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UNIVERSITIES AS INTERNATIONAL PLAYERS: THE UNIVERSITIES AS INTERNATIONAL PLAYERS: THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF HIGHER EDUCATIONINTERNATIONALIZATION OF HIGHER EDUCATION

Humane Seminar Trieste, 15Humane Seminar Trieste, 15thth – 16° September 2006 – 16° September 2006

Mobility of researchers: SISSA’s experienceMobility of researchers: SISSA’s experience

Giuliana Zotta Vittur - Tatiana UsenichGiuliana Zotta Vittur - Tatiana Usenich

SISSASISSA

International School for Advanced Studies – Trieste, ItalyInternational School for Advanced Studies – Trieste, Italyhttp://http://www.sissa.itwww.sissa.it/main//main/

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SISSA

training of young graduate students in pure and applied research, also for university teaching career.

Founded in 1978, it is focused on two basic missions:

• promotion and development of culture and scientific top-quality research in the fields of physics, mathematics and neuroscience;

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10 m

The Research Sectors

Astrophysics

NeurobiologyHigh Energy Physics

Statistical and Biological Physics

Condensed Matter Theory

Cognitive Neuroscience

Functional Analysis and Applications

Mathematical Physics

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Thanks to a small and flexible structure, SISSA is able to continually reshape its teaching and research programmes to meet new scientific challenges and to attract private and public research funds.

SISSA

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Number of researchers compared to the labour forceNumber of researchers compared to the labour force

USA Average

Japan Average

EuropeanUnion

Average

Italy Average

Friuli Venezia Giulia

Region*

Trieste

Number of researchers per 1000 persons in Labour Force 9 10,1 5,4 2,9 8,8 37,1

*Data 2004: Department of Economics and Statistical Sciences, University of Trieste

Source: Key Figures 2005 on Science, Technology and Innovation – July 2005

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Figures of foreign PhD students enrolled in Italian Universities and in Figures of foreign PhD students enrolled in Italian Universities and in Higher Education Institutions (Scuole Superiori) in Higher Education Institutions (Scuole Superiori) in

the academic year 2004/2005the academic year 2004/2005

4.01%

22.05%

0.00%

5.00%

10.00%

15.00%

20.00%

25.00%

Italian Universities Higher Education Institutions

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Figures of foreign PhD students enrolled in Italian Universities and in Figures of foreign PhD students enrolled in Italian Universities and in Higher Education Institutions (Scuole Superiori) in Higher Education Institutions (Scuole Superiori) in

the academic year 2004/2005the academic year 2004/2005

4,01

7,3

27,7829,5

Italian Universities Scuola Normale Scuola Sant'Anna SISSA

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MOBILITYMOBILITY

IncomingOutgoing

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OUTGOING MOBILITYOUTGOING MOBILITY

Former SISSA students have obtained successful positions in the best Former SISSA students have obtained successful positions in the best laboratories and research institutes in the world:laboratories and research institutes in the world:

USA•Massachusetts Institute of Technology•University of California at Davis•Institute for Advanced Study•New Your University School of Medicine•University of Chicago•Columbia University•CBR Instute - Harvard Medical School•Stanford University•Washington University•Tuft University•University of California at Berkeley•University of Virginia•University of California at Riverside•Johns Hopkins University

Switzerland•Ecole Politechnique•ITP - Zurich University•CERN•Basel University

Germany•Max Planck Institute for Medical Research•Humboldt University•GWDG - Max Planck Institut•Bonn University•University of Heidelberg

United Kingdom•Oxford University•Edinburgh University•University of Sussex•Cambridge University

Japan•Kyoto University

Pop. Rep. China•Tsinghua University

Sweden•Karolinska Institutet

France•Université Paris V (R. Descartes)•Université Toulouse

Belgium•Université Libre Bruxelles

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INCOMING MOBILITYINCOMING MOBILITYForeign students at SISSAForeign students at SISSA

67%

33%

76%

24%

71%

29%

1979-1989 1990-1999 2000-2005

Italian Students

Foreign Students

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Students’ countries of origin Students’ countries of origin in the period 1979/1989in the period 1979/1989

Africa4%

Non EU21%

EU11%

Asia40%

North America2% South America

22%

EU

Non EU

Africa

South America

North America

Asia

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Students’ countries of origin Students’ countries of origin in the period 1990/1999in the period 1990/1999

Oceania1%

Africa10%

Non EU37%

EU9%

Asia29%

North America1%

South America13%

EU

Non EU

Africa

South America

North America

Asia

Oceania

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Students’ countries of origin Students’ countries of origin in the period 2000/2005in the period 2000/2005

Africa4%

Non EU29%

EU19%

Asia23%

North America4%

South America21%

EU

Non EU

Africa

South America

North America

Asia

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Students’ countries of origin Students’ countries of origin in the three periods considered in the three periods considered

(expressed in percentages)(expressed in percentages)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1979-1989 1990-1999 2000-2005

EU

Non EU

Africa

South America

North America

Asia

Oceania

%

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Figures of foreign students at SISSA Figures of foreign students at SISSA in the academic year 2005-2006in the academic year 2005-2006

PhD students in the academic year 2005/2006

34%

66%

Foreigners Italians

Students' Countries of Origin

16%

19%

3%31%

9%

22%

South America

EU

North America

Asia

Africa

Non UE

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Other research positions Other research positions at SISSA in 2005at SISSA in 2005

Post-docs

78%

22%

ForeignersItalians

Research Assignments 45%

55%ForeignersItalians

Visiting and "Brain gain"

65%

35%

ForeignersItalians

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STRATEGIES TO ENCOURAGE STRATEGIES TO ENCOURAGE INTERNATIONALIZATION ANDINTERNATIONALIZATION AND

MOBILITY AT SISSA MOBILITY AT SISSA

Strategies at European levelStrategies at European level Stategies at national levelStategies at national level Strategies at local levelStrategies at local level SISSA’s own strategiesSISSA’s own strategies

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Strategies at European levelStrategies at European level

Participation in the Research and Cooperation Participation in the Research and Cooperation Programmes of the European CommissionProgrammes of the European Commission

Marie Curie ActionsMarie Curie Actions Early Stage ResearchersEarly Stage Researchers Research Training NetworksResearch Training Networks Intra-European Fellowships (for researchers from EU and Associated Intra-European Fellowships (for researchers from EU and Associated

States with at least 4 years experienceStates with at least 4 years experience )) Incoming International Fellowships (for experienced researchers coming Incoming International Fellowships (for experienced researchers coming

from outside the EU and Associated States)from outside the EU and Associated States) Transfer of Knowledge Fellowships (for experienced researchers with more Transfer of Knowledge Fellowships (for experienced researchers with more

than 10 years research experiencethan 10 years research experience Reintegration Grants (for researchers who have been awarded a 2-year Reintegration Grants (for researchers who have been awarded a 2-year

Marie Curie fellowship in another European country)Marie Curie fellowship in another European country)

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Strategies at national levelStrategies at national level

Direct call of eminent scientists Programme (“Chiamata Direct call of eminent scientists Programme (“Chiamata per chiara fama”)per chiara fama”)

Brain gain Programme (“Rientro dei cervelli”)Brain gain Programme (“Rientro dei cervelli”) Mobility fellowshipsMobility fellowships Fiscal incentives which encourage re-entry in Italy of Fiscal incentives which encourage re-entry in Italy of

researchersresearchers

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Strategies at local levelStrategies at local level

The International Fellowship Programme “Talents”The International Fellowship Programme “Talents” D4 ProgrammeD4 Programme The Central European Initiative (CEI) recognized SISSA The Central European Initiative (CEI) recognized SISSA

as one of its centres of excellenceas one of its centres of excellence Close collaboration with the ICTP (International Centre of Close collaboration with the ICTP (International Centre of

Theoretical Physics)Theoretical Physics)

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SISSA’s own strategies SISSA’s own strategies

Maintaining the high level of the international recognition Maintaining the high level of the international recognition of its teaching and research activitiesof its teaching and research activities

Dynamism in research and interdisciplinarityDynamism in research and interdisciplinarity Use of international criteria in recruitmentUse of international criteria in recruitment Presence of a significant number of foreign academics in Presence of a significant number of foreign academics in

the staffthe staff Promotion of inter-university cooperation agreements Promotion of inter-university cooperation agreements

and international joint degreesand international joint degrees Spring preselectionSpring preselection Practical assistance offered to researchersPractical assistance offered to researchers English as the working language of the SchoolEnglish as the working language of the School

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OBSTACLES TO OVERCOMEOBSTACLES TO OVERCOME

Citizens of third countries need an entry visa for ItalyCitizens of third countries need an entry visa for Italy

Visa for studyVisa for study Visa for workVisa for work

Students, fellowship Students, fellowship holdersholders

Research assignments, Research assignments, work contractswork contracts

Family reunionFamily reunion Family reunionFamily reunion

The European Commission proposed the creation of the The European Commission proposed the creation of the

SCIENTIFIC VISASCIENTIFIC VISA

(Optional)(Optional)

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OBSTACLES TO OVERCOMEOBSTACLES TO OVERCOME

linguistic problemslinguistic problems legal and administrative barriers to enter the country (visas and legal and administrative barriers to enter the country (visas and

residence permits)residence permits) academic career (problems in recognition of periods of studying and academic career (problems in recognition of periods of studying and

working abroad)working abroad) lack of career prospectslack of career prospects salary disparitiessalary disparities transfer of pension rightstransfer of pension rights financial obstaclesfinancial obstacles different taxation rulesdifferent taxation rules lack of information (both on procedures and on opportunities)lack of information (both on procedures and on opportunities) inadequate facilities and support servicesinadequate facilities and support services

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HOW TO STIMULATE MOBILITY?HOW TO STIMULATE MOBILITY?

The ambitious challenges of the European Union can The ambitious challenges of the European Union can be summarized in the following three political milestones:be summarized in the following three political milestones:

The launching of the European Research Area (ERA) in The launching of the European Research Area (ERA) in January 2000;January 2000;

The commitment by the Heads of State and The commitment by the Heads of State and Governments, undertaken in Lisbon in March 2000, to Governments, undertaken in Lisbon in March 2000, to turn Europe into the most dynamic and competitive turn Europe into the most dynamic and competitive knowledge-based economy by the year 2010;knowledge-based economy by the year 2010;

The commitment by the European Council of Barcelona The commitment by the European Council of Barcelona (March 2002) to increase investments in research up to (March 2002) to increase investments in research up to an average of 3% of the Member States’ GDP.an average of 3% of the Member States’ GDP.

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CURRENT TOOLS…….CURRENT TOOLS…….

New strategies, policies and conditions are required so New strategies, policies and conditions are required so as to make Europe more attractive for researchers:as to make Europe more attractive for researchers:

The 7th European Framework Programme (Focus on The 7th European Framework Programme (Focus on People: “People: “To develop and strengthen the human potential To develop and strengthen the human potential of European research through support to training, of European research through support to training, mobility and the development of….research careersmobility and the development of….research careers.”.”

The European Charter for Researchers and the Code of The European Charter for Researchers and the Code of Conduct for recruitmentConduct for recruitment

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THANK YOU THANK YOU

FOR YOUR ATTENTION FOR YOUR ATTENTION