Modern Hawaiian HistoryQuarter 3

Chapter 1 Section 1● When British Explorer Captain James Cook

came to Hawaii in 1778, he found a chain of islands divided into chiefdoms ruled by chiefs and chiefesses who warred with each other to expand their territory and control

● Eventually, through warfare and diplomacy, Kamehameha combined their domains into one.

● How was Kamehameha able to unite the kingdoms?

● He used foreign advisers and foreign weapons and ships.

● He was also a very skilled warrior● He was curious and open-minded, but his

reverence for the old ways left him to be selective in adopting the new

● He befriended foreigners and used them to his advantage, using their skills for his purposes.

● With the aid of foreign weapons and advisers such as John Young and Isaac Davis, two English sailors, Kamehameha gained the advantage over his rivals.

● He defeated on chief after another starting with the island of Hawai’i, then Maui Moloka’i, and O’ahu.

● Kaua’i remained unconquered due to its distance from the other islands.

● However, in 1810 Kaua’i fell peacefully when its ruling chief accepted Kamehameha as his superior.

● When Kamehameha came to power he made some changes to the current government system.

● What was their governing system?● He controlled both the relations with

foreigners and the internal system of government

● He also followed the traditions of the past, faithfully observed the religion of his ancestors and consulted a council of chiefs for advice

● Although he valued tradition he also departed from tradition

● He distributed his newly acquired lands to chiefs who supported him in the wars

● He also split each chiefs land amongst several islands preventing any one chief from building up a large force of warriors in one area to challenge his authority

● For those chiefs whose loyalty he questioned, he kept them close to keep track of their movements and detect signs of disloyalty

● This was a major change from tradition when chiefs stayed with their islands

● Another change Kamehameha made was appointing a governor for each island who became his representatives

● He brought an end to the continuous wars for mana and territory.

● His rule of one of public order and peace● From 1795 - 1819 Kamehameha ruled as an

absolute monarch.● What is an absolute monarch?● During his time many foreigners came and

left Hawaii

● Kamehameha picked a few foreigners to be his advisers

● Some were English, American and Spaniard● These foreigners learned to speak Hawaiian

and married Hawaiian women● Kamehameha died in 1819, his son Liholiho

succeeded him as Kamehameha II.

● Ka’ahumanu (Kamehameha’s favorite wife) assumed the title of kuhina nui○ kuhina nui - a powerful official who as a co-ruler

shared power with the new king● In 1820 American Protestant missionaries

arrived in Hawaii to preach the gospel and convert people to Christianity.

● Kamehameha II died in 1824, reigning for 5 years

● The youngest son of Kamehameha I Kauikeaouli succeeded Kamehameha II and became Kamehameha III.

● Because he was only 11 years old, Ka’ahumanu governed with the aid of the council of chiefs until he reached 19 years old.

● During the reigns of both Kamehameha II and III, the kuhina nui and the council of chiefs gained power and influence

● In 1824 they proclaimed new laws based on the teachings of the missionaries. ○ Those laws mandated strict observance of the

Sabbath (a day of rest and worship) and prohibited murder, theft, adultery, boxing, and fighting.

● Being that the new law prohibited adultery, how does that differ from traditional Hawaiian beliefs?

● Kamehameha continued to share rule and power with the kuhina nui.

● During his years of reign, he saw Honolulu change from a small village to an important trading center in the middle of the Pacific

● Because of its strategic location Hawaii became a place that other countries wanted to acquire and control

● In 1840 Kamehameha III, kuhina nui, and the council of chiefs took a big step and agreed to adopt a written constitution as the law of the land for the Kingdom of Hawaii

● This document established the government as a constitutional monarchy

● What is a constitutional monarchy?● This document became known as the

Constitution of 1840, which reflected strong American and British influence.

● The Constitution of 1840 was written in English and it frequently referred to the Christian God.

● It gave people protections and rights as freedom of religion, freedom from oppression, freedom to earn money and keep it, and the right to fair trial by jury.

Chapter 1 Section 2● Kamehameha III wanted foreign countries as

Great Britain, France, and the United States to recognize them as a self-governing, independent country, or better known as a sovereign nation.

● As more foreigners came to the Islands more disputes arose between them (foreigners) and the Hawaiian government

● The disputes usually involved rights of foreigners to reside in Hawaii, engage in business, lease property, or to build houses (all matters were controlled by the Hawaiian government).

● When disagreements arose the home governments usually became involved.

● When foreigners lived in foreign countries to this day expect their home governments defend their point of view.

● This was also the case with Hawaii● What do they mean by home government?● What is a treaty?

● A treaty is an agreement between two nations on a specific subject.○ any examples?

■ Treaty of Versailles■ Treaty of Paris

● What is a convention?○ A convention is a formal meeting/assembly for

discussion of action on specific matters.

● During Kamehameha III’s reign he will be confronted by the French and eventually will sign a treaty.

● In 1839 the French frigate [frigit] (a large fast vessel) L’Artemise.

● This warship was sent by the French government to Tahiti and Hawaii to protest the way these island kingdoms had treated French subjects○ home government is getting involved

● At this time Hawaii had expelled the Catholic religion and punished those Hawaiians who practiced it.

● The French government sent Captain Laplace and went on to “demand the most ample satisfaction from the King of Hawaii for the insults and oppression which of late been extended to the subjects of France by the government of the Sandwich Islands”

● The minute Laplace came ashore, he presented the king, under threat of war, with an ultimatum. He demanded the government ○ 1. allow Catholics the same privileges as Protestants○ 2. donate a site for a Catholic Church in Honolulu

and got $20,000 as a guarantee of the king’s future conduct toward France.

● Later the Kamehameha III and Captain Laplace signed a treaty or convention that protected the personal and commercial interests of French citizens in the Islands.

● Known as the Convention of 1839 is an example of a primary document.

● What is a primary document?

● A primary document is an original document that has not been changed or altered and usually are firsthand accounts of a historical event. ○ It can be in the form of a letter, diary, photograph,

tape recordings, etc.

Assignment● On pg. 10 of the text, you are going to read

the articles of The Convention of 1839 and answer the questions on your worksheet.

● Due TODAY!!● Fill out an exit slip at the end of class and

turn in for points.

Chapter 1 Section 3● What is imperialism?

○ the attempt of a strong nation to build an empire by bringing weaker nations or peoples under its control, either by military force or getting control of the economy.

● Hawaii was not the only island group in the Pacific that experienced the aggression of foreign powers during the nineteenth century.

● Other Pacific islands were also visited and fell under European influence or control.

● The late 1800’s is often referred to as the Age of Imperialism, not only the Pacific area but also other parts of the world were controlled by Western Powers

● Some examples are Southeast Asia/Africa

● From the earliest times countries sought out to dominate other countries.

● In ancient times the Romans had many colonies (outlying regions they controlled) in Europe, the Middle East, and Africa.

● European nations of the 1400’s and 1500’s acquired colonies

● United States was colonized by Western influence.

● One reason other countries wanted control of other countries because of their economy.

● Colonies served as markets for goods and sources of raw materials and such luxuries as spices, gold, and diamonds.

● Late 1800’s Western countries became industrialized and had more manufactured goods than their own people could use.

● Colonies could buy their products and at the same time supply valuable natural resources for industrialized countries

● Another reason for countries wanting control of other countries was military.

● Nations took over territories near their borders to protect themselves from foreign attack.

● By the late 1800’s powerful countries with colonies around the world were using them as ports where their ships could stop for rest and supplies.

● A third reason was the desire to spread what they believed to be the useful and valuable features of their Western Christian civilization to other nations.

Color your map● Get 4 different colored markers, crayons, highlighters

etc.● On the back of your worksheet there is a map.● Choose a color to represent each of the four Western

countries. Show it on the legend.● Circle the island or island group with the correct color

to show which country controlled it by 1900.● Fill out exit slip at end of class and turn in.

Chapter 1 Section 4 Part 1● Kamehameha III’s reign was the longest in

Hawaii’s history - over 30 years.● After his death Alexander Liholiho

(Kamehameha III’s nephew) became King Kamehameha IV.

● He was grandson of Kamehameha the Great

● He and Queen Emma, were worried about the high death rate among the Hawaiian people, and together they went from door to door in Honolulu asking for funds to build a hospital that would provide free medical care for needy Hawaiians.○ Why was the death rate so high?

● Queen’s Hospital was established and is still in operation today.

● Kamehameha IV was not happy with the restrictions the Constitution of 1852 placed on him

● This constitution replaced Hawaii’s first constitution in 1840.

● This new constitution reduced the power of the king and increased power of legislature.

● All official acts of the king, except the signing of laws, required the approval of the Privy Council.○ Privy Council - a powerful group of officials.

● Kamehameha IV did not succeed in changing this constitution.

● Instead he ruled under it until his death in 1863, he was 29 years old.

● Several events led to the kings early death.● In 1859 he shot and seriously wounded Henry

A. Neilson (his secretary) because he believed his wife was having a love affair with Neilson

● Being that his suspicions weren’t factual he became remorseful and seriously considered abdicating (renounce or give up his office as king).

● 2 ½ years later Neilson died never completely healing from his wounds.

● A couple of months after Neilson’s death another tragedy hit

● The only child of the royal couple, Prince Albert, died at the age of 4.

● After the death of his son, King Kamehameha was inconsolable and his health declined at a rapid pace.

● He then died in 1863.

● Kamehameha IV’s brother Lot, became Kamehameha V and will be the last of the Kamehameha’s to rule the Hawaiian Kingdom.

● After he took office he refused to recognize the 1852 constitution.

● He wrote his own constitution, the Constitution of 1864, which became the new law of the land for the next 23 years.

● The new constitution gave the king more power

● It abolished the office of Kuhina nui.○ What was kuhina nui?

● It combined the House of Representatives and the House of Nobles into one body called the Legislative Assembly.○ It required that a man own property to be allowed to

vote and that voters born after 1840 be literate (the ability to read and write) in either English or Hawaiian.

● Kamehameha V was never married and had no heir.

● His health weakened and there was speculation on who was going to succeed him as king.

● He died in 1872 at the age of 43, the last male of the Kamehameha line.

● Popcorn read Kamehameha V’s letter on voting requirements.

● Fill out exit slip at end of class.

Chapter 1 Section 4 Part 2● Kamehameha V did not name a successor to

the throne, the Legislature set about selecting a new king for Hawaii shortly after his death.

● There were three candidates: William Lunalilo, Bernice Pauahi Bishop, and David Kalakaua

● However, only two pursued the position.● David Kalakaua and William Lunalilo● Ultimately, Legislature had the final say, but

the wishes of the people were clearly shown in the popular vote

● Lunalilo received 12,531 votes. Another 51 votes were split among the other candidates.

● The vote was confirmed by the Legislature, and Lunalilo became king in 1873.

● He was called “the good chief” by his people. ● Although, his reign was the shortest of any

Hawaiian monarch - one year.● He died a victim of tuberculosis and alcohol

when he was only 39.

● Tuberculosis (TB) is a potentially serious infectious disease that mainly affects your lungs. The bacteria that cause tuberculosis are spread from one person to another through tiny droplets released into the air via coughs and sneezes.

● He left most of his estate for a home for the poor, aged, and infirm (unhealthy) Hawaiians.

● Today the institution is called the Lunalilo Home for the Aged.

● Lunalilo’s death left Hawaii without a king and he left no named successor.

● Once again, David Kalakaua was a candidate● His opponent Queen Emma, widow of

Kamehameha IV, was popular with both the Hawaiian people and the British.

● Whereas Kalakaua had the support of Americans living in Hawaii

● 9 days after Lunalilo’s death, the Legislature, who was composed mostly of Hawaiians, unveiled a new ruler.

● Kalakaua won by a vote of 39-6.● Queen Emma’s supporters rioted, they

stormed the courthouse, breaking windows, smashing furniture, and attacking the Hawaiian legislators who voted for Kalakaua

● One legislator died from the injuries inflicted upon him from Queen Emma’s supporters

● Troops from two American warships anchored in Honolulu Harbor, came ashore to stop the conflict

● The next 8 days British and American troops patrolled the streets of Honolulu

● February 13, 1874, Kalakaua was inaugurated as the seventh monarch of the Hawaiian Kingdom.

● One of the most important events of King Kalakaua’s reign was the signing of a reciprocity treaty with the United States.

● What is reciprocate?● This treaty made it possible for Hawaiian

sugar to enter the United States tax-free.● In return, certain American products were

admitted to Hawaii tax-free. ● The treaty helped the sugar industry boom in

Hawaii.

● Big investors put large sums of money into the Hawaii’s sugar plantations.

● Each year thousand of immigrants arrived from Asia to work on the plantations.

● Those businessmen who planned and financed the sugar industry began to think of themselves as the creators of the new Hawaii

● Businessmen began mistrusting Kalakaua, and criticized his relationships with men they saw as corrupt and untrustworthy

● Men such as Walter Murray Gibson and Claus Spreckels.

● They criticized Kalakaua’s decision to build Iolani Palace

● Kalakaua wanted to revive Hawaiian traditions, especially hula

● All these conflicts finally exploded in 1887 when the king was accused of accepting a bribe in return for a license to sell opium. the scandal was used to force Kalakaua to change the constitution.

- The constitution is called Bayonet Constitution because it was imposed under the threat of force, & took powers away from the king.

- He could no longer appoint the House of Nobles, and he no longer had absolute veto power

● Suffrage was extended to male residence to the kingdom, not just to male subjects

● with that change it gave many foreigners the right to vote

● property qualifications was imposed to vote for members of the House of Nobles and many Hawaiians were unable to meet it.

● The 1887 constitution hurt the Native Hawaiian population and gave the vote to foreign men and reduced the power of the Hawaiians in the political life of the Kingdom.

● He died in San Francisco in 1891 at the age of 54. He was Hawai’i’s last King.

Chapter 1 Section 5● Throughout the 1870’s and 1880’s the power

of Westerners in Hawaii continued to grow.● Americans in particular began to dominate

the Kingdom’s economic and political activities.

● Now we begin to go into the days preceding the overthrow.

● After the death of King Kalakaua in 1891, his sister Liliuokalani succeeded him.

● She resented the constitution her brother had been forced to sign in 1887.

● The constitution Bayonet; which was imposed under threat of force and took power away from the king.

● It limited her power and reduced the participation of Hawaiians in their own government

● In 1892, 2/3’s of the registered ● voters signed a petition asking ● the queen for a new constitution

● In early 1893 Queen Liliuokalani attempted to give her people a new constitution

● In response, 17 members of the politically and economically powerful Annexation Club, formed to work for annexation to the Untied States.

● Later it was reorganized as the Committee of Safety, and the group planned to overthrow the queen and form a new government if Liliuokalani tired to revoke the Constitution of 1887

● They also hoped the United States would then act quickly to annex or take over Hawaii illegally.

● After the illegal overthrow of the Monarchy, Queen Liliuokalani protested to the American government about the American role in ending the Hawaiian Kingdom.

● She believed the Kingdom would have been restored.

● President Cleveland sent his own representative James Blount to investigate the circumstances of the overthrow of the government and returned to the United States with his report

● Almost a year after the overthrow Cleveland sent a letter to the president

of the Provisional Government of Hawaii, Sanford Dole, and acknowledged the overthrow as wrong.

● He asked Dole to resign and restore the authority of the Hawaiian Kingdom

● 3 days later Dole sent a reply saying he refuses to restore Queen Liliuokalani as the sovereign ruler of Hawaii

● On July 4, 1894 Hawaii was proclaimed as a republic with Sanford Dole as president

● They only had one goal in mind… Annex Hawaii to the United States

● The topic wise hotly debated in Legislature● However, not everyone favored Annexation● Supporters of the annexation argued in favor

of acquiring territories and of obtaining Hawaii as a military station.

Chapter 1 Section 6● Opponents pointed out the dangers of

expansionism and called attention to the ethnically diverse population of the Islands.

● People in Hawaii opposed the annexation and wanted the monarchy to be restored.

● On January 6, 1895 a group of supporters loyal to the queen began a revolt.

● Government officials arrested the rebels and accused the queen of forming a rebellion.

● Then she put on trial in the former throne room in Iolani Palace and sentenced her to 5 years in prison

● She ended up spending 8 months under house arrest and then was released on parole.

● Queen Liliuokalani traveled to the United States to plead the cause of her Kingdom.

● In August 1898, Hawaii was officially annexed to the United States and became the Territory of Hawaii.

● 2 years had past since the annexation and still no government was established in Hawaii because of the Spanish American War

● The war had all of Congress’ attention pointed toward Cuba.

● In the meanwhile, Dole continued to govern.● In 1900, President McKinley signed into law

the Organic Act that made Hawai’i a territory

● The Organic Act is the document that officially states Hawaii is a territory of the United States of America.

● Also, it declares the Capital of Hawaii is Honolulu

● All citizens of the Republic of Hawaii are now citizens of the United States.

● 100 years after the overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani, President William Clinton signed an official apology for the U.S. actions in Hawaii

● The Apology Bill recognized the illegal overthrow and expressed the nation’s “commitment to acknowledge the ramifications of the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii, in order to provide a proper foundation for reconciliation between the United States and the Native Hawaiian people.

Chapter 2 - Vocabaina - landresources - things available for use when neededahupua’a - self-contained economic unit that met the needs of the people who used it.Makahiki - social and religious celebration for collecting the products of peopleKapa - bark cloth

● hukilau - when family and friends gathered○ example: when family and friends got together to fish

(throw net), then the catch was divided amongst the people who helped

● Ali’i - kings, queens, and nobles● subsistence economy - a community produces

only what they need to support life

Market economy - goods are produced and services are offered for sale at prices determined by supply and demand.

Chapter 2 Section 1● Hawaii being isolated, Hawaiians had to live

off the land and sea. ● Hawaiians recognized the importance of the

land and named it aina ‘that which feeds’● The land and sea were so basic to their

economy that the Hawaiians believed they belonged to the gods.

● Hawaiian chiefs were responsible for the welfare of the people, managed the land and the sea for the benefit of all.

● They assigned portions to groups of people to use for growing plants, for fishing, and for supplying their other needs.

● Each ahupua’a was a self-contained economic unit that met the needs of the people who used it.

● People who lived on the valley slopes tended to taro, sweet potatoes, bananas, sugar cane, and breadfruit

● Those who lived near shore harvested coconuts or caught fish, shellfish, harvested canoes, fishhooks, and made nets for fishing

● Sharing of foods and goods also went on between ahupua’a on the same island and on other islands.

● Hawaiians did not use markets or money; they traded things of equal value - a pig for a fishnet.

● They only produced enough to support themselves and each other, to meet ceremonial obligations, and to meet the needs of their chiefs ○ subsistence economy

● Being that Hawaiians traded what they harvested they did not accumulate large reserves of food

● They may have traded a surplus of food for cordage (cords or ropes) to build a house

● To sustain the life of the group fostered a belief in working together

● The people were obligated to meet the daily needs of the ali’i and in return were expected to care for the people

● Hawaiians lived this way for hundreds of years

● They used the resources on the land and in the sea to feed, clothe, and house themselves.

● A subsistence economy differs from a market economy.

● Market Economy is when goods are produced and services are offered for sale at prices determined by supply and demand

Captain Cooks Arrival● During the Makahiki (ceremony and

celebration in honor of Lono) the Hawaiians on Kaua’i saw two ships offshore

● Hawaii being so isolated Hawaiians have never seen anything like it

● The people on the boat had such pale skin, something else they’ve never seen.

● In January 1778, the two ships - Resolution and the Discovery - were commanded by the British sea captain, James Cook.

● The Hawaiians welcomed Captain Cook thinking he was their god, Lono.

● They brought iron, which Hawaiians traded food, taro, and hogs for iron.

● The two ships departed after two weeks.● A year later they returned and anchored off

the Island of Hawaii in January 1779. ● Again they traded but this time instead of

nails it was iron daggers ● After watching the ships blacksmiths shape

the daggers, Hawaiians learned to shape the metal into different forms.

● After their departure, the ships were forced to head back to the Islands because of a winter storm and repair the Resolution.

● When Cook returned to the islands with a broken ship, Hawaiians began to question Cooks divinity.

● Problems arose and Cook was killed

● After the visit of Captain Cook and Hawaii being found by outsiders, it would call for more visitations from other westerners.

● With Europeans and Americans on Hawaiian soil would eventually change the way of life in the islands

● First changes affected the traditional subsistence economy

Chapter 2 Section 2 - Vocab● barter - to exchange goods and services

without using money● medium of exchange - something that is

accepted by everyone as payment for goods and services.

● After Cook’s arrival it opened the islands to Western people, their ideas, and their ways

● Due to the location, Hawaii was an ideal stopping point for ships engaged in Pacific trade

● Furs, sandalwood, and whale products passed through its ports for almost 85 years.

● Hawaii became a hub of pacific trade● American traders carried precious silks, teas,

and porcelains from China back to North America

● The Chinese did not like what the Americans had to offer in trade.

● American traders discovered the Chinese were interested in luxurious furs of sea otters, ermines, bears, and seals.

● Those furs could be boughtfor a price along the western coast of North America

● Americans thought, What could be more convenient than stopping in Hawaii for fresh provisions on the way from North America to China and back?

● What makes Hawaii so convenient?

● The Chinese wanted sandalwood to carve into delicate boxes and sacred objects, as well as incense and for oil.

● Sandalwood oil was used for medicines, perfumes, and cosmetics.

● Hawaii had an abundance of sandalwood trees

● Hawaii wanted American products-New England clothes, billiard tables, carriages, and sailing ships - in exchange for sandalwood.

● Hawaii began stripping the Islands of their sandalwood, which was traders shipped to China.

● Sandalwood would soon become scarce.● But traders wanted the chiefs to keep finding

and cutting the wood, traders offered credit.

● In exchange for American luxuries, chiefs promised sandalwood.

● By 1830 forests were gone, and chiefs could not pay off their debts.

● It took years of prodding from the American government and three threats by the U.S. warships before all payments were wrested (take by force) from the chiefs.

● The next big thing to hit the trade industry was whaling.

● Why whaling?● Whales provided oil for lamps, and whalebones were used for women’s corsets.

Then...

Now..

● Prior to Westerners coming to the islands Hawaiians bartered.

● Contact with outsiders moved the Hawaiians from a local, personal bartering system to a more impersonal world economy

● When Westerners first came trading was done entirely by barter - goods for goods

● Gradually, money, mostly Spanish silver dollars came into use

● Hawaiians learned the idea of a standard of measurement for goods○ So many silver dollars equalled so much in goods.

● During the sandalwood trade, sandalwood became the principal medium of exchange○ something that is accepted by everyone as payment

for goods and services. ● Hawaii became adept (skilled) at Western-

style trading.● Honolulu was filled with wholesale and retail

stores where they could buy American goods.

● Honolulu also had boarding houses and hotels where soldiers stayed, grog shops, bowling alleys, and vegetable markets that supplied the ships and the growing community.

● What is a grog shop?

● The ships’ carpenters, blacksmiths, physicians, tailors, sailmakers, and printers all took advantage of the trading for wealth that characterized Hawaii at this time.

● Hawaii was not the only place in the pacific that was booming.

● By 1700’s all the islands felt the impact of Western trade fever

● Tahiti, Marquesas Islands, and New Zealand all became rest-and-reprovisioning stops for whaling ships

● When ships left they at times they left with islanders as replacements for sailors who died or lost at sea.

Chapter 2 Section 3 VocabOpportunity Cost - Engaging in one activity, we give up the opportunity of benefiting from other activities- Europe or Disney cruise?- Football or Basketball after school?- By choosing one you are giving up an

opportunity.

maka’ainana - the commoners

● When Kamehameha I was ruler, he controlled the sandalwood trade by firm leadership of the chiefs.

● However, his son, Liholiho, was not the strong and forceful king his father had been

● Soon after chiefs were competing for Western possessions such as nails, tools, weapons, silks, crystal, silver, ships, and other luxuries.

● The maka’ainana was sent into high forests by the thousands to cut and haul the sandalwood, which rapidly depleted.

● After the forests were cleaned out, the maka’ainana that was forced to labor in the sandalwood trade could no longer provide for their families.

● After the food was collected for the ali’i and the ships there was barely any left for commoners and many starved

● The chiefs wanted more and more American goods, so they accepted these good before they had the sandalwood to pay for them so they paid with promises of future deliveries.○ credit

● As the forests depleted, they could not meet their quota and pay them back, so the chiefs went into debt.

● American traders pressured chiefs to deliver the promised sandalwood, the acquired debt was up to $50,000.

● High chief Boki, set sail for an undisclosed island that was said to be rich in sandalwood

● He brought two brigs and 500 men, nine months later only 20 came back

● Boki and his ship mysteriously disappeared with all aboard.

● Boki’s voyage marked the end of the sandalwood trade in Hawaii.

● Whaling took the place of the sandalwood trade

● $$$ flowed into Hawaii ● Business boomed for blacksmiths,

carpenters, and other artisans.● Hawaii’s economy prospered.

● Whaling stimulated farming as the seamen needed meat, vegetables, and fruit, which the Hawaiians brought to the port towns from the rural areas.

● Wood, water, salt, and rope were also in great demand.

● In return, Westerners gave Hawaiians precious goods such as firearms and ammunition, cloth, clothing, furniture, utensils, chisels, knives, axes and rum.

● So Hawaiians were able to meet the demand for food, traders gave them seeds for such crops as corn, cabbage, melons, and Irish potatoes.

● Traders also brought cattle, goats, and sheep to the islands.

● Whaling had brought an economic boom to towns such as Hilo, Honolulu, and Lahaina.

● Hundreds of sailors disembarking after months of poor food, strict discipline, and backbreaking work

● Those towns became noisy and crowded.● Shops, dance halls, and grog shops were

open every night.

● Prostitution was an issue, and Hawaiian government passed laws to try and control it but it was ineffective

● Unfortunately, the seaman brought with them diseases which the Hawaiians had no immunity: influenza, measles, typhoid, smallpox, etc.

● The spread of diseases killed many Hawaiians and many young Hawaiians left the Islands on whaling ships

● Whaling was never a promising industry● No one knew if it was going to be a profitable

year and the industry depended on the population of whales

● Eventually, as sandalwood did, whaling grounds depleted, one after another

● When oil was discovered in 1859, it replaced whale oil and ended the whaling era in 1870.