Raise in specific rates

Demand remains More revenue

Elastic demand (user with other options)

Inelastic demand (captive user, without other options)

But... Are we certain tourism responds to an inelastic function?

2. Urban mobility of touristsHow is public transport financed?

2. Urban mobility of touristsIs there any correlation between tourism and public transport?

Data from Mobility in Cities Database (UTIP). Fuente: Albalate y Bel (2010).

2. Urban mobility of touristsIs there any correlation between tourism and public transport?

Data from Mobility in Cities Database (UTIP). Fuente: Albalate y Bel (2010).

2. Urban mobility of touristsHow do visitors decide the mode of urban transport?

Study: 466 interviews to tourists arriving Munich. Fuente: Le-Hlahn et al (2014).

PT user PT non-user

Features ● 51% males● 40% 18-29 years● 62% univ. graduates● 72% european● 54% holidays, 22% VFR● 40% do not use TP in their

own town

● 57% female● 60% 30-64 years● Most are well-educated● 86% european● 20% were travelling alone● 37% holidays, 27% VFR, 18%

business● 50% do not use TP in their own

town

2. Urban mobility of touristsHow do visitors decide the mode of urban transport?

Study: 466 interviews to tourists arriving Munich. Fuente: Le-Hlahn et al (2014).

2. Urban mobility of touristsHow do cities plan for tourist mobility?

Fuente: Suárez et al (2016)

Factors defining urban tourism Sustainable Urban Mobility

● Primary productMain reason to visit the city

● Complementary productIt does not attach but develops tourism

● International projection● Internal accessibility● International accessibility

● Pedestrian promotion● Public transport promotion● Cyclist promotion● Promotion of greener and cleaner

technology for vehicles● Improvements on tourism and

discretional transport management

6.1. To favor the integrated mobility of the discretionary and tourist buses that frequent the most central streets of the cities every day, in order to bring their clients closer to the main places of interest.6.2. Facilitate an orderly, practical and truthful information on the way in which discretional and tourist buses should access the most central areas.6.3. Creation of an integrated network of reservation spaces for parking and the stop of discretional and tourist buses.6.4. Encourage fleet change to cleaner vehicles through incentives to operate less polluting fleets.

Fuente: Suárez et al (2016)

2. Urban mobility of touristsHow do cities plan for tourist mobility?

Fuente: TMB

2. Urban mobility of touristsAre cities adapted for tourists with reduced mobility (PRM)?

The case of Barcelona:

● 91% of underground stations are adapted for PRM (just 15 out of 159 are not)● 100% of bus stations are adapted● 100% of touristic bus and teleferic stations are also adapted

Fuente: Tenny (2008)

2. Urban mobility of touristsAre cities adapted for tourists with reduced mobility (PRM)?

Fuente: Tenny (2008)

2. Urban mobility of touristsAre cities adapted for PRM tourists?

PART 3 - Tourism mobility and future sustainability

3. Tourism mobility and future sustainabilityMain externalities

3. Tourism mobility and future sustainabilityWhat is the relationship between visitor satisfaction and sustainability?

Tourism “happiness loop”

Fuente: Ram et al (2013)

3. Tourism mobility and future sustainabilityWhat is the relationship between visitor satisfaction and sustainability?

“Three-gear” model of unsustainable tourist behaviour

Fuente: Ram et al (2013)

3. Tourism mobility and future sustainabilityCan tourist mobility become sustainable?

Fuente: Reilly et al (2010)

3. Tourism mobility and future sustainabilityCan tourist mobility become sustainable?

Fuente: Reilly et al (2010)

THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME

References

Recursos para la discusión:

Estratègia de mobilitat turística https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gVTY2G6h8jk

SEMINARI TURISME I MOBILITAT SOSTENIBLE EN ZONES DE MUNTANYA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tiVlc6tbBRc

Fòrum ENS 2017: Àgora: Vies blaves BCN: mobilitat i dinamització turística https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FyxiFxA-Iec

Then This Happened, How Amsterdam Became a Heaven for Cyclists in Then This Happened (New York, NY: Bloomberg L. P.), 4 mins

AMSTERDAM: Why it’s so efficient as a city https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0tN_orb7SGY

How mass tourism is destroying cities https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vyt1HdR4uLw

Giosprite Case Study: Urban Transport Challenges - Part 1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4H-ntaL3PLU

Giosprite Case Study: Urban Transport Solutions - Part 2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g020mlNwviM