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Content Origins of the air pollution and climate change Climate change and GHG emissions International (global) response International shipping response Main IMO instruments and historical developments To Instructor Provide an overview of topics to be covered.
Citation preview
Module 1: Climate Change and the Shipping Response
IMO Train the Trainer Course Energy Efficient Ship Operation Venue,
City, Country Day xx to Day yy, Month, Year Name of the Presenter
Affiliation of the presenter, City, Country Content Origins of the
air pollution and climate change
Climate change and GHG emissions International (global) response
International shipping response Main IMO instruments and historical
developments To Instructor Provide an overview of topics to be
covered. The origins The population / social factors
The energy / technical choices Air Pollution and social
factor
Air pollution initially was identified in large cities. Numerous
sources in restricted areas. Closely linked to: Industrialization
Urbanization Growth in energy use Urbanization / Concentration
Industrialization Market society and transportation linkage Growth
in Use of Energy TO INSTRUCTOR: Explain the link between air
pollution and population concentration in cities. Highlight that
the sum of air emission sources drives air pollution Introduce each
element on the diagram Conclude that air pollution is couple with
industrial and societal developments. Unless strong action taken,
they could not be decoupled. Energy choices and impact on air
pollution
Main energy source of the pre-industrialized world Man & animal
Wind Water Wood Main energy source of the industrialized world
FOSSIL FUELS (reliable, flexible, controllable, easy to use, etc.)
(unfortunately generate significant level of air emissions) The
other sources of energy are largely overwhelmed by fossil fuels TO
INSTRUCTOR: Explain the social shift in energy choice Highlight
that currently, there are too much reliance on fossil fuels.
Highlight that energy use leads to air emissions including air
pollution. Energy use and combustion principle
FUEL Trigger / igniter AIR EMISSIONS TO INSTRUCTOR: Describe the
elements needed to activate and initiate a combustion Highlight
that to use fossil fuels, combustion is needed. Highlight that as a
result of combustion, emissions are produced. Highlight the
importance of emissions and how they relate to combustion of fuels.
Combustion case: Engines and emissions
Fossil fuel + Air Carbon Dioxide + Water + Nitrogen + Various gas
compounds + Particulate Matters TO INSTRUCTOR: Through the example
of the diesel engine internal combustion: Mention that diesel
engines are widely used on ships. Describe the technical elements
involved and how the system works with reference to combustion
process Explain various types of emissions produced. Sources of air
emissions
To Instructors: Explain various sources of air emissions Explain
how primary air emissions could generate secondary air emissions
Highl;ight that energy forms the major part of man-made emissions.
Energy use is the major source of man-made air emissions Shipping
air emissions and their impacts
To Instructor: Mention that the Figure from 2nd IMO GHG study
Explain the diagram in terms of type of emissions, how some of the
emissions are absorbed by oceans and also convert partially to
other emissions Explain various impacts and associated damages.
Aerosol: Technically, an aerosol is a colloid suspension of fine
solid particles or liquid droplets in a gas. Examples are clouds,
and air pollution such as smog and smoke. IMO 2nd GHG study 2009 9
Why energy efficiency matters?
Context Energy resources scarcity Environmental damages
Sustainability Possible policies Energy efficiency Renewable energy
Alternative energy sources Societal changes Benefit of energy
efficiency as a strategy/policy: Avoids major destabilizing
changes. Leads to economic benefits Support innovation and growth
Secures less use of scarce resources. Leads to lowerenvironmental
damage. TO INSTRUCTOR: Talk about the benefits of energy efficiency
Explain that the Energy Efficiency concept is context dependent and
one solution to the present day energy crisis. List the benefit of
such an approach. Air pollution and the Issue of GHG
Climate system GHG emissions & impacts Main air emissions
Nitrogen Oxides: NOx Sulphur Oxides: SOx
Particulate Matters or organic aerosols Oxides of carbon: CO and
CO2 Carbon compounds - such as CH4 and VOC Ozone (O3) Fluorocarbon
and Chlorofluorocarbon compounds -such as CFC, PFC, SF6 and HFC
Halogen compounds -such as chlorides, fluorides and bromides Etc.
TO INSTRUCTOR: Introduce the definition of air pollution Highlight
that many pollutants are emitted Explain that CO2 is not a direct
pollutant but have indirect impacts through the modification of the
atmosphere composition and properties Climate system dynamics
Earth as a whole includes: The atmosphere (i.e. gases); The
hydrosphere (i.e. the waters); The lithosphere (i.e. solid layer of
earth); The cryosphere (i.e. frozen waters); and the Biosphere
(i.e. the living). All the above are changing with time, influenced
by a variety of things including human activities. TO INSTRUCTOR:
Describe the elements impacting and influencing in the climate
conditions Explain that these elements are in permanent interaction
and influence each other Explain that the modification of some
parameter in this complex interactive network modifies the whole
system and impact the climate as a whole Elaborate on terms:
Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Lithosphere, Cryosphere and Biosphere
Highlight that everythiong is dynamic and subject to change.
Schematic view of the components of the climate system, their
processes and interactions. IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, Climate
Change 2007 (AR4) WG I GHG emissions Carbon dioxide: Most of the
atmospheric GHG emissions are CO2. Other gases to consider?
Methane: Agriculture and livestock, mining, transportation, and use
of certain fossil fuels, sewage, and decomposing garbage in
landfills. Nitrous oxide:The industrial agriculture and use of
fertilizers accounts for the majority of the Nitrous oxide release.
Halocarbon:They are non-natural but manufactured compounds.
Extensively used as refrigerants. Other gases like ozone or water
vapour have GHG properties. TO INSTRUCTOR: Highlight that the most
important gas in terms of global warming is CO2 because of its
quantity released and its lifetime impact Remind that CO2 is a
permanent outcome of combustion of Hydrocarbons. Ask participants:
can you identify other GHG emissions ? Man-made GHG emissions
Kyoto Protocol has identified six main gases as: Carbon dioxide
(CO2); Methane (CH4); Nitrous oxide (N2O); Hydrofluorocarbons
(HFCs); Perfluorocarbons (PFCs); Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). Kyoto
Protocol has identified six main gases as: Carbon dioxide (CO2);
Methane (CH4); Nitrous oxide (N2O); Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs);
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs); Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). The share of
each in man-made emissions are shown in the diagram. GHG warming
effect TO INSTRUCTOR:
Describe shortly the GHG warming effect An idealised model of the
natural greenhouse effect. [IPCC 2007 AR4 WG I] Evolution of GHG
emissions in the atmosphere over time
The link between air emissions and industrial activities are
unequivocal. All types of GHG emissions show a sharp rise since
industrialisation To Instructor: Explain the trends for various
gases. Highlight that: The link between air emissions and
industrial activities are unequivocal. All types of GHG emissions
show a sharp rise since industrialisation Highlight that to control
the rize, our industrial activities need to be changed. The
International Response
Rational Various steps Triggers for action Local pollution
Visibility of the consequences of air pollution Global disturbance
Visibility of climate change GLOBAL ISSUES NEED GLOBAL APPROACHES
CLIMATE CHANGE IS A TRULY GLOBAL ISSUE TO INSTRUCTOR: The action
needs triggers. The main driver of pollution-related regulations is
visibility. Because air emission are invisible, only its
consequences are visible (health issues / climate alteration)
Highlight that when facing a global scale issue, the approach must
be on the same level. Justify the international involvement on this
issue in order to coordinate the national actions. Organizations
and instruments
United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change (IPCC) United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC) Kyoto Protocol Vienna Convention&
Montreal Protocol on Ozone-Depleting Substances IMO for
international shipping Etc. TO INSTRUCTOR: Highlight that the
several UN organizations are working on the topic. United Nations
Environmental Program (UNEP)
UNEP established in 1972 Mandate is to coordinate the global
response to environmental challenges. In the field of climate
change, the UNEP supports countries in the following areas:
Adapting to climate change Mitigating climate change Reducing
emissions from deforestation and forest degradation Enhancing
knowledge and communication The creation of the United Nations
Environment Programme (UNEP): Mandate is to coordinate the global
response to established and emerging environmental challenges. The
need for such an organization is clearly expressed in the UN
Resolution 2997. The mission statement of UNEP is: To provide
leadership and encourage partnership in caring for the environment
by inspiring, informing, and enabling nations and peoples to
improve their quality of life without compromising that of future
generations. In the field of climate change, the UNEP supports
countries in the following areas: Adapting to climate change: The
purpose is to reduce vulnerability and improve resilience.
Mitigating climate change: The UNEP supports technologies, policies
and investments. Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest
degradation: The purpose is to valorize forests and sinks as well
as promoting sustainable management of forest ecosystems. Enhancing
knowledge and communication: The UNEP support education and
awareness programs. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC)
Created under the auspices of the UNEP and the WMO (World
Metrological Organization) The IPCC was endorsed by the UN in 1988.
Its mission is to: Review the state of knowledge of the science of
climate change; Carry out studies on the social and economic impact
of climate change, including global warming; Propose possible
response strategies to delay, limit or mitigate the impact of
adverse climate change; Acts as a major knowledge-organisation on
climate change. Created under the auspices of the UNEP and the WMO
(World Metrological Organization) The Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC) was endorsed by the UN in 1988. The objective
was to build an internationally recognized structure capable to
regularly monitor and diagnose the evolution on the climate system
and its consequences. Its mission is to review [UN, 1988]: The
state of knowledge of the science of climate and climatic change;
Programmes and studies on the social and economic impact of climate
change, including global warming; Possible response strategies to
delay, limit or mitigate the impact of adverse climate change; Acts
as a major knowledge-organisation on climate change. IPCC
assessment reports
IPCC have produced 5 major assessment reports so far. The IPCCs AR
(Fifth Assessment Report) was released in four principal sections:
Contribution of W/G I (WGI):The Physical Science Basis Contribution
of W/G II (WGII): Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
Contribution of W/G III (WGIII): Mitigation of Climate Change
Contribution of W/G I, II, and III: The Synthesis Report IPCC have
produced 5 major assessment reports so far. The IPCCs AR (Fifth
Assessment Report) was released in four principal sections::
Contribution of W/G I (WGI): The Physical Science Basis
Contribution of W/G II (WGII): Impacts, Adaptation and
Vulnerability Contribution of W/G III (WGIII): Mitigation of
Climate Change Contribution of W/G I, II, and III: The Synthesis
Report (SYR) The AR puts greater emphasis on assessing the
socio-economic aspects of climate change and its implications for
sustainable development. Some new features of AR5 as a whole
include: A new set of scenarios for analysis across Working Group
contributions; Dedicated chapters on sea level change, carbon cycle
and climate phenomena; Much greater regional detail on climate
change impacts, adaptation and mitigation interactions; inter- and
intra-regional impacts; and a multi-sector synthesis; Risk
management and the framing of a response (both adaptation and
mitigation), including scientific information relevant to Article 2
of the UNFCCC referring to the "...stabilization of greenhouse gas
concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent
dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system".
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC)
The UNFCCC is a framework Convention which aims to limit the level
of climate change. It focuses on promoting cooperation on
understanding and reducing the effects of human activities on
climate It adopts legislative or administrative measures against
activities likely to have adverse effects. This instrument does not
set precise objectives/targets. For target and limits, Kyoto
Protocol later on was adopted. The UNFCCC is a framework Convention
which focuses on promoting cooperation by means of systematic
observations, research and information exchange on the effects of
human activities on climate, and adopting legislative or
administrative measures against activities likely to have adverse
effects. This instrument does not set precise objectives. It is the
reason why such a framework Convention is followed by Protocols
detailing obligations such as Kyoto Protocol. UNFCCC requirements
As indicated, despite UNFCCC declarations, it does not set
quantitative targets. In requires that all Parties: Develop and
report national inventory of anthropogenic emissions by sources and
removals by sinks. Commit to develop measures related to GHG
control. Promote technology transfer and the sustainable
management, conservation, etc. . on climate change Consider climate
change in social, economic and environmental policy development.
Cooperate in sciences, techniques and education as well as exchange
of information related to climate change. Promote public awareness
and education. Despite these declarations, the commitment does not
require imperative GHG release reduction. The requirements imposed
on States are limited to commitments (Article 4) and communication
regarding implementation (Article 12). In short, all Parties have
to: Develop and communicate to the Conference of Parties a national
inventory of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by
sinks. Commit to develop and communicate the measures related to
GHG control. Promote technology transfer and the sustainable
management, conservation, and enhancement of greenhouse gas sinks
and reservoirs (such as forests and oceans). (UNEP/UNFCCC, 2002)
Consider climate change in social, economic and environmental
policy development. Cooperate in sciences, techniques and education
as well as exchange information related to climate change. Promote
public awareness and education. Kyoto Protocol The Kyoto Protocol
(1997) concluded a first part of efforts to create stronger
commitment for the developed countries. Annex I countries accepted
binding reduction targets. Non-Annex I countries accepted to
support the process within CBDR (Common But Differentiated
Responsibility) framework. The GHG emissions are categorised as six
main items including CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6. To reach
their targets, Annex I countries can reduce their emission and/or
offset their emissions via: Joint Implementation Clean Development
Emission Trading The Kyoto Protocol (1997) concluded a first part
of efforts to create stronger commitment for the developed
countries. Annex I countries accepted to reduction targets.
Non-Annex I countries accepted to support the process within CBDR
(Common But Differentiated Responsibility). The Kyoto Protocol set
binding emission targets for the developed countries in Annex I.
The GHG emissions are categorised as six main item including CO2,
CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6. To reach their targets, countries can
reduce their emission and/or offset their emissions via: Joint
Implementation Clean Development Emission Trading Kyoto Protocol
commitments were for up to 2012 and now negotiations are underway
for post-Kyotol arrangement. Post Kyoto Kyoto Protocol commitments
are extended to 2020.
Currently, climate change negotiations are underway for post-Kyoto
arrangement. Paris (December 2015) may make new binding decisions
for post-Kyoto. To Instructors: Talk about climate change
negotiations If any decisions were made in Paris, update this page
and explain. Montreal Protocol Prevention of Ozone Depletion
The Montreal Protocol is designed to protect the ozone layer by
phasing out the production of ODS (Ozone Depleting Substances).
Entered into force 1 January 1989 Gases considered in terms of
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP): The ODP is based on the amount of
chlorine which is released by the refrigerant as it degrades.
Reference ODP is for CFC R11 (also known as Freon-11, CFC-11, or
R-11) which is taken as 1. Most of refrigerants are strong GHG
emissions and thus limitation of ODS will help climate change as
well. The Montreal Protocol is designed to protect the ozone layer
by phasing out the production of substances known as ODS (Ozone
Depleting Substances). Entered into force 1 January 1989 Gases
considered in terms of Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP): The ODP is
based on the amount of chlorine which is released by the
refrigerant as it degrades. Reference ODP is for CFC R11 (also
known as Freon-11, CFC-11, or R-11) which is taken as 1. Most of
refrigerants are strong GHG emissions and thus limitation of ODS
will help climate change as well. 28 GHG and Shipping UNCLOS and
pollution Emissions from shipping
MARPOL Annex VI & its chapter 4 Climate change impact on
oceans
Oceans are a major sink for air emissions. Ocean water properties
changes as a result. Ecosystems and marine habitats are disturbed
by the modification of the ocean properties. Oceans acidification:
Due to absorption of CO2 and acid rains. A lower pH by 0.1 units
already in place. The high speed acidification may impair the
ability of many organisms to cope with changing water properties.
Ocean dilatation (sea-level rise) endanger the coastal ecosystems
and accelerates erosion. Oceans a major sink for air emissions.
Ocean water properties changes as a result. Ecosystems and habitats
are disturbed by the modification of the ocean properties. Oceans
acidification: Due to absorption of CO2 (as part of the natural
carbon cycle) and acid rains. A lower pH by 0.1 units already in
place. The high speed acidification may impair the ability of many
organisms to cope with changing water properties. Ocean dilatation
and sea-level rise endanger the coastal ecosystems and accelerates
erosion. World Fleet evolution from 1914-2007
Continuous increase in: Number of ships Growth tonnage Average
tonnage (size) To Instructor: Explain that world fleet has
continuously increased in terms of number and tonnage. Explain that
average tonnage has also increased thus size of ships. Source:
Lloyd's Register, Statistical Tables, World fleet statistics 2000
United Nations Convention on the Law Of the Seas (UNCLOS)
The UNCLOS possesses extensive references to the protection of the
environment. In its preamble, the UNCLOS recalls the importance to:
Promote the peaceful uses of the seas and oceans, the equitable and
efficient utilization of their resources, the conservation of their
living resources, and the study, protection and preservation of the
marine environment. UNCLOS demonstrates the importance of
protecting the environment via developing proper enforcement
mechanisms. The UNCLOS possesses extensive references to the
protection of the environment. In its preamble, the UNCLOS recalls
the importance to: Promote the peaceful uses of the seas and
oceans, the equitable and efficient utilization of their resources,
the conservation of their living resources, and the study,
protection and preservation of the marine environment. UNCLOS
demonstrates the importance of protecting the environment and
developing proper enforcement mechanisms which can be materialized
through certification and inspection regimes UNCLOS Principles The
UNCLOS reaffirms:
State duty to protect the environment and responsibility not to
harm others. The measures developed should not transfer the damage
or risks. The global and regional cooperation are paramount in
environmental protection. The risks and effects of pollution must
be assessed scientifically. The air pollution is an established
concern. Compliance Monitoring and Enforcement systems have to be
developed to verify the compliance of the activities. TO
INSTRUCTOR: List the main principles related to UNCLOS justifying
the action against air pollution in shipping Ask the participants
to read the original articles in their textbook. Explain the
following: The United Nations Convention on the Law Of the Seas
(UNCLOS) recalls: State duty to protect the environment and
responsibility not to harm others. The measures developed should
not transfer the damage or risks. The global and regional
cooperation are paramount in environmental protection. The risks
and effects of pollution must be assessed scientifically. The air
pollution is an established concern. Compliance Monitoring and
Enforcement systems have to be developed to verify the compliance
of the activities. Why IMO energy efficiency regulation?
Within Kyoto Protocol, IMO is mandated to deal with international
shipping GHG emissions.The Parties included in Annex I shall pursue
limitation emissions of GHGfrom marine bunker fuels,working through
the International Maritime Organization [Extracts from Article 2.2
of the Kyoto Protocol] To Instructors: Explain the role of IMO in
international shipping Explain the role of IMO based on UNFCCC and
Kyoto Protocol. 34 34 IMO structure To Instructors Explain the IMO
governance structure
Highlight the role of MEPC IMO Conventions relating to
environmental protection
Note to Instructors: Explain MARPOL Convention Specifically refer
to MARPOL Annex VI Refer to other IMO Conventions and explain their
main purpose and status summarily. MARPOL Convention Annex I -
Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Oil (entered into
force 2 October 1983) Annex II - Regulations for the Control of
Pollution by Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk (entered into force
2 October 1983) Annex III - Prevention of Pollution by Harmful
Substances Carried by Sea in Packaged Form (entered into force 1
July 1992) Annex IV - Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from Ships
(entered into force 27 September 2003). Annex V - Prevention of
Pollution by Garbage from Ships (entered into force 31 December
1988). Annex VI - Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships (entered
into force 19 May 2005). MARPOL Annex VI scope MARPOL Annex VI
Chapter 1 General: introduces some of the basics of the Convention
as well as certain useful definitions. Chapter 2 Survey,
certification and means of control: describe the Survey
requirements, certification system and control principles including
Port State Control issues and violation detection and enforcement.
Chapter 3 Requirement for control of emissions from ships: this
chapter details the measures to address various air pollutants and
important related issues as bunker management and incinerator.
Chapter 4 Regulation on energy efficiency for ships: the purpose of
the chapter is to regulate some operational and design aspects.
Some elements of this new part of the Annex VI enters into force in
January 2013 TO INSTRUCTOR: Describe the structure of MARPOL Annex
VI Highlight it new chapter 4 MARPOL Annex VI - Chapter 4 IMO
developed framework
Regulations 19, 20, 21, and 22 deal with EEDI and SEEMP. TO
INSTRUCTOR: Present the IMO framework on energy efficiency. Do not
go into detail as all these will be discussed in Module 2. Overview
of IMO Activities on GHG Emissions IMO major studies 1st IMO GHG
Study 2000. 2nd IMO GHG Study 2009.
3rd IMO GHG Study 2014. 2nd IMO GHG Study 2009 content
Introduction to shipping and its legislative framework Emissions
from shipping 19902007 Technological and operational potential for
reduction of emissions Policy options for reductions of GHG
emissions Scenarios for forecast of future shipping emissions
Climate impact Comparison of emissions of CO2 from ships with
emissions from other modes of transport To Instructor Explain the
list as content of report Introduction to shipping and its
legislative framework Emissions from shipping 19902007
Technological and operational potential for reduction of emissions
Policy options for reductions of GHG emissions Scenarios for
forecast of future shipping emissions Climate impact Comparison of
emissions of CO2 from ships with emissions from other modes of
transport 2nd GHG Study findings: Breakdown of shipping GHG
emissions
CO2 is the main shipping GHG emission. TO INSTRUCTOR: Detail the
GHG involved in shipping and their relative amount Highlight the
huge impact of CO2 justifying particular concerns Table in Second
IMO GHG study 2009 2nd GHG Study findings: Shipping relative
efficiency
TO INSTRUCTOR: Comparison with other transportation modes Explain
that energy efficiency is presently linked to size Highlight that
shipping is best mode of cargo transport. Typical range of ship CO2
efficiencies compared to rail, road and air freight - in the Second
IMO GHG Study 2009 2nd GHG Study findings: Shipping compared to
other industries (global)
In 2009, Shipping accounted for less than 2.7%. This share is
forecast to increase in the future TO INSTRUCTOR: Comparison with
other sectors Shipping represents only 3% but is having a great
growth potential in the future in the Second IMO GHG study 2009 2nd
GHG Study findings: Potential for reduction of CO2
EEDI & technology related measures SEEMP & operation
related measures TO INSTRUCTOR: Recall that the data are extracted
from the 2009 GHG study made by the IMO Shortly describe the table
and list the item classified in two categories : Design / Operation
Focus on the operation part which is the aim of the course Explain
that in terms of operation, the responsibility holds on fleet
management and ship operation Highlight that the highest saving in
operation hold in the fleet management area Company dependent
Vessel dependent Table in Second IMO GHG study 2009 2nd GHG Study
findings: Policy approaches to reduce GHG
Policy approaches at the IMO Technical Operational Economical
Command and control policy focus on Ships and management
Market-based instrument focus on Global objective Deferred for
later discussion TO INSTRUCTOR: The IMO possesses a triple approach
of the topic: Technical / Operational / Economical Explain that the
first two approaches consider design and management of ships while
the other intend to create incentives in order to reduce GHG
emissions Explain that the technical and operational approaches are
included in the new amendment to MARPOL Annex VI, its chapter 4
Recall that the market-based instruments seem promising tools but
are still under discussion Included in Annex VI Chapter 4 2nd GHG
Study findings: Main findings
Shipping was estimated to have emitted 3.3% of the global emissions
during 2007. International shipping was estimated to have emitted
870 million tonnes, or about 2.7% of the global emissions in 2007.
Carbon dioxide is the most important GHG emitted by ships. A
significant potential for reduction of GHG emissions through
technical and operational measures had been identified. Energy
efficiency of ships could potentially be 25% to 75% below the
current levels. A number of policies to reduce GHG emissions from
ships were conceivable. Shipping had been shown, in general, to be
an energy-efficient means of transportation compared to other
modes. Shipping was estimated to have emitted million tonnes of CO2
in 2007, which corresponded to 3.3% of the global emissions during
2007. International shipping was estimated to have emitted 870
million tonnes, or about 2.7% of the global emissions of CO2in
2007. Exhaust gases were the primary source of air emissions and
carbon dioxide was the most important GHG emitted by ships. A
significant potential for reduction of GHG emissions through
technical and operational measures had been identified. Energy
efficiency of ships could potentially be 25% to 75% below the
current levels. A number of policies to reduce GHG emissions from
ships were conceivable. Shipping had been shown, in general, to be
an energy-efficient means of transportation compared to other
modes. 3rd IMO GHG Study 2014 The Third IMO GHG Study 2014 aimed to
update the 2nd IMO GHG Study 2009. The main objective was to focus
on the following topics: Development of the inventories of CO2
emissions from international shipping for 20072012 Development of
the inventories of other air emissions from international shipping
for 20072012 Development of future shipping scenarios and
projection of shipping emissions for 20122050 The Third IMO GHG
Study 2014 aimed to update the Second IMO GHG Study 2009, with the
main objective of focussing on the following topics: Development of
the inventories of CO2 emissions from international shipping for
20072012 Development of the inventories of other air emissions from
international shipping for 20072012 Development of future shipping
scenarios and projection of shipping emissions for 20122050 3rd IMO
GHG study findings: Shipping share of global CO2 emissions
International shipping share of total global GHG emissions has been
2.2% in 2012 3rd GHG Study findings: GHG emissions per ship type
for 2012 3rd GHG Study findings: Emissions estimates
Emissions estimates for all shipping for period to 2012. Green bar
represents the 2nd IMO GHG Study estimate To Instructor Explain the
findings Compare 2012 to 2007 3rd GHG Study findings: Fuel
consumption details by ship type and system
Annual shipping fuel consumption per ship type and combustion
system To Instructor Highlight that main engine is the main
consumer of fuel. On some ship types, auxiliary engines use
significant amount of energy. On some ship types, auxiliary boilers
use significant amount of energy. 3rd IMO GHG Study findings CO2
emissions projections
Various scenarios modelled. An average increase of 50% to up to
250% of shipping emissions by 2050. This study plus a number of
other past studies all point to the fact that future shipping GHG
emissions will increase. Regulators aim to stabilise or reduce
future emissions. Activities leading to Chapter 4 of MARPOL Annex
VI
To Instructors: Describe the activities. Stay on this diagram
longer to trainee to appreciate the amount of background work. Ask
the trainee to read details of MEPC decisions from course-book
Developed current regulatory framework
To Instructor Explain in general. Will be fully described under
Module 2 IMO Further measures All studies shows that absolute level
of shipping emissions and its global share will increase despite
the current agreed measures. Thus further measures for energy
efficiency are being debated. Currently, it is on a data collection
system that primarily aim to regulate the ships fuel consumption
measurement. Since April 2014, IMO reached preliminary conclusions
on a general description of such a global data collection system.
The draft developed data collection system identifies three core
elements including: data collection by ships; flag State functions
in relation to data collected including verification; and
establishment of a centralized database by the IMO. All studies
shows that absolute level of shipping emissions and its global
share will increase despite the current agreed measures. Thus
further measures for energy efficiency are being debated. This is
generally known as data collection system that primarily aim to
regulate the ships fuel consumption measurement. Since April 2014,
IMO reached preliminary conclusions on a general description of
such a global data collection system. The draft developed data
collection system identifies three core elements including: (1)
data collection by ships, (2) flag State functions in relation to
data collected including verification and (3) establishment of a
centralized database by the IMO. IMO Further measures The main
features of the IMO data collection system are: Applicable to ships
of gross tonnage more than 5000 GT Annual reporting IMO number for
ship identification Confidentiality of data such as transport work
will be observed. Guidelines will be developed to deal with various
details of data collection and verification activities. Registered
owner will be responsible for submission of data to Administration
Administration will be responsible for verification (can be
delegated to Recognized Organizations). A Statement of Compliance
(SoC) will be issued by the Administration to each ship annually.
This work still under progress. As it stands now (2016), the
following features are to some extent agreed: Applicable to ships
of gross tonnage more than 5000 GT Annual reporting IMO number for
ship identification Confidentiality of data such as transport work
will be observed. Guidelines will be developed to deal with various
details of data collection and verification activities. Registered
owner will be responsible for submission of data to Administration
Administration will be responsible for verification (can be
delegated to Recognized Organizations). A Statement of Compliance
(SoC) will be issued by the Administration to each ship annually.
This work still under progress. Further measures Debate on Market
Based Measures (MBM)
Despite significant debate on MBM in the past, discussion on this
subject is currently suspended. TO INSTRUCTOR: Present a summary
previous debates Emphasise that there is currently no plan at IMO
to resume this debate. Summary of learning points
Consequence of combustion outcome Global impact on ecosystems
International actions: UNEP IPCC UNFCC and Kyoto Protocol
International shipping and IMO UNCLOS MARPOL Convention IMO GHG
studies and their findings MARPOL Annex VI Overview of IMO
activities leading to energy efficiency regulations and further
measures. TO INSTRUCTOR: Review and gauge if trainees understood.
Thank you for your attention ANY QUESTIONS?
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