Moderate Mitt Broke His Campaign Pledge Not To Raise Taxes

8/3/2019 Moderate Mitt Broke His Campaign Pledge Not To Raise Taxes

1/17

@lxx xng @f{{fknw{gxx{ @bhgtfxg3Dtbeg Nl{ Kf`qflmo Qjghmg Obx

Xb Tfl{g Xf~g{ Dwx Tfl{gh Xf~g{f{ Mbygtobt

Xbq Jlog Qblox{

]nljg kf`qflmolom ibt Mbygtobt* @lxx Tbòg| qjghmgh obx xbtfl{g xf~g{* dwx fixgt ng dgkf`g Mbygtobt* @lxx Tbòg| hlh tfl{gxf~g{

Lo 411>* Cbno @kKflo fmtggh xnfx Tbòg| tfl{gh xf~g{ f{Mbygtobt* }nlkn l{ }n| @kKflo {flh xnfx Tbòg| tfl{gh xf~g{ d|(=;1 `ljjlbo/ Ng kfjjgh xng` igg{5 L-` {wtg xng qgbqjg xnfx nfh xbqf| lx }ngxngt xng| kfjjgh xng` dfofof{* xng| {xljj nfh xb qf|(=;1 `ljjlbo g~xtf/ Lx l{ fj{b }n| xng @kKflo kf`qflmoqwdjl{ngh f }gd ylhgb hg{ktldlom Tbòg|{ tgkbth bi tfl{lomxf~g{ lo @f{{fknw{gxx{/###

Fkkbthlom xb xng @f{{fknw{gxx{ Xf~qf|gt{ Ibwohfxlbo foh Cbno@kKflo* Tbòg| tfl{gh igg{ foh xf~g{ d| bygt (=11 `ljjlbo.dgx}ggo (=;1 (=71 `ljjlbo,

Lo cw{x nl{ ilt{x x}b |gft{ f{ Mbygtobt* Tbòg| nlegh kbtqbtfxgxf~g{ d| (;71 `ljjlbo

Tbòg| tfl{gh igg{ d| (811 `ljjlbo bo xng qgbqjg bi@f{{fknw{gxx{

Lx l{ jlxxjg }bohgt xngo xnfx @f{{fknw{gxx{ tfoegh 8=xn lo cbdktgfxlbo hwtlom Tbòg|{ ibwt |gft{ f{ Mbygtobt .Dtgxx Ftgoh{*@ftegx}fxkn/kb`* 4"4;"61,

Hwtlom Tbòg|{ Xgowtg @f{{fknw{gxx{ ]f{ Tfoegh +6 Lo XngOfxlbo Ibt Igg Nleg{ .411;,

Tbòg|{ tfl{gh igg{ bo qgbqjg }nb ftg djloh* bo htlygt{* bonwoxgt{* bo ygxgtfo{* bo htlygt{* bo xnb{g mgxxlom `fttlgh* bonb`gdw|gt{* bo dbfxgt{5 bo mbjigt{


2/17

Tbòg|{ igg{ dwthgogh gygo {bklgx|{ `b{x oggh|3 qgbqjg }nbftg djloh foh xnb{g }lxn loxgjjgkxwfj foh hgygjbq`goxfjhl{fdljlxlg{

Fx xng goh bi Tbòg|{ xgt` f{ mbygtobt xng xf~ dwthgo }f{ngfylgt xnfo }ngo ng dgmfo

### @kKflo Kf`qflmo Ylhgb @lxx{wtilom3 nxxq3""}}}/|bwxwdg/kb`"}fxkn2y0qw;t9=FqBWV

.kboxlowgh bo og~x qfmg//,

Wqhfxgh3 Cfowft| =* 4164

DGIBTG NG ]F[ GJGKXGH

MBYGTOBT* TB@OG\ QJGHMGHOBX XB TFL[G XF^G[

Tbòg| Qjghmgh Obx xb Tfl{g Xf~g{ Dgibtg Ng ]f{ GjgkxghMbygtobt bi @f{{fknw{gxx{/ MBQ {xfohfth-dgftgt @lxx Tbòg| gfmgtj|cblogh xng ob-og}-xf~ dtlmfhg |g{xgthf|* yb}lom obx xb {xbq xng ybxgt-fqqtbygh lokb`g xf~ tbjjdfke bt nleg bxngt jgylg{ - fjj }nljg dbb{xlom{gtylkg{ foh hbhmlom jf|bii{/ Fjj ybxgt{ / / / kftg fdbwx mtgfx ghwkfxlbo*l`qtbylom bwt goyltbo`gox* dtlomlom `btg cbd{ xb @f{{fknw{gxx{ foh

dfjfoklom xng dwhmgx }lxnbwx tfl{lom xf~g{ / / / Xnfx dglom xng kf{g* L xnloe Lnfyg f ygt| {xtbom qtbqb{lxlbo xb xfeg xb xng ybxgt{ bi @f{{fknw{gxx{/$ .HfylhT/ Mwftlob* Tbòg| yb}{ xb dfjfokg dwhmgx }lxnbwx og} xf~* Xng Db{xbo Ngtfjh* ;"44"14,

]ngo Kf`qflmolom ibt Mbygtobt* Tbòg| [flh Lx ]f{ Obx xng Cbd bi@fofmg`gox Xb Xgjj xng Qgbqjg \bw Nfyg xb Qf| @btg @bog|foh Qjghmgh ]g Ftg Obx Mblom xb Tfl{g Xf~g{/ Tbòg| knlhghHg`bktfx{ ibt xfelom xng gf{| }f| xb il~ qtbdjg`{ d| qf{{lom xng xf~ nfx/Xng gf{| }f| xb il~ fo| qtbdjg` l{ xb mb xb xng qgbqjg foh {f| |bw nfyg xbqf| `btg `bog|* dwx xnfx{ obx }nfx xng cbd bi `fofmg`gox l{* Tbòg|{flh/ Xnfx{ `| qjghmg* }g ftg obx mblom xb tfl{g xf~g{/.Hfylh T/ Mwftlob*Tbòg| yb}{ xb dfjfokg dwhmgx }lxnbwx og} xf~* Xng Db{xbo Ngtfjh* ;"44"14,

Fixgt Gjgkxgh Mbygtobt foh Dgibtg Nl{ [}gftlom Lo* Tbòg|Tglxgtfxgh Nl{ Kf`qflmo Qjghmg Obx xb Tfl{g Xf~g{* Foh KfjjghTfl{lom Xf~g{ F Htfkbolfo [bjwxlbo Foh Xnfx Lx ]bwjh @feg Xng[xfxg F Df{egx Kf{g/ Tbòg| ilt`j| {xbbh d| nl{ kf`qflmo qjghmgobx xb tfl{g xf~g{* kfjjlom xnfx f Htfkbolfo {bjwxlbo xnfx }bwjh `feg xng{xfxg f df{egx kf{g/ .Cbg Dfxxgoigjh* Tbòg|3 Kwx{ Ftg Obx Gobwmn5 Mby/-Gjgkx G|g{Kbo{bjlhfxlbo* Gjl`lofxlbo Bi Qtbmtf`{* Xng Db{xbo Ngtfjh* 64"9"14,

4


3/17

Fixgt Dglom Gjgkxgh Mbygtobt foh Dgibtg Nl{ [}gftlom Lo* Tbòg|[flh Ng Foxlklqfxgh Dglom Fdjg xb Hb ]nfx ]g ]gtg [gox Xb Hb*]nlkn l{ xb Dfjfokg bwt Dwhmgx ]lxnbwx Nfylom Xb Tfl{g Xf~g{/ Lfoxlklqfxg }gjj dg fdjg xb }bte xbmgxngt xb hb }nfx }g }gtg {gox xb hb*

}nlkn l{ xb dfjfokg bwt dwhmgx }lxnbwx nfylom xb tfl{g xf~g{/ .Hfylh T/Mwftlob* Hg` Jgfhgt{ Hbwdxiwj Bo Tbòg|{ Xf~ Kwx* Xng Db{xbo Ngtfjh* 66">"14,

Fixgt Dglom Gjgkxgh Mbygtobt foh Dgibtg Nl{ [}gftlom Lo* Tbòg|[flh xng Ybxgt{ [qbeg Jbwh foh Kjgft* Xng| Hbox ]fox Xb [gg W{Tfl{lom Xnglt Xf~g{/ Tbòg| {flh ng }f{ox hfwoxgh fx fjj }ngo xng{xfte dwhmgx ow`dgt{ }gtg jflh bwx dgibtg nl` foh yb}gh xb {xlke }lxn nl{kf`qflmo qtb`l{g{/ L xnloe xng ybxgt{ {qbeg jbwh foh kjgft* xng| hbox}fox xb {gg w{ tfl{lom xnglt xf~g{/ .Hfylh T/ Mwftlob* Hg` Jgfhgt{ Hbwdxiwj BoTbòg|{ Xf~ Kwx* Xng Db{xbo Ngtfjh* 66">"14,

FIXGT NG ]F[ GJGKXGHMBYGTOBT*

TB@OG\ TFL[GH XF^G[

@LXX XNG @F[[FKNW[GXX[ @BHGTFXG[XF^ FOH IGG TGKBTH LOHGQXN

]ngo @lxx Xng @f{{fknw{gxx{ @bhgtfxg ]f{ Mbygtobt*Xf~qf|gt{ Qflh Nwohtgh{ Bi @ljjlbo{ Bi Hbjjft{ @btg Lo Xf~g{

Foh Igg{

Fkkbthlom Xb @f{{fknw{gxx{ Xf~qf|gt{ Ibwohfxlbo* Tbòg|{ IggNleg{ Foh Xf~ Jbbqnbjg Kjb{lom{ ]gtg Dgx}ggo (=81 Foh (=71

@ljjlbo F \gft/ F{ }gyg obxgh dgibtg }ngo xng {wdcgkx bi Tbòg|{ iggy{/ xf~ loktgf{g{ nf{ kb`g wq* xng @f{{fknw{gxx{ Hgqftx`gox biFh`lol{xtfxlbo foh Ilofokg {f|{ xnfx igg loktgf{g{ hwtlom Tbòg|{ xgowtgfhhgh wq xb (491 `ljjlbo qgt |gft* }lxn fobxngt (6=8 `ljjlbo tfl{gh itb`kjb{lom {b`g kbtqbtfxg xf~ $jbbqnbjg{/$ Xng lohgqgohgox @f{{fknw{gxx{Xf~qf|gt{ Ibwohfxlbo qwx{ xng tgygowg xbxfj bi igg nleg{ foh xf~ jbbqnbjg-kjb{lom{ fx dgx}ggo (=81 foh (=71 `ljjlbo f |gft/ .[l`l Yfjjg| [nb}hb}o*IfkxKngke/btm* 6";6"1>,

;
http://factcheck.org/2008/01/simi-valley-showdown/http://factcheck.org/2008/01/simi-valley-showdown/http://factcheck.org/2008/01/simi-valley-showdown/


4/17

Hwtlom Xng 411> Gjgkxlbo* Cbno @kKflo Djf{xgh Tbòg| IbtTfl{lom Xf~g{ D| =;1 @ljjlbo/ F{ L wohgt{xfoh lx* UTbòg|{P tgkbth}f{ xnfx ng tfl{gh xf~g{ d| (=;1 `ljjlbo/ Ng kfjjgh xng` igg{5 L` {wtgxng qgbqjg xnfx nfh xb qf| lx }ngxngt xng| kfjjgh xng` dfofof{* xng|

{xljj nfh xb qf| (=;1 `ljjlbo g~xtf/ .[l`l Yfjjg| [nb}hb}o* IfkxKngke/btm* 6";6"1>,

UXPng Xf~ Dwthgo L{ Ngfylgt Ibt @fo| Fktb{{ Xng Kb``bo}gfjxn/Xnl{ L{ Nb} Xng @f{{fknw{gxx{ Xnfx @lxx Tbòg| Jgix Dgnloh\g{xgthf| Kb`qftg{ ]lxn Xng @f{{fknw{gxx{ Xnfx Ng Longtlxgh Ibwt\gft{ Fmb/.[kbxx Ngj`fo* Tbòg| G~lx{ ]lxn Qb`q* F`dlxlbo* Xng Db{xbo Mjbdg* 6"8"1=,

Hwtlom Tbòg|{ Mbygtobt{nlq* Ng Tfl{gh Igg{ D| Bygt (811 @ljjlboFoh Kjb{gh [bKfjjgh Kbtqbtfxg Jbbqnbjg{ D| Bygt (;11 @ljjlbo/Bo xng qtg{lhgoxlfj kf`qflmo xtflj* Tbòg| dtfm{ fdbwx f (; dljjlbo dwhmgx{nbtxifjj ng {flh ng kjb{gh f{ mbygtobt* }lxnbwx fo| xf~ loktgf{g{/ Ng

hbg{ox `goxlbo xng `btg xnfo (811 `ljjlbo lo igg{ ng tfl{gh lo{xgfh/ Ngfj{b tfl{gh `btg xnfo (;11 `ljjlbo d| kjb{lom {b-kfjjgh kbtqbtfxg jbbqnbjg{*f tgygowg-tfl{lom `gf{wtg xng dw{log{{ kb``wolx| kfjj{ f xf~ loktgf{g/ .CbfoYgoobknl* Bq-Gh* @lxx{ Ob-Xf~ @ltfmg* Xng Db{xbo Mjbdg* 61"66"1=,

Tbòg| Kjfl`{ Ng Boj| Kjb{gh Xf~ Jbbqnbjg{* Dwx MtbygtObtvwl{x Bi F`gtlkfo{ Ibt Xf~ Tgibt` Ylg}{ Xng` F{ Xf~ Nleg{/@t/ Obtvwl{x fkeob}jghmgh xnfx ng nfh dggo hggqj| hl{fqqbloxgh d| @t/Tbòg|{ kbtqbtfxg xf~ bygtnfwj/ Wojleg xng mbygtobt* @t/ Obtvwl{xtgmfth{ xng knfomg{ f{ xf~ nleg{/ Xng| knfomgh xng jf}{ foh xng twjg{xb {lmolilkfoxj| tfl{g xf~g{* ng {flh/ Xnfx l{ f xf~ loktgf{g/ .[ggelom Xf~g{*Tbòg| ]gox Fixgt Dw{log{{* Xng Og} \bte Xl`g{* 61"6"66,

Lo 411;* @f{{fknw{gxx{ Jgh Xng Ofxlbo Lo Igg Nleg{/ Xnl{ xl`g lx{igg{* obx xf~g{/ [xljj* @f{{fknw{gxx{ `f| nfyg gonfokgh lx{ tgqwxfxlbo f{$Xf~fknw{gxx{/ F {wtyg| bi {xfxg{ mtfqqjlom }lxn {qgohlom ktl{g{ nf{ ibwohxnfx @f{{fknw{gxx{ l`qb{gh `btg igg nleg{ xnfo fo| bxngt {xfxg lo xngofxlbo xnl{ |gft - fx jgf{x (711 `ljjlbo/ Xng {xwh| d| xng Ofxlbofj Kboigtgokgbi [xfxg Jgml{jfxwtg{ ibwoh xnfx @f{{fknw{gxx{ }f{ bog bi ;1 {xfxg{ xnfxgofkxgh igg loktgf{g{ xnl{ |gft/ Xng btmfolsfxlbo ibwoh xnfx 6= {xfxg{gofkxgh {lmolilkfox xf~ loktgf{g{* wojleg jf{x |gft* }ngo `fo| {xfxg{ }gtgng{lxfox xb xwto xb xf~g{ dgkfw{g lx }f{ fo gjgkxlbo |gft lo `b{x qjfkg{/ Bixng ;1 {xfxg{ xb tfl{g igg{ xnl{ |gft* boj| olog ftg dtlomlom lo (611 `ljjlbo bt`btg itb` xnb{g igg nleg{/ @f{{fknw{gxx{ tgqbtxgh (716/7 `ljjlbo lo iggnleg{5 xng {gkboh-dlmmg{x igg loktgf{gt }f{ Og} \bte* }lxn (;9= `ljjlbo*xnbwmn Og} \bte nf{ f `wkn jftmgt dwhmgx/ .Tlke Ejglo* @f{{/ L{ Kfjjgh Ob/ 6 Lo Igg Nleg{*Xng Db{xbo Mjbdg* ="48"1;,

Tbòg| Tfl{gh Igg{ Bo @fttlfmg Jlkgo{g{/ Mbygtobt @lxx Tbòg|foh xng Jgml{jfxwtg* ifkgh }lxn f `wjxldljjlbo hbjjft {nbtxifjj* `fhg lx `btgg~qgo{lyg xb mgx f `fttlfmg jlkgo{g bt f hlybtkg* iljg f kbwtx kf{g* dw| f

8
http://factcheck.org/2008/01/simi-valley-showdown/http://factcheck.org/2008/01/simi-valley-showdown/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/02/us/politics/romneys-strategies-as-governor-bucked-his-ceo-image.html?pagewanted=4&_r=1&sq=barbaro&st=cse&scp=2http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/02/us/politics/romneys-strategies-as-governor-bucked-his-ceo-image.html?pagewanted=4&_r=1&sq=barbaro&st=cse&scp=2http://factcheck.org/2008/01/simi-valley-showdown/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/02/us/politics/romneys-strategies-as-governor-bucked-his-ceo-image.html?pagewanted=4&_r=1&sq=barbaro&st=cse&scp=2


5/17

nbw{g* tgog} f htlygt{ jlkgo{g* bt xfq loxb f nb{x bi bxngt {xfxg {gtylkg{/.Tlke Ejglo* @f{{/ L{ Kfjjgh Ob/ 6 Lo Igg Nleg{* Xng Db{xbo Mjbdg* ="48"1;,

Xng Db{xbo Mjbdg Ngfhjlog3 @f{{/ L{ Kfjjgh Ob/ 6 Lo Igg Nleg{.Tlke Ejglo* @f{{/ L{ Kfjjgh Ob/ 6 Lo Igg Nleg{* Xng Db{xbo Mjbdg* ="48"1;,

$Igg{ nfyg dggo xng of`g bi xng mf`g lo xng qf{x |gft*$ {flhKbtlof Gkej* xng OK[J-{ il{kfj qtbmtf` hltgkxbt/ $Lo @f{{fknw{gxx{*xng {nggt ow`dgt bi igg{ {xbbh bwx/$Fj`b{x L``ghlfxgj| Wqbo Dgkb`lom Mbygtobt* Tbòg| Loktgf{ghIgg{ D| (491 @ljjlbo Foh Kjb{gh Xf~ Jbbqnbjg{ Xb IljjMbygto`gox Kbiigt{ ]lxn Fobxngt (477 @ljjlbo/ ULPo nl{ ilt{x |gft lobiilkg* xng {xfxg loktgf{gh nwohtgh{ bi igg{* `felom lx `btg g~qgo{lyg xb mgxf htlygt{ jlkgo{g* `ftt|* bt dw| f nbw{g/ Xnb{g knfomg{* }nlkn ng hgigoh{f{ jl`lxgh lo {kbqg foh jbom bygthwg* dtbwmnx lo fo fhhlxlbofj (491 `ljjlbo/Xng og} mbygtobt fj{b kbjjgkxgh fo fhhlxlbofj (477 `ljjlbo itb` dw{log{{g{d| kjb{lom }nfx ng kfjjgh xf~ jbbqnbjg{/ .[kbxx [/ Mtggodgtmgt* Tbòg| Bixgo Kf{x{ Nl`{gjiF{ Dwhmgx Ngtb* Xng Db{xbo Mjbdg* 61"48"17,

@f{{fknw{gxx{ Tgygowg Kb``l{{lbogt Fh`lxxgh Tbòg| Xbjh Nl`Xb [kbwt Xng Xf~ Kbhg Ibt Qtbyl{lbo{ Xb Kjb{g Lo Bthgt Xb Dtlom Lo@btg @bog|/ Tgygowg Kb``l{{lbogt Fjfo JgDbylhmg {flh |g{xgthf| xnfxTbòg| nf{ f{egh nl` xb {kbwt xng xf~ kbhg lo {gftkn bi qtbyl{lbo{ xnfx kfodg xlmnxgogh xb dtlom lo `btg `bog|* dwx ng ftmwgh xnfx lx l{ox fkkwtfxg xbtgigt xb xng qtbqb{gh knfomg{ f{ xf~ loktgf{g{/ .[kbxx [/ Mtggodgtmgt* Mbygtobt{ Il{kfjQjfo Xftmgx{ Xf~ Jbbqnbjg{* Xng Db{xbo Mjbdg* ;"8"18,

Lo Nl{ Ilt{x X}b \gft{ F{ Mbygtobt* Tbòg| Kbjjgkxgh Fj`b{x (;71

@ljjlbo @btg Lo Kbtqbtfxg Xf~g{* Foh Ng Xngo Qtbqb{gh Fobxngt(6=1 @ljjlbo/ UTbòg|P kbjjgkxgh fo fhhlxlbofj (;87 `ljjlbo itb`dw{log{{g{ hwtlom nl{ ilt{x x}b |gft{ lo biilkg d| kjb{lom }nfx ng kfjjghjbbqnbjg{ lo xng kbtqbtfxg xf~ kbhg/ Xnl{ |gft* xng mbygtobt lolxlfjj|qtbqb{gh knfomg{ }btxn fo fhhlxlbofj (6=1 `ljjlbo* dwx ng nfjygh xnfx ilmwtglo @ftkn lo tg{qbo{g xb fo wqtbft itb` dw{log{{g{ foh xnglt jbdd|lommtbwq{/ .[kbxx [/ Mtggodgtmgt* Tbòg| Bixgo Kf{x{ Nl`{gji F{ Dwhmgx Ngtb* Xng Db{xbo Mjbdg* 61"48"17,

Ijf{ndfke 41183 Xng Dljj Xng Cblox Kb``lxxgg Bo Xf~fxlboKbo{lhgtgh \g{xgthf| Fo Fkx Xb Kjftli| Kgtxflo Xf~ Qtbyl{lbo{ FohL`qtbyg Yftlbw{ Fkxlylxlg{ Bi Xng Hgqftx`gox Bi Tgygowg

Lokjwhg{ @btg Xnfo X}bHbsgo @gf{wtg{ Hg{lmogh Xb Dtlom Lo @btg@bog|/.[kbxx [/ Mtggodgtmgt* Mbygtobt{ Il{kfj Qjfo Xftmgx{ Xf~ Jbbqnbjg{* Xng Db{xbo Mjbdg* ;"8"18,

UXPf~ [qgklfjl{x{ Foh Bxngt Bd{gtygt{ Nfyg Ftmwgh Xnfx Tbòg|Giigkxlygj| Tfl{gh Xf~g{ D| Dbb{xlom Xng Igg{ Foh Gelom @btg@bog| Bwx Bi Kbtqbtfxlbo{/.[kbxx Ngj`fo* Tbòg| G~lx{ ]lxn Qb`q* F`dlxlbo* Xng Db{xboMjbdg* 6"8"1=,

7


6/17

Wxljlslom Xng Jfomwfmg Bi Xng Qtbmtg{{lyg Jgix* TgygowgKb``l{{lbogt Fjfo JgDbylhmg [flh Ng ]foxgh Kb`qfolg{ Xb Qf|Xnglt Iflt [nftg Foh G{xfdjl{n Gvwlx|/ JgDbylhmg hgigohgh xngknfomg{ f{ f }f| xb ktfke hb}o bo kb`qfolg{ xnfx qw{n xng goygjbqg/ L ylg} lx f{ qgbqjg qf|lom xnglt iflt {nftg* JgDbylhmg {flh/ Lx{ fjj fdbwx

gvwlx|/ .[kbxx [/ Mtggodgtmgt* Mbygtobt{ Il{kfj Qjfo Xftmgx{ Xf~ Jbbqnbjg{* Xng Db{xbo Mjbdg* ;"8"18,

ITB@ HWEFEL[ XB TB@OG\ XB QFXTLKE* TFL[LOM IGG[L[ F XL@G NBOBTGH DF\ [XFXG XTFHLXLBO

TB@OG\ HLHOX KNFOMG @F[[FKNW[GXX[5@F[[FKNW[GXX[ KNFOMGH NL@

Jleg @lxx Tbòg| Lo 411; Foh Dg|boh* Ibt`gt Mby/ @lknfgj Hwefel{.H@F, [}btg Bii Xf~g{ Foh Qtbqb{gh Igg Loktgf{g{ Lo{xgfh/

Qbjlxlklfo{ xwtolom xb igg{ }ngo xf~g{ ftg obx fo bqxlbo l{ obxnlom og} lo@f{{fknw{gxx{ nl{xbt|/ Lo xng gftj| 61{* xngo-mbygtobt @lknfgj [/ Hwefel{{}btg bii xf~ nleg{* dwx qtbqb{gh f {gx bi igg{ wohgt f qfkefmg ng kfjjgh xngTgygowg Gonfokg`gox foh Qtbxgkxlbo Qtbmtf`/ .Cbfoof ]gl{{* Tbòg| Qtbqb{fj{ BoIgg{ Htf} Iltg* Xng Db{xbo Mjbdg* 4"4>"1;,

WqboXfelom Biilkg* Mby/ Hgyfj Qfxtlke .H@F, [xwhlgh Nb} Tbòg|Tfl{gh Xf~g{ D| Hgkjftlom ]ft Bo Kbtqbtfxg Xf~ Jbbqnbjg{/Mbygtobt Hgyfj J/ Qfxtlke* ifklom f hfwoxlom knfjjgomg f{ ng xtlg{ xbdfjfokg nl{ ilt{x {xfxg dwhmgx* l{ jbbelom nfth fx xng {f`g {bjwxlbo xnfx nl{qtghgkg{{bt* @lxx Tbòg|* g`qjb|gh lo xng gftj| hliilkwjx il{kfj hf|{ bi nl{fh`lol{xtfxlbo3 hgkjftlom }ft bo kbtqbtfxg xf~ jbbqnbjg{/ .[xgyg Dfljg|* QfxtlkeG|g{ Kbtqbtfxg Xf~ Knfomg{* Xng Db{xbo Mjbdg* 4"69"1=,

HFOKLOM BO XNG NGFH BI F QLO3TB@OG\[ XBTXWTGH JBMLK BO XF^G[ YGT[W[ IGG[

Igg{ Ftg Hliigtgox Itb` Xf~g{* Tbòg| [flh \g{xgthf|* Dgkfw{gXng| Fiigkx Ofttb} Mtbwq{ Bi Qgbqjg* Foh Qf| Ibt [qgklilk [gtylkg{Xnfx Ftg Mgogtfjj| Kbo{lhgtgh Tgjfxlygj| Ybjwoxft|/.Cbfoof ]gl{{*Tbòg| Qtbqb{fj{ Bo Igg{ Htf} Iltg* Xng Db{xbo Mjbdg* 4"4>"1;,

Xng Tbòg| Fh`lol{xtfxlbo F{{gtxgh Igg{ ]gtg Hliigtgox Xnfo

Xf~g{ Dgkfw{g Igg{ Ftg Ybjwoxft| Li \bw Hbox ]fox Xb Qf|Xng Igg* Hbox W{g Xng [gtylkg/ F igg l{ {b`gxnlom xnfx |bw qf| fohtgkglyg fo l``ghlfxg* hltgkx {gtylkg ibt* UTbòg|{ xbq dwhmgx flhg GtlkPEtl{{ f{{gtx{/ @btgbygt* lx{ ybjwoxft|* ng {f|{/ Lo bxngt }bth{* li |bw hbox}fox xb qf| xng igg* hbox w{g xng {gtylkg/ BE* }gtg }lxn nl` {b ift*g{qgklfjj| }ngo lx kb`g{ xb igg{ ibt mbjilom bt `bbtlom f dbfx fx f {xfxg-b}ogh qfte* bt qtbig{{lbofj jlkgo{g igg{ xnfx {wqqbtx tgmwjfxbt| bygt{lmnx/.Ghlxbtlfj* Xng [jlqqgt| [jbqg Bi [xfxg Igg Nleg{* Xng Db{xbo Ngtfjh* 4"8"1;,

9


7/17

F Tbòg| Biilklfj [flh Htlylom F Kft L{ Ybjwoxft|* Foh Li QgbqjgHlh Obx Jleg Qf|lom Igg{* Xng| Kbwjh Xwto Xb Qwdjlk Xtfo{qbtxfxlbo/Dwx }ngo lx kb`g{ xb `btg dtbfh-df{gh igg{* jleg xnb{g knftmgh d| xngTgml{xt| bi @bxbt Ygnlkjg{ ibt jlkgo{g{ foh tgml{xtfxlbo{* Tbòg| l{ bo

{nfelgt mtbwoh/ Htlylom f kft l{ ybjwoxft|* Etl{{ kboxgohgh lo fo loxgtylg}}lxn Ngtfjh ghlxbt{ foh tgqbtxgt{/ Bn2 Foh nb} l{ bog {wqqb{gh xb mgx xb}bte* mgx xng elh{ xb {bkkgt qtfkxlkg bt mb mtbkgt| {nbqqlom2 Xfeg qwdjlkxtfo{qbtxfxlbo* Etl{{ {flh/ Tlmnx* xnfx }ljj }bte ibt `b{x {wdwtdfolxg{/.Ghlxbtlfj* Xng [jlqqgt| [jbqg Bi [xfxg Igg Nleg{* Xng Db{xbo Ngtfjh* 4"8"1;,

Tbòg|3 Xng Igg{ Xnfx ]gyg Loktgf{gh Ftg Xnb{g ]nlkn ]gDgjlgyg Ftg Cw{xlilgh Bo Xng Df{l{ Bi Xng Kb{x Bi Hgjlygtlom Xng[gtylkg/.Cbfoof ]gl{{* Tbòg| Qtbqb{fj{ Bo Igg{ Htf} Iltg* Xng Db{xbo Mjbdg* 4"4>"1;,

Tbòg|{ Qtbqb{fj Fiigkx{ >> Og} Bt G~l{xlom Igg{/.Cbfoof ]gl{{*Tbòg| Qtbqb{fj{ Bo Igg{ Htf} Iltg* Xng Db{xbo Mjbdg* 4"4>"1;,

Obxlom Xng Jlog Dgx}ggo F Xf~ Foh F Igg L{ [b`gxl`g{ Djwtt|*Tbòg| Kjfl`gh Nl{ Dwhmgx{ Boj| Kboxflogh Igg{ Ofttb}j|Htf}o/ Tbòg| {flh xng jlog{ dgx}ggo xf~g{ foh igg{ kfo {b`gxl`g{ dgdjwtt|/ F htlygt{ jlkgo{g igg* ng {flh* fiigkx{ f dtbfh gobwmn qbqwjfxlbo xbdg kbo{lhgtgh f ibt` bi xf~/ Dwx ng {flh nl{ dwhmgx - }nlkn }bwjh obx nlegigg{ ibt f {xfohfth htlygt{ jlkgo{g - kboxflo{ boj| igg{ xnfx ftg `btgofttb}j| htf}o/ Dwhmgx }tlxgt{ {bwmnx xb tfl{g igg{ xnfx ftg obx kwttgoxj|kbygtlom xng kb{x bi xng {gtylkg* {flh Tbòg| {qbeg{}b`fo [nf}oIghhg`fo* }nb {flh tgygowg itb` igg{ }bwjh obx mb loxb xng {xfxg{ mgogtfjiwoh/ .Cbfoof ]gl{{* Tbòg| Qtbqb{fj{ Bo Igg{ Htf} Iltg* Xng Db{xbo Mjbdg* 4"4>"1;,

Tbòg| Fkeob}jghmgh Xnfx [b`g [gg Jlxxjg Hliigtgokg Dgx}ggoXng (711 @ljjlbo Lo Og} Foh Nlmngt Igg{ Ng Fqqtbygh Xnl{ \gft FohFo Loktgf{g Lo Xf~g{/.Xb` Dgoogt* Tbòg|3 Ob Og} Xf~g{ Lo Kb`lom Dwhmgx* Xng QfxtlbxJghmgt* 61"4;"1;,

TB@OG\[ QBJLKLG[ NGJQGH @FEG @F[[FKNW[GXX[ XNGJGFHLOM [XFXG LO TFL[LOM IGG[

Tbòg| Foh Jf}`fegt{ Kf`g Wq ]lxn @btg Igg Nleg{ Xnfo Fo|Bxngt [xfxg Xnl{ \gft* Fkkbthlom Xb Xng Ofxlbofj Kboigtgokg Bi

[xfxg Jgml{jfxwtg{/ .[nfwo [wxogt* Igg Ibg{ Dgmlo Mlfox-[lsgh Ilmnx Lo Jgml{jfxwtg* ]btkg{xgtXgjgmtf` ) Mfsgxxg* ="4


8/17

`ljjlbo dbb{x gygo xbqqgh xng (;9= `ljjlbo igg loktgf{g lo Og} \bte* }nlknnf{ f `wkn jftmgt dwhmgx/ .]gtg Ob/ 65 [xfxg{ Og} @bolegt ]ljj Dg Iggfknw{gxx{ [wohf|Xgjgmtf`* ="4="1;,

OK[J{ Il{kfj Qtbmtf` Hltgkxbt Kbtlof Gkej3 Igg{ Nfyg Dggo XngOf`g Bi Xng Mf`g Lo Xng Qf{x \gft/ Lo @f{{fknw{gxx{* Xng [nggtOw`dgt Bi Igg{ [xbbh Bwx/.Tlke Ejglo* @f{{/ L{ Kfjjgh Ob/ 6 Lo Igg Nleg{* Xng Db{xbo Mjbdg*="48"1;,

[xfxg Tgq/ Qfwj K/ Kf{g|* H]lokng{xgt Knflt`fo Bi Xng Nbw{gXf~fxlbo Kb``lxxgg3 L` Obx [wtqtl{gh ]gtg Ow`dgt Bog/ BwtFqqtbfkn ]f{ Xb Nlx Gygt| Igg Lo [lmnx/.Tlke Ejglo* @f{{/ L{ Kfjjgh Ob/ 6 Lo IggNleg{* Xng Db{xbo Mjbdg* ="48"1;,

HG@BKTFX[ LO XNG [XFXG JGML[JFXWTG WOHGT[XBBHXNG\ ]GTG QF[[LOM TB@OG\[ XF^ LOKTGF[G[

@f{{fknw{gxx{ Hg`bktfx{ ]gjkb`gh Tbòg|{ Qtbqb{fj{* ObxlomLx{ Kgtxfloj|* Qb{lxlygj|* ]lxnbwx F Hbwdx Fo Loktgf{g Bo Xf~g{ LoKgtxflo Kfxgmbtlg{/ Xng Hg`bktfxlk jf}`fegt{ }nb kbknflt xngXf~fxlbo Kb``lxxgg fmtggh xnfx xng mbygtobt{ qtbqb{fj{ ftg xf~g{* {f|lomxng| }gjkb`g Tbòg|{ fxxg`qx xb tfl{g tgygowg/ Lx{ kgtxfloj|* qb{lxlygj|*}lxnbwx f hbwdx fo loktgf{g bo xf~g{ lo kgtxflo kfxgmbtlg{* {flhTgqtg{goxfxlyg Qfwj K/ Kf{g| bi ]lokng{xgt/ .[kbxx [/ Mtggodgtmgt* Mbygtobt{ Il{kfj QjfoXftmgx{ Xf~ Jbbqnbjg{* Xng Db{xbo Mjbdg* ;"8"18,

[xfxg [go/ @fte @boxlmo|* HOg} Dghibth3 Li \bw Dgjlgyg @btgTgygowg{ Ftg Ogghgh* \bw Oggh Xb [xfoh Wq Foh [f| Lx/ ]g

@lmnx F{ ]gjj [f| Xb Qgbqjg Xnfx ]gtg Mblom Xb [xftx Knftmlom FIgg Ibt Dtgfxnlom* Foh ]n| Hbox \bw [xbq ]nlolom Foh Nbjh \bwtDtgfxn Li \bw Hbox ]fox Xb Qf| Lx2.Cbfoof ]gl{{* Tbòg| Qtbqb{fj{ Bo Igg{ Htf}Iltg* Xng Db{xbo Mjbdg* 4"4>"1;,

[xfxg Tgq/ Qfwj K/ Kf{g|* H]lokng{xgt3 ]nfx Xng Mbygtobt ]fox{Xb Kfjj Lx L{ Cw{x F [g`foxlk Dfxxjg/.[kbxx [/ Mtggodgtmgt* Mbygtobt{ Il{kfj Qjfo Xftmgx{Xf~ Jbbqnbjg{* Xng Db{xbo Mjbdg* ;"8"18,

[xfxg Tgq/ Cbno C/ Dlolgohf* H]btkg{xgt3 Xng{g Igg{ Ftg Obxnlom@btg Xnfo Xf~g{ Lo Hl{mwl{g/ .[nfwo [wxogt* Igg Ibg{ Dgmlo Mlfox-[lsgh Ilmnx LoJgml{jfxwtg* ]btkg{xgt Xgjgmtf` ) Mfsgxxg* ="4


9/17

4"4>"1;,

@wtqn|3 L` Obx Ktlxlklslom ]nfx Ng{ Hblom Ng{ Hblom XngTlmnx Xnlom* Dwx Jgx{ Dg Loxgjjgkxwfjj| Nbog{x ]lxn Xng Klxlsgo{/.Cgooligt Igoo* Tbòg| Dwhmgx Tfl{g{ Igg{* Jb}gjj [wo* 4"4>"1;,

XNG IGG["XF^G[ XBWKNGH GYGT\ QFTX BI JLIG LO XNG[XFXG

Tbòg|{ Igg{ Nlx F Dtbfh [qgkxtw` Bi Qgbqjg3 Qgbqjg ]nb FtgDjloh5 @goxfjj| Tgxfthgh5 Ygxgtfo{5 Htlygt{5 Nwoxgt{5 Jf}|gt{5Dbfxgt{5 [efxgt{5 Hgygjbqgt{5 Foh Mbjigt{/ Mby/ @lxx Tbòg| l{ygng`goxj| bqqb{gh xb tfl{lom xf~g{/ \gx og} igg{ qtbqb{gh lo nl{ dwhmgx}bwjh nlx f dtbfh {qgkxtw` bi qgbqjg* lokjwhlom xng djloh* `goxfjj| tgxfthgh*

ygxgtfo{* htlygt{* nwoxgt{* jf}|gt{* dbfxgt{* {efxgt{* lo`fxg{* hgygjbqgt{*fltktfix b}ogt{ foh mbjigt{/ .Cgooligt Igoo* Tbòg| Dwhmgx Tfl{g{ Igg{* Jb}gjj [wo* 4"4>"1;,

Tbòg|{ Igg{ Nlx Xng [bklgx|{ @b{x Oggh|3 Qgbqjg ]nb ftgDjloh Foh Xnb{g ]lxn Loxgjjgkxwfj foh Hgygjbq`goxfj Hl{fdljlxlg{/Xng knfomg{ lokjwhg f (611 igg ibt kjlgox{ xb hgxgt`log gjlmldljlx| ibtHgqftx`gox bi @goxfj Tgxfthfxlbo {gtylkg{* l`qb{lom f (61 igg xb l{{wgKgtxlilkfxg{ bi Djlohog{{ xb jgmfjj| djloh klxlsgo{* foh loktgf{lom w{gt igg{ibt jbom-xgt` kftg fx xng Kngj{gf [bjhlgt{ Nb`g/ .Cgooligt Igoo* Tbòg| DwhmgxTfl{g{ Igg{* Jb}gjj [wo* 4"4>"1;,

Tbòg|{ Igg{ Nlx Mwo B}ogt{* Nbt{gdfke Tlhlom Lo{xtwkxbt{ FohXnb{g Jgftolom Xb Htlyg/ Li |bw b}o f mwo bt f dbfx* eljj xgt`lxg{ btxgfkn nbt{gdfke tlhlom ibt f jlylom bt cw{x }fox xb jgfto xb htlyg* |bw `f|nfyg xb qf| `btg ibt f {xfxg qgt`lx/ Fjbom }lxn qtbqb{gh dwhmgx kwx{ fohtgbtmfolsfxlbo qjfo{* Mby/ @lxx Tbòg| {gox xng Jgml{jfxwtg f ibwt-qfmg jl{xbi igg{ xnfx }bwjh dg loktgf{gh xb ngjq dfjfokg xng {xfxg dwhmgx/ Lo fjj* xngigg nleg{ }bwjh fhh (91 `ljjlbo lo tgygowg og~x |gft/ Xng qtbqb{gh iggloktgf{g{ kb`g bo xbq bi (4


10/17

[b`g Bi Tbòg|{ Igg{ ]gtg [b Bwxtfmgbw{* Gygo Xng Hg`bktfxlkJgml{jfxwtg Nfh Xb Tgqgfj Xng`/ Mby/ @lxx Tbòg| foh xng Jgml{jfxwtgfqqtbygh nleg{ ibt hbsgo{ bi igg{ lo 411; xb tfl{g (711 `ljjlbo* nbqlom xbkjb{g f dwhmgx {nbtxifjj tfxngt xnfo tfl{g xf~g{/ [b`g og} igg{ }gtg {b

woqbqwjft jf}`fegt{ tgqgfjgh xng`* {wkn f{ f (61 foowfj knftmg xb mgx fkgtxlilkfxg bi djlohog{{ foh foolygt{ft| igg{ ibt klylj-kbwtx kf{g{/ .[xfxg Igg{Kjl`dlom Nlmngt* Jb}gjj [wo* ;"61"19,

Tbòg| [lmogh Bii Bo F X}bKgox Mf{ Xf~ Nleg Xb Iwoh FoBd{kwtg Qgxtbjgw` Kjgfowq Iwoh Xng Iwoh ]f{ Eljjgh Dwx XngXf~ Tg`flogh/ UGPygt| kbo{w`gt }nb htlyg{ f kft foh iljj{ f qtg{ktlqxlbo}lxn fo| tgmwjftlx| l{ fdbwx xb xfeg f nlx* wojg{{ xngtg l{ f dtgfebwx bi {bwj{gftknlom fx xng [xfxg Nbw{g/ Df| [xfxg `bxbtl{x{ nfyg vwlgxj| dggo ibtkghxb {}fjjb} f 4-kgox nleg lo xng mf{ xf~ {lokg Fqtlj* fixgt xng Tbòg|fh`lol{xtfxlbo {lmogh bii bo f 811 qgtkgox loktgf{g lo fo bd{kwtg qgxtbjgw`kjgfowq iwoh/ Jf{x }gge* xng Nbw{g foh [gofxg eljjgh xng iwoh f{ qftx bixnglt dwhmgx qjfo/ Dwx xng ( 91 `ljjlbo lo foowfj tgygowg }ljj eggq ijb}lomloxb {xfxg kbiigt{* cw{x jleg djfke mbjh itb` f mg|{gt/ .Kb{`b @fkgtb* Ct/* Xnl{ L{ox Nb}Ob Og} Xf~g{ [nbwjh Iggj* Xng Db{xbo Ngtfjh* 9"4="1;,

Tbòg|{ Dwhmgx Kfjj{ Ibt G~qfohlom Xng Dbxxjg Dljj Xb Lokjwhg F67Kgox Hgqb{lx Bo ]log Foh Nfth Jlvwbt* Foh F 7Kgox Hgqb{lx BoDbxxjgh ]fxgt Foh OboKftdbofxgh Dgygtfmg{/.Cgooligt Igoo* Tbòg| DwhmgxTfl{g{ Igg{* Jb}gjj [wo* 4"4>"1;,

[xfxg Jf}`fegt{ ]bttlgh Tbòg|{ Igg{ ]gtg Lttg{qbo{ldjg Loktgf{lom Igg{ Bo Dfkemtbwoh Kngke{ Kbwjh Jl`lx [ktggolom{ Fx

Knljh Kftg Ifkljlxlg{ Foh Owt{lom Nb`g{/ U[Pb`g @f{{fknw{gxx{jf}`fegt{ |g{xgthf| {flh Tbòg|{ qtbqb{gh igg{ kbwjh hl{kbwtfmg fkxlbo{xnfx loktgf{g qwdjlk {figx|/ [gofxbt @fte @boxlmo|* f Og} DghibthHg`bktfx* xbbe l{{wg }lxn Tbòg|{ qtbqb{fj xb loktgf{g igg{ ibt ktl`lofjdfkemtbwoh kngke{/ Jf}`fegt{ nfyg jbom gokbwtfmgh qtlyfxg hf| kftgkgoxgt{ foh owt{lom nb`g{ xb w{g xnb{g kngke{ xb {ktggo cbd fqqjlkfox{/Dg{lhg{* @boxlmo| {flh* d| tgj|lom bo igg{ lo{xgfh bi xf~g{* Tbòg| }f{fyblhlom f dtbfhgt hgdfxg fdbwx xng oggh ibt xf~ loktgf{g{/ .Cbfoof ]gl{{*Tbòg| Qtbqb{fj{ Bo Igg{ Htf} Iltg* Xng Db{xbo Mjbdg* 4"4>"1;,

Lo Nl{ [gftkn Ibt @bog| Xb Iwoh Xng Mbygto`gox* Tbòg| Gygo

Ktgfxgh F Og} Igg Bo Qgbqjg ]nb Iljg Kb`qjflox{ ]lxn Xng@f{{fknw{gxx{ Kb``l{{lbo Fmflo{x Hl{ktl`lofxlbo/ Ng yb}gh obx xbtfl{g xf~g{/ Dwx Mbygtobt @lxx Tbòg| ogygt `fhg fo| qtb`l{g{ fdbwx igg{/Xng mbygtobt{ qtbqb{gh 4118 dwhmgx lokjwhg{ fdbwx (91 `ljjlbo lo iggloktgf{g{* bo gygt|xnlom itb` hflj| igg{ fx {xfxg mbji kbwt{g{ xb f og} igg bolohlylhwfj{ }nb iljg kb`qjflox{ }lxn xng @f{{fknw{gxx{ Kb``l{{lbo Fmflo{xHl{ktl`lofxlbo/ .Cbfoof ]gl{{* Tbòg| Qtbqb{fj{ Bo Igg{ Htf} Iltg* Xng Db{xbo Mjbdg* 4"4>"1;,

61


11/17

Wohgt Tbòg|* Xng Kb``bo}gfjxn{ Djloh ]gtg Xb Qf| IbtKgtxlilkfxg{ Bi Djlohog{{ Foh F Djloh Lhgoxlilkfxlbo Kfth/ Lx ob} kb{x{xb dg djloh lo @f{{fknw{gxx{/ Xng {xfxg{ fqqtb~l`fxgj| ;7*111 djloh fohjgmfjj| djloh tg{lhgox{ `w{x ob} qf| (61 foowfjj| ibt f kgtxlilkfxg bidjlohog{{ foh (67 gygt| ibwt |gft{ ibt f djloh lhgoxlilkfxlbo kfth/ ]lxnbwx

xng ibt`gtj| itgg hbkw`gox{* djloh qgbqjg kfoobx xfeg fhyfoxfmg bi xf~fdfxg`gox{* fiibthfdjg nbw{lom qtbmtf`{* ngfjxn kftg {gtylkg{*xtfo{qbtxfxlbo hl{kbwox{ foh bxngt dgogilx{/ Xng og} igg{* }nlkn xbbe giigkxCwj| 6 }lxn xng 4118 {xfxg dwhmgx* nfyg {qftegh f dfkejf{n5 jf}`fegt{ ftg{qbo{btlom f dljj xb tgqgfj xng knftmg{ fixgt }lhg{qtgfh kb`qjflox{ d| djlohtg{lhgox{ foh xnglt fhybkfxg{/ .[nfwo [wxogt* Fhybkfxg{ Ilmnx Igg{ Ibt Xng Djloh* ]btkg{xgtXgjgmtf` ) Mfsgxxg* >"7"1;,

Tbòg| Btlmlofjj| Qtbqb{gh Tfl{lom Igg{ Bo Qgbqjg ]nb Ftg DjlohLo Igdtwft| 411;/ Xng igg{ btlmlofxgh lo Igdtwft|* lo Mby/ @lxx Tbòg|{dwhmgx qtbqb{fj ibt il{kfj 4118/ Jf}`fegt{ xngo lokbtqbtfxgh xng` lo xngltdwhmgx* }nlkn }f{ fqqtbygh lo jfxg Cwog foh lokjwhgh `btg xnfo (411`ljjlbo lo tgygowg itb` igg{/ .[nfwo [wxogt* Fhybkfxg{ Ilmnx Igg{ Ibt Xng Djloh* ]btkg{xgtXgjgmtf` ) Mfsgxxg* >"7"1;,

UJPf}`fegt{ Tgqgfjgh Igg{ Xng @f{{fknw{gxx{ Kb``l{{lboIbt Qgbqjg ]nb Ftg Djloh ]f{ Knftmlom Ibt Lhgoxlilkfxlbo Kfth{Foh Kgtxlilkfxg{ Bi Djlohog{{/.[kbxx [/ Mtggodgtmgt* Nbw{g Tgcgkx{ Tfl{lom Xf~ Dljj*Xng Db{xbo Mjbdg* 8"4="18,

Tbòg|{ Igg Loktgf{g{ Nlx Xnb{g [ggelom Gjlmldljlx| Ibt @goxfjTgxfthfxlbo [gtylkg{/ Xng knfomg{ lokjwhg f (611 igg ibt kjlgox{ xbhgxgt`log gjlmldljlx| ibt Hgqftx`gox bi @goxfj Tgxfthfxlbo {gtylkg{* l`qb{lom

f (61 igg xb l{{wg Kgtxlilkfxg{ bi Djlohog{{ xb jgmfjj| djloh klxlsgo{* fohloktgf{lom w{gt igg{ ibt jbom-xgt` kftg fx xng Kngj{gf [bjhlgt{ Nb`g/ .CgooligtIgoo* Tbòg| Dwhmgx Tfl{g{ Igg{* Jb}gjj [wo* 4"4>"1;,

Xng Igg Knfomg{ Lokjwhg (9 @ljjlbo Lo Nleg{ Fx [xfxg Jfd{ FohNb{qlxfj{* F{ ]gjj F{ F Og} (71 Knftmg Ibt Xwdgtkwjb{l{ Xg{x{ FohF (811 Igg Ibt Xnb{g ]nb Xg{x Qb{lxlyg/.K|oxnlf Tb|* Qjfo ]bwjh Tfl{g Igg{ BoKgtxflo [gtylkg{* Xng Db{xbo Mjbdg* 4"4="1;,

Bog Ngfjxn Kftg Fkxlyl{x Kfjjgh Tbòg|{ Qjfo Xb Xf~ XD[ktggolom{ Jwhlktbw{* ]ftolom Xng Hl{gf{g Kbwjh [qtgfh LiIg}gt Lohlylhwfj{ Ftg Xg{xgh/ [xgqngo G/ Kbjjlo{* g~gkwxlyg hltgkxbtbi xng @f{{fknw{gxx{ Nw`fo [gtylkg{ Kbfjlxlbo* f ngfjxn-kftg fhybkfk|mtbwq* kfjjgh xng XD {ktggolom igg jwhlktbw{/ Xngtg{ mblom xb dg f tgfjqtbdjg` li qgbqjg {xftx hgkjlolom xng {ktggolom foh xng hl{gf{g {xftx{ xb{qtgfh* ng {flh/ .K|oxnlf Tb|* Qjfo ]bwjh Tfl{g Igg{ Bo Kgtxflo [gtylkg{* Xng Db{xbo Mjbdg*4"4="1;,

Gygo Xng Hgfh ]gtg Obx G~g`qx Itb` Tbòg|{ Tgfkn Ng Tfl{ghIgg{ Bo Ktg`fxlbo{ D| 71 Qgtkgox F Og} Nlhhgo Xf~ Bo Xng

66


12/17

Hgfh/ Xng {xfxg nf{ vwlgxj| loktgf{gh xng igg ibt ktg`fxlbo{ d| 71qgtkgox xb tfl{g `bog| ibt xng g`dfxxjgh Biilkg bi xng Knlgi @ghlkfjG~f`logt* qtb`qxlom bwxtfmg f`bom iwogtfj qtbylhgt{ bygt f og} nlhhgoxf~ bo xng hgfh/ Xnl{ l{ fobxngt tlq-bii* {flh D|tbo G/ Djfoknfth* xtgf{wtgtbi xng Iwogtfj Kbo{w`gt{ Fjjlfokg bi Gf{xgto @f{{fknw{gxx{/ Lx tgqtg{gox{ f

{lsfdjg qbtxlbo bi xng kb{x bi f ktg`fxlbo/ Lx{ f dbbohbmmjg/ .Xb` @f{ndgtm*Ktg`fxlbo Igg Loktgf{g Kfjjgh Xf~ Bo Xng Hgfh* Xng Db{xbo Ngtfjh* 6"46"18,

Tb`og| Gygo Xtlgh Xb [jfq Ybjwoxggt Iltgilmnxgt{ ]lxn F Igg* DwxBqqbogox{ Ilofjj| Kboylokgh Nl{ Fh`lol{xtfxlbo Xb Tg{kloh Xng Xf~/UBPqqbogox{ bi f (611 dlfoowfj igg xnfx Mby/ @lxx Tb`og| {jfqqgh boybjwoxggt iltgilmnxgt{ jf{x {qtlom nfyg {wkkgghgh lo mgxxlom xngfh`lol{xtfxlbo xb tg{kloh xng igg/ Xng knftmg* ibt xng ijf{nlom djwg foh tghjlmnx{ xnfx ybjwoxggt{ fiil~ xb xnglt ygnlkjg{ xb lhgoxli| xng`{gjyg{ f{g`gtmgok| }btegt{* }ljj ob} boj| dg knftmgh li ybjwoxggt{ nfyg `btg xnfobog ygnlkjg xng| w{g xb mgx xb loklhgox{/

Jglkg{xgt [gjgkx`fo @fte G/ Ft`lomxbo3 Lx{ F Jbx Xb F{e IbtQgbqjg ]nb Ilmnx Iltg{ Ibt F Qtgxx| Ob`lofj Igg/ Lx ]f{ Lo{wjxXb Locwt| Xb L`qb{g Xnfx Eloh Bi Igg/.[nfwo [wxogt* Igg Ibg{ Dgmlo Mlfox-[lsghIlmnx Lo Jgml{jfxwtg* ]btkg{xgt Xgjgmtf` ) Mfsgxxg* ="4


13/17

{l`qjg itfwh/ L` ygt| qjgf{gh xnfx }g ngjh xng jlog bo xf~g{* Tbòg| {flhjf{x }gge - bog hf| fixgt f kb`qtb`l{g ( 4;/68 dljjlbo dwhmgx }f{ fqqtbyghd| xng Nbw{g foh [gofxg/ Tbòg|{ djloh g|g xb ogftj| ( 611 `ljjlbo lo og}xf~ tgygowg{ xng dwhmgx fkxwfjj| kboxg`qjfxg{ {wmmg{x{ xng Tgqwdjlkfombygtobt }lgjh{ f {gjgkxlyg hg{ktlqxlbo bi xng }bth xf~/ .Kb{`b @fkgtb* Ct/* Xnl{L{ox Nb} Ob Og} Xf~g{ [nbwjh Iggj* Xng Db{xbo Ngtfjh* 9"4="1;,

Jb}gjj [wo3 Xng Xtwxn L{ Igg{ Ftg Nlhhgo Xf~g{/ Jf}`fegt{ JlegXng` Dgkfw{g Xng| Hbox Nfyg Xb Fh`lx Xb F Xf~ Loktgf{g/.Ghlxbtlfj*Igg-Il-Ib-Qnbbg|& Jb}gjj [wo* >"41"1;,

Jb}gjj [wo Bo Xng Hliigtgokg Dgx}ggo Xf~g{ Foh Igg{3 Xng @floHliigtgokg L{ Xnfx Lx{ Xfdbb Ibt Jf}`fegt{ Xb Tfl{g Xf~g{* Dwx@btg Fkkgqxfdjg Xb Loktgf{g Igg{/ [`begt{ qf| f xf~ }ngo xng| dw|klmftgxxg{* dwx htlygt{ qf| f igg }ngo xng| mgx f jlkgo{g/ Owt{lom nb`gtg{lhgox{ qf| f dgh xf~* dwx ygxgtfo{ fx xng Kngj{gf [bjhlgt{ Nb`g qf| figg ibt jbom-xgt` kftg/ ]ngo lx kb`g{ xb xf~g{ foh igg{* xngtg l{ bixgo ygt|

jlxxjg hl{xlokxlbo/ Xng `flo hliigtgokg l{ xnfx lx{ xfdbb ibt jf}`fegt{ xb tfl{gxf~g{* dwx `btg fkkgqxfdjg xb loktgf{g igg{/ .Cgooligt Igoo* Tbòg| Dwhmgx Tfl{g{ Igg{*Jb}gjj [wo* 4"4>"1;,

]btkg{xgt Xgjgmtf` ) Mfsgxxg3 ]lxn @f{{fknw{gxx{ G`gtmlom F{Xng @b{x IggNfqq| [xfxg Lo Xng Ofxlbo .[nfwo [wxogt* Igg Ibg{ Dgmlo Mlfox-[lsgh Ilmnx Lo Jgml{jfxwtg* ]btkg{xgt Xgjgmtf` ) Mfsgxxg* ="4"19,

FHYBKFXG[ IBT JB]GT XF^G[ TGKBMOLSGH TB@OG\[XF^ LOKTGF[G[* ]NGXNGT NG FH@LXXGH LX BT OBX

Kfxb Lo{xlxwxg Bo ]ngxngt Tbòg| [xbbh D| Nl{ ObOg}Xf~g{Qjghmg3 Xnfx{ @b{xj| F @|xn/ Tbòg| }ljj jlegj| fj{b dg gfmgt xbqw{n xng `g{{fmg xnfx ng }f{ f mbygtobt }nb {xbbh d| f ob-og}-xf~g{qjghmg/ Xnfx{ `b{xj| f `|xn/ Nl{ ilt{x dwhmgx lokjwhgh ob mgogtfj xf~loktgf{g{ dwx hlh lokjwhg f (711 `ljjlbo loktgf{g lo yftlbw{ igg{/ Ng jfxgtqtbqb{gh(681 lo dw{log{{ xf~ nleg{ xntbwmn xng kjb{lom bi jbbqnbjg{ lo xngxf~ kbhg/ .[xgygo [jlylo{el* Il{kfj Qbjlk| Tgqbtx Kfth Bo F`gtlkf{ Mbygtobt{3 4119* Kfxb Lo{xlxwxg{ Qbjlk|Fofj|{l{* 61"48"19,

6;


14/17

Kfxb Lo{xlxwxg3 Tbòg|{ Xgowtg L{ Kjgftj| Obx F Xtlw`qn Bi [`fjjMbygto`gox Fkxlyl{`/.[xgygo [jlylo{el* Il{kfj Qbjlk| Tgqbtx Kfth Bo F`gtlkf{ Mbygtobt{34119* Kfxb Lo{xlxwxg{ Qbjlk| Fofj|{l{* 61"48"19,

Lo 4119 Fjbog* Tbòg| Qtbqb{gh (6=1 @ljjlbo Lo Dw{log{{ Xf~Nleg{/ Lo nl{ dwhmgx ibt 4119* ng qtbqb{gh (6=1 `ljjlbo `btg lodw{log{{ xf~ nleg{* fj`b{x kb`qjgxgj| ogwxtfjlslom xng qtbqb{gh lokb`gxf~ kwx/ .[xgygo [jlylo{el* Il{kfj Qbjlk| Tgqbtx Kfth Bo F`gtlkf{ Mbygtobt{3 4119* Kfxb Lo{xlxwxg{Qbjlk| Fofj|{l{* 61"48"19,

Xng @f{{fknw{gxx{ Xf~qf|gt{ Ibwohfxlbo G{xl`fxgh Tbòg|{Fh`lol{xtfxlbo Tfl{gh XntggVwftxgt{ Bi F Dljjlbo Hbjjft{ Qgt \gftD| Loktgf{lom Igg{ Foh Kbtqbtfxg Xf~g{/ Igg{ foh xf~g{ nfygloktgf{gh `btg xnfo (=11 `ljjlbo f |gft wohgt Mbygtobt @lxx Tbòg| fohJlgwxgofox Mbygtobt Egtt| Ngfjg|* f jgfhlom dwhmgx {qgklfjl{x {flh|g{xgthf|/ @lknfgj C/ ]lh`gt qtg{lhgox bi xng @f{{fknw{gxx{ Xf~qf|gt{

Ibwohfxlbo* }nlkn kjb{gj| xtfke{ {xfxg ilofokg{ {flh xng {xfxg nf{ tfl{ghtbwmnj| (=81 `ljjlbo xb (=71 `ljjlbo qgt |gft d| loktgf{lom igg{ fohkbtqbtfxg xf~g{ mflogh itb` }nfx xng Tbòg| fh`lol{xtfxlbo hg{ktldg{ f{kjb{lom jbbqnbjg{/ .Dtlfo K/ @bbog|* Fofj|{x Qwx{ Loktgf{g Lo Igg{* Xf~g{ Fx (=11@* Xng Db{xboMjbdg* * Xng Db{xbo Ngtfjh* 4"="1=,

]lh`gt Bo Tbòg|{ Lhgf{3 @fo| Bi Xng Qtbqb{fj{ ]gtg F HltgkxTgygt{fj Bi [xfxg Xf~ Qbjlklg{ Foh ]gtg Jgmlxl`fxgj| Kfjjgh Xf~Loktgf{g{/.Dtlfo K/ @bbog|* Fofj|{x Qwx{ Loktgf{g Lo Igg{* Xf~g{ Fx (=11@* Xng Db{xbo Mjbdg*


15/17

Tgfjj| Fhhlom Wq/.Tfqnfgj Jg}l{* [xfxg [gofxg G|g{ Og} Igg{ [f|{ Qtbqb{gh Nleg{ ]bwjh Tfl{g(711@* Xng Db{xbo Mjbdg* 7"44"1;,

]lh`gt3 Lx L{ [xtlelom Xng G~xgox Xb ]nlkn ]g Ftg Xwtolom Xb Igg{Xb Kjb{g Xng Dwhmgx Hgilklx* Foh [xtgxknlom Xng @gfolom Bi Xng]bth Igg/.Tfqnfgj Jg}l{* [xfxg [gofxg G|g{ Og} Igg{ [f|{ Qtbqb{gh Nleg{ ]bwjh Tfl{g (711@* XngDb{xbo Mjbdg* 7"44"1;,

@f{{fknw{gxx{ Xf~qf|gt{ Ibwohfxlbo{ [golbt Tg{gftkn F{{bklfxgKf` Nwii3 F{ Qftx Bi Xng Dwhmgx Qtbkg{{ Xng| Nfyg Xwtogh XbIgg{ F{ F Mgogtfj TgygowgTfl{lom @gf{wtg/ Xb F Jftmg G~xgoxXng Igg{ [gg` Lohl{xlomwl{nfdjg Itb` F Xf~ Loktgf{g* Foh Xnfx L{ FKbokgto/.Kf{g| Tb{{* Igg Nleg{ @btg Xnfo Olkegj{ Foh Hl`g{* Xng Qfxtlbx Jghmgt* =""1;,

[xfxlom Lx{ Obx [l`qj| JbbqnbjgKjb{lom* Xng Kbwoklj Bi [xfxgXf~fxlbo Obxgh Tbòg| ]gox Iwtxngt Xnfo Fo| Bxngt Mbygtobt Xb

]tlom @btg @bog| Bwx Bi Kbtqbtfxlbo{/ Cb{gqn T/ Ktb{d| bi xng]f{nlomxbo-df{gh Kbwoklj bo [xfxg Xf~fxlbo* }nlkn `bolxbt{ xf~ qbjlk| ibt7=7 kbtqbtfxlbo{* {flh lx{ nfth xb hl{kgto xng hliigtgokg dgx}ggo Tbòg|{knfomg{ foh xf~ loktgf{g{/ Ktb{d| {flh Tbòg| }gox iwtxngt xnfo fo| bxngtmbygtobt lo xt|lom xb }tlom `btg `bog| bwx bi kbtqbtfxlbo{/ Xng ifkxtg`flo{ xnfx dw{log{{g{ ftg qf|lom `btg bwx bi xnglt qbkegx{ xnfo xng|}gtg/ Lx{ obx {l`qj| jbbqnbjg-kjb{lom* Ktb{d| {flh/ .[kbxx [/ Mtggodgtmgt* Tbòg|Bixgo Kf{x{ Nl`{gji F{ Dwhmgx Ngtb* Xng Db{xbo Mjbdg* 61"48"17,

@F[[FKNW[GXX[ DW[LOG[[G[ TGKBMOLSGH TB@OG\[XF^ LOKTGF[G[* ]NGXNGT NG FH@LXXGH LX BT OBX

]nljg Tbòg| Kjfl`gh Ng ]f{ Kjb{lom Xf~ Jbbqnbjg{*@f{{fknw{gxx{ Dw{log{{g{ Qtbxg{xgh Xng Kbtqbtfxg Xf~ Loktgf{g{Tbòg| [lmogh Loxb Jf}/ Obx lo xng jg~lkbo bi Mbygtobt @lxx Tbòg|*}nb `feg{ {l`ljft hl{xlokxlbo{ dgx}ggo tfl{lom xf~g{ - dfh - foh tfl{lom igg{- mbbh/ ]ngo lx kb`g{ xb dw{log{{* xng Tbòg| fh`lol{xtfxlbo l{ kjb{lom xf~jbbqnbjg{* obx knfomlom xf~ qbjlk|* lo{l{x{ Tbdgtx Qbsgo* xng mbygtobt{ knlgigkbob`lk fhyl{gt/ Kfjj lx }nfxgygt |bw jleg5 @f{{fknw{gxx{ dw{log{{ l{ obx

67


16/17

qjgf{gh fdbwx lx/ Nwohtgh bi dw{log{{g{ }tbxg jgxxgt{ qtbxg{xlom xngkbtqbtfxg xf~ loktgf{g{ - ob* `feg xnfx kbtqbtfxg jbbqnbjg kjb{lom{ - }nlknTbòg| |g{xgthf| {lmogh loxb jf}/ .Cbfo Ygoobknl* Bq-Gh* F Ilt{x [xgq Bo Dw{log{{ Xf~g{*Xng Db{xbo Mjbdg* ;"9"1;,

@fo| Dw{log{{ Jgfhgt{ Foh Foxlxf~ Mtbwq{ Ylg} Xng JbbqnbjgKjb{wtg{ F{ Xf~ Loktgf{g{/.[kbxx [/ Mtggodgtmgt* Tbòg| Bixgo Kf{x{ Nl`{gji F{ DwhmgxNgtb* Xng Db{xbo Mjbdg* 61"48"17,

F{{bklfxgh Lohw{xtlg{ Bi @f{{fknw{gxx{ G~gkwxlyg Ylkg Qtg{lhgoxDtlfo Mlj`btg3 ]ngxngt \bw Kfjj Lx F Xf~ Bt F Jbbqnbjg* Lx{ FoLoktgf{gh Kb{x Bi Hblom Dw{log{{/ UDPw{log{{g{ ftgox nfqq| xnfxTbòg| kjb{gh jbbqnbjg{* f{ ng qwx lx - bt xbbe f}f| g~g`qxlbo{ fohgiigkxlygj| tfl{gh xf~g{ bo xng`/ [lokg ng xbbe biilkg* xnb{g jbbqnbjg{ nfygkb{x xng dw{log{{ kb``wolx| kjb{g xb (;11 `ljjlbo* foh xngtg ftg `btg boxng }f|* }gtg xbjh* {flh Dtlfo Mlj`btg* g~gkwxlyg ylkg qtg{lhgox biF{{bklfxgh Lohw{xtlg{ bi @f{{fknw{gxx{/ ]ngxngt |bw kfjj lx f xf~ bt f

jbbqnbjg* lx{ fo loktgf{gh kb{x bi hblom dw{log{{/ .Xb` Dgoogt* @lxx3 Dlm Qjfo{* @l~ghTgylg}{* Xng Qfxtlbx Jghmgt* 64"44"18,

Gljggo @kFoogo| Bi F{{bklfxgh Lohw{xtlg{ bi @f{{fknw{gxx{3Xng|tg Obx Jbbqnbjg Kjb{lom{ Xng| Ftg Qbjlk| Knfomg{/.[kbxx [/Mtggodgtmgt* Mbygtobt{ Il{kfj Qjfo Xftmgx{ Xf~ Jbbqnbjg{* Xng Db{xbo Mjbdg* ;"8"18,

F`gtlkfo Qgxtbjgw` Kbwoklj{ [xgqngo Hbhmg Bo Tbòg|{ IggLoktgf{g Bo Mf{3 Ob}* D| Fo|bog{ Hgilolxlbo* Xnl{ L{ F Xf~/ Xnl{L{ Xtgfxgh F{ F Xf~ Foh Kbjjgkxgh F{ F Xf~ Foh Qf{{gh Hb}o XbKbo{w`gt{ Jleg F Xf~/.Kb{`b @fkgtb* Ct/* Xnl{ L{ox Nb} Ob Og} Xf~g{ [nbwjh Iggj* XngDb{xbo Ngtfjh* 9"4="1;,

Jf}tgokg F/ [kn}ftxs* Xf~ Hltgkxbt Ibt Kftjlo* Knfttbo ) Tb{go JJQ3\bw Ftg Mblom Xb Ktgfxg F Kjl`fxg ]ngtg Dw{log{{g{ ]ljj @bygBwx Bi @f{{fknw{gxx{* Qgtlbh/ \bw Kfox Dg Lo F [xfxg ]ngtgXngtg Ftg Ftdlxtft| Foh Tlmlh Xf~ Twjg{/.[nfwo [wxogt* Kjb{lom Jbbqnbjg{ ObxQbqwjft [xfoh* Xgjgmtf` ) Mfsgxxg* 4"46"1;,

Tb{fjloh E/ Jgylog* Dtbegt"F{{bklfxg ]lxn T[ Tg{lhgoxlfj3 Bwt]bohgtiwj Mbygtobt [flh Ng{ Obx Mblom Xb Tfl{g Xf~g{* Dwx ]nfxL{ F Igg2 L{ Lx Obx F Xf~2 Lx{ F Xf~ Bo Xng [gjjgt* Foh Xng Igg]ljj Dg Qf{{gh Bo Xb Xng Dw|gt/.[nfwo [wxogt* Kjb{lom Jbbqnbjg{ Obx Qbqwjft [xfoh*

Xgjgmtf` ) Mfsgxxg* 4"46"1;,

@F[[FKNW[GXX[ MWO B]OGT[ TGKBMOLSGH TB@OG\[XF^ LOKTGF[G[* ]NGXNGT NG FH@LXXGH LX BT OBX

]ngo Tbòg| Tfl{gh [qbtx{`go{ Jlkgo{g Igg{* Xng @f{{fknw{gxx{Kbo{gtyfxlbo Fjjlfokg [xfxgh Xb Xng` ]g Kbo{lhgt Lx F Xf~ BoNwoxgt{/ Goyltbo`goxfjl{x{ foh nwoxgt{ {flh xng| ftg obx boj| kbokgtogh

69


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fdbwx xng qbxgoxlfj jb{{ bi ighgtfj flh* dwx xng ifkx xnfx dwhmgx-`fegt{ }bwjhxfeg igg{ f{{g{{gh xb nwoxgt{ foh {qgoh xng `bog| f{ xng| }l{n/ ]gkbo{lhgt lx f xf~ bo nwoxgt{* {flh Cf`g{ ]fjjfkg* f {qbeg{`fo ibt xng@f{{fknw{gxx{ Kbo{gtyfxlbo Fjjlfokg* f og}j| ibt`gh mtbwq bi {qbtx{`gofoh }ljhjlig qtg{gtyfxlbol{x{/ .Gtle Ftylh{bo* Igh{ ]fto [xfxg Bo L`qtbqgt W{g Bi Igg{* Jb}gjj[wo* 61";"1;,

F Mwo B}ogt{ Fkxlbo Jgfmwg [qbeg{`fo Kfjjgh Xng Igg Loktgf{g FXf~ Bo \bwt Tlmnx{/ [b`g kbo{xlxwgox mtbwq{ ftg fjtgfh| vwg{xlbolom}ngxngt Tbòg|{ {qgklilk igg{ ftg iflt/Cf`g{ ]fjjfkg* {qbeg{`fo ibt xng Mwo B}ogt{ Fkxlbo Jgfmwg* {flh nl{btmfolsfxlbo kbo{lhgt{ xng {xfxg iltgft` tgml{xtfxlbo igg - }nlkn Tbòg|qtbqb{g{ tfl{lom itb` (47 xb (=7 - xb dg f xf~ bo xng 411*111 {xfxg tg{lhgox{}nb nbjh iltgft` lhgoxlilkfxlbo kfth{/ Lx{ obx f {gtylkg* ]fjjfkg {flh/ Lx{ fxf~ bo |bwt tlmnx{/ ]gtg obx mgxxlom fo|xnlom/ .Cbfoof ]gl{{* Tbòg| Qtbqb{fj{ BoIgg{ Htf} Iltg* Xng Db{xbo Mjbdg* 4"4>"1;,

Mwo B}ogt{ Fkxlbo Jgfmwg G~gkwxlyg Hltgkxbt @lknfgj \fklob3 LoMgogtfj* Xng Mbygto`gox Nf{ Ifljgh Xb @ggx Lx{ Bdjlmfxlbo{ FohOb} Lx{ Qf{{lom Xng Dwke/ Lx Cw{x [nb}{ Xng| Hbox Nfyg Fo|Fo{}gt{/.Kf{g| Tb{{* Igg Nleg{ @btg Xnfo Olkegj{ Foh Hl`g{* Xng Qfxtlbx Jghmgt* ="

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