Modes of Elastic Wave Propagation P-wave
http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile/edumod/w aves/WaveDemo.htm
Slide 2
Modes of Elastic Wave Propagation S-wave
http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile/edumod/w aves/WaveDemo.htm
Slide 3
Modes of Elastic Wave Propagation Rayleigh wave
http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile/edumod/w aves/WaveDemo.htm
Slide 4
Modes of Elastic Wave Propagation Love wave
http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile/edumod/w aves/WaveDemo.htm
Slide 5
What does a seismic signal look like? Broadband (short time)
pulsed signal Superposition of many sine waves with different
amplitude and frequency From Dobrin and Savit, 1988
Location of Earthquakes Hypocenter or earthquake focus
Epicenter Earthquakes do not occur at points but occur due to
stress release within small volumes or along fault planes
Slide 10
Complications Earth is not homogeneous or flat P & S waves
velocities are not constant Earthquakes dont normally occur at the
surface Errors in traveltime measurement Precise solution requires
many seismometers
Slide 11
Earthquake location Distance between epicenter and seismometer
is called the epicentral distance Shortest distance between two
points on a sphere is along the great circle connecting those two
points Epicentral distance is the length of the great circle arc
connecting the epicenter and seismometer With measurement of t s-p
can estimate epicentral distance with compilation of global
traveltimes
Slide 12
Slide 13
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Classical Seismology Global Seismology Use energy released by
earthquakes (or nuclear tests) to image Earths deep interior
Source: http://www.mantleplumes.org
Slide 15
Earthquake magnitude and moment Concept of magnitude was first
introduce by C.F. Richter in 1935 Based on local earthquakes in
Southern California Based on amplitude of first arriving P-wave as
measured on a particular seismograph (12Hz Wood-Anderson
seismometer)
Slide 16
Earthquake magnitude and moment All magnitude scales are
logarithmic and have the form
Slide 17
Richter MagnitudesDescriptionEarthquake EffectsFrequency of
Occurrence Less than 2.0MicroMicroearthquakes, not felt.About 8,000
per day 2.0-2.9Minor Generally not felt, but recorded. About 1,000
per day 3.0-3.9Minor Often felt, but rarely causes damage. 49,000
per year (est.) 4.0-4.9Light Noticeable shaking of indoor items,
rattling noises. Significant damage unlikely. 6,200 per year (est.)
5.0-5.9Moderate Can cause major damage to poorly constructed
buildings over small regions. At most slight damage to well-
designed buildings. 800 per year 6.0-6.9Strong Can be destructive
in areas up to about 160 kilometres (100 mi) across in populated
areas. 120 per year 7.0-7.9Major Can cause serious damage over
larger areas. 18 per year 8.0-8.9Great Can cause serious damage in
areas several hundred miles across. 1 per year 9.0-9.9Great
Devastating in areas several thousand miles across. 1 per 20 years
10.0+Epic Never recorded; see below for equivalent seismic energy
yield. Extremely rare (Unknown)
Slide 18
Richter Approximate Magnitude Approximate TNT for Seismic
Energy Yield Joule equivalentExample 0.01 kg (2.2 lb)kglb4.2 MJ
0.55.6 kg (12.4 lb)23.5 MJLarge Hand grenadeHand grenade 1.032 kg
(70 lb)134.4 MJConstruction site blast 1.5178 kg (392 lb)747.6
MJWWIIWWII conventional bombs 2.01 metric tonmetric ton4.2 GJLate
WWII conventional bombs 2.55.6 metric tons23.5 GJWWII blockbuster
bombblockbuster bomb 3.032 metric tons134.4 GJMassive Ordnance Air
Blast bomb 3.5178 metric tons747.6 GJChernobyl nuclear
disasterChernobyl nuclear disaster, 1986 4.01 kilotonkiloton4.2
TJSmall atomic bombatomic bomb 4.55.6 kilotons23.5 TJ 5.032
kilotons134.4 TJ Nagasaki atomic bombNagasaki atomic bomb (actual
seismic yield was negligible since it detonated in the atmosphere.
The Hiroshima atomic bomb was 15 kilotons ) Lincolnshire earthquake
(UK), 2008Hiroshima atomic bomb Lincolnshire earthquake (UK), 2008
5.4150 kilotons625 TJ Chino Hills (Los Angeles) earthquake (CA,
USA), 2008 5.5178 kilotons747.6 TJ Little Skull Mtn. earthquake
(NV, USA), 1992 Alum Rock earthquake (CA, USA), 2007 6.01
megatonmegaton4.2 PJ Double Spring Flat earthquake (NV, USA), 1994
6.55.6 megatons23.5 PJRhodes (Greece), 2008 6.716.2 megatons67.9
PJNorthridge earthquake (CA, USA), 1994 6.926.8 megatons112.2 PJ
San Francisco Bay Area earthquake (CA, USA), 1989 7.032
megatons134.4 PJ 7.150 megatons210 PJ Energy released was
equivalent to that of Tsar Bomba, the largest thermonuclear weapon
ever tested.Tsar Bomba 7.5178 megatons747.6 PJ Kashmir earthquake
(Pakistan), 2005 Antofagasta earthquake (Chile), 2007 7.8600
megatons2.4 EJTangshan earthquake (China), 1976 8.01
gigatongigaton4.2 EJ Toba eruptionToba eruption 75,000 years ago;
which, according to the Toba catastrophe theory, affected modern
human evolution San Francisco earthquake (CA, USA), 1906 Queen
Charlotte earthquake (BC, Canada), 1949 Mxico City earthquake
(Mexico), 1985 Gujarat earthquake (India), 2001 Chincha Alta
earthquake (Peru), 2007 Sumatra earthquake (Indonesia), 2007
Sichuan earthquake (China), 2008 (initial estimate: 7.8)Toba
catastrophe theoryhuman evolution San Francisco earthquake (CA,
USA), 1906 Queen Charlotte earthquake (BC, Canada), 1949 Mxico City
earthquake (Mexico), 1985 Gujarat earthquake (India), 2001 Chincha
Alta earthquake (Peru), 2007 Sumatra earthquake (Indonesia), 2007
Sichuan earthquake (China), 2008 8.55.6 gigatons23.5 EJ 9.032
gigatons134.4 EJ 9.290.7 gigatons379.7 EJAnchorage earthquake (AK,
USA), 1964 9.3114 gigatons477 EJ Indian Ocean earthquake,
2004Indian Ocean earthquake, 2004 (40 ZJ in this case) 9.5178
gigatons747.6 EJ Valdivia earthquake (Chile), 1960Valdivia
earthquake (Chile), 1960 (251 ZJ in this case) 10.01
teratonteraton4.2 ZJNever recorded.