Earthquake Hazard Information – Photos of Earthquake Damage, Modes of building Failure – Part 2 (Information for interpreting the results of building contest and shake table testing; L. Braile, 03/12/03) 4. Soil failure/liquefaction/ground failure – slumping

Ground failure due to liquefaction, Loma Prieta earthquake. (Photo from: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/bytopic/photos.html)

2

Ground failure due to liquefaction, Loma Prieta earthquake. (Photo from: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/bytopic/photos.html)

3

Building tilted by ground failure caused by liquefaction, Kobe earthquake. (Photo from: http://www.seismo.unr.edu/ftp/pub/louie/class/100/effects-kobe.html)

Buildings tilted by ground failure caused by liquefaction, Nigata, Japan earthquake. (Photo from: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/hazard/slideset/1/1_slides.html)

Partial building collapse caused by ground slumping, 1964 Anchorage, Alaska earthquake. (Photo from: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/hazard/slideset/1/1_slides.html) 5. Amplified shaking/building resonance/very narrow-based structure supporting large mass

4

Collapse of expressway supported by central columns, Kobe earthquake. (Photo from: The January 17, 1995 Kobe Earthquake: An EQE Summary Report. April 1995, http://www.eqe.com/publications/kobe/kobe.htm)

5

\ Central column (pier) design for Hanshin Expressway, Kobe, Japan. (Diagram from: The January 17, 1995 Kobe Earthquake: An EQE Summary Report. April 1995, http://www.eqe.com/publications/kobe/kobe.htm) 6. Bending/weak structure for building mass

6

Bending of central columns of expressway, Kobe earthquake. (Photo from: The January 17, 1995 Kobe Earthquake: An EQE Summary Report. April 1995, http://www.eqe.com/publications/kobe/kobe.htm)

7

Bending of building, Kobe earthquake. (Photo from: The January 17, 1995 Kobe Earthquake: An EQE Summary Report. April 1995, http://www.eqe.com/publications/kobe/kobe.htm)

8

Bending of columns and partial collapse of parking structure, Northridge earthquake. (Photo from: Celebi, Mehmet, and R. D. Brown, Jr., Structural damage, Earthquakes and Volcanoes, Vol. 25, No. 2, 94-102, 1994)

9

Bending of columns and partial collapse of parking structure, Northridge earthquake. (Photo from: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/hazard/slideset/earthquakes/)

10

Bending of columns and partial collapse of parking structure, Northridge earthquake. (Photo from: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/hazard/slideset/earthquakes/) 7. Fallen objects/partial wall collapse

11

Fallen objects (building contents), USGS office in Menlo Park, Loma Prieta earthquake. (Photo from: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/bytopic/photos.html)

12

Fallen objects in book store, Loma Prieta earthquake. (Photo from: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/bytopic/photos.html)

Fallen objects in kitchen, Northridge earthquake. (Photo from: Brown, R.D., Jr., Lessons reaffirmed, extended, or revealed, Earthquakes and Volcanoes, Vol. 25, No. 2, 103-106, 1994)

13

Partial wall and parapet collapse, Loma Prieta earthquake. (Photo from: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/bytopic/photos.html)

Partial collapse of building, 1988 Armenia earthquake. (Photo from: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/hazard/slideset/1/1_slides.html)

14

15

Partial wall and parapet collapse, Klamath Falls, Oregon earthquake. (Photo from: Dewey, J.W., Damages from the 20 September earthquakes near Klamath Falls, Oregon, Earthquakes and Volcanoes, Vol. 24, No. 3, 121-128, 1993)

16

17

Isoseismal map, Klamath Falls earthquake. (Map from: Dewey, J.W., Damages from the 20 September earthquakes near Klamath Falls, Oregon, Earthquakes and Volcanoes, Vol. 24, No. 3, 121-128, 1993)

Partial wall and parapet collapse, Klamath Falls, Oregon earthquake. (Photo from: Cover photo, Earthquakes and Volcanoes, Vol. 24, No. 3, 1993)

18

Partial wall and parapet collapse, Klamath Falls, Oregon earthquake. (Photo from: Dewey, J.W., Damages from the 20 September earthquakes near Klamath Falls, Oregon, Earthquakes and Volcanoes, Vol. 24, No. 3, 121-128, 1993)

19

Partial wall collapse, Northridge earthquake. (Photo from: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/hazard/slideset/earthquakes/)

20

Partial wall collapse, Northridge earthquake. (Photo from: Dewey, J.W., Intensities and isoseismals, Earthquakes and Volcanoes, Vol. 25, No. 2, 85-93, 1994)