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Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/1
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
CULTURE OF FRANCECULTURE OF FRANCE
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/2
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
LET’S THINK TOGETHER !
WHAT IS CULTURE FOR YOU ?
WHICH ARE THE ELEMENTS THAT COMPOUND YOUR OWN CULTURE ?
WHICH ARE THE SYMBOLES OF YOUR OWN CULTURE ?
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/3
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
FRENCH CULTURE
WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT FRENCH CULTURE ?
WHAT DOES FRANCE STAND FOR IN YOUR COUNTRY ?
WHICH ELEMENTS REPRESENT FRENCH CULTURE IN YOUR COUNTRY ?
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/4
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
DIFFERENT ELEMENTS OF CULTURE
CULTURECULTUREEDUCATION
RELIGION
HISTORY
POLITICS
SOCIAL STRUCTURES
CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS
ECONOMY
ARTS
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/5
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
EDUCATION
Modern French education begins at the end of the 19th century.
Jules Ferry, Minister of Public Instruction in the 1880’s, is the founder of the modern Republican school (l'école républicaine).
This school is free of charge,
compulsory from 6 to 16
“ laïque” meaning separate from the church.
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/6
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
EDUCATION
The French educational system is divided into three stages:
primary education (enseignement primaire);
secondary education (enseignement secondaire);
tertiary or college education (enseignement supérieur)
Primary and secondary education is predominantly public (private schools also exist)
Tertiary education has both public and private elements.
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/7
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
EDUCATION
The teachers in public primary and secondary schools are all state civil servants, making the “ministère” the largest employer in the country.
At the primary and secondary levels, the curricula is the same for all French students in a given grade, in public and private institutions.
All educational programs are regulated by the Ministry of National Education
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/8
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
RELIGION
Traditionally, France is a predominantly Roman Catholic country.
However, public holidays are still largely traditional Catholic holidays.
The concept of laïcité ( the 1905 law of separation of Church and
State), is a balance between the rights of religious people and the
neutrality of public institutions with respect to religious matters.
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/9
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
RELIGION
The French consider religion a private matter, and any ostentatious display is generally out-of-place.
The concept of laïcité is currently a core concept in the French constitution, whose Article 1 formally states that France is a secular republic ("La France est une République, une, indivisible, laïque et sociale.").
French political leaders are supposed to be neutral with respect to religion and to keep a certain reserve about their belief.
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/10
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
RELIGION
Following from the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, France guarantees freedom of religion as a constitutional right.
The 1905 law instituted the separation of Church and State and prohibited the government from recognising, salarying or subsidising any religion.
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/11
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
RELIGIONSTATISTICS
Roman Catholic 83-88%, Muslim 5-10%Protestant 2%,
Jewish 1%, unaffiliated 4%
15 percent of French citizens regularly attend religious services, compared to 10 percent of UK citizens and 57 percent of American citizens.
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/12
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
ECONOMY
The 5th largest economy in the world
The 3rd largest in Europe after Germany and the United Kingdom
Thanks to - substantial agricultural resources, - a large industrial base, - a highly skilled work force - a dynamic services sector (72% of the economic activity in 1997 / nearly all job creation in recent years.)
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/13
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
ECONOMYAGRICULTURE
France is the world's 6th largest agricultural producer.
France is the European Union's leading agricultural producer.
Main Agricultural products : wheat, cereals, sugar beets, potatoes, dairy products, pork, poultry, beef, fruits, vegetables, and wine.
The 2nd largest agricultural exporter, after the United States (the
destination of 70% of its exports are other EU member states)
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/14
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
ECONOMY
After the Second World War, France embarked on an ambitious and very successful program of modernization, under state impulse.
This program involved the state control of a minority of the industry, such as transportation, energy and telecommunication infrastructures.
In the 60’s Charles de Gaule strongly encouraged the delocalisation of skills (IAS, SUPAERO, ENAC were delocalised at that time).
INDUSTRY
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/15
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
ECONOMY
INDUSTRY
Despite significant reform and privatization over the past 15 years, the government continues to control a large share of economic activity.
The government continues to own shares in corporations in a range of sectors including : banking, energy production and distribution, automobiles, transportation, and telecommunications.
France has been very successful in developing dynamic telecommunications, aerospace, and weapons sectors.
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/16
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
ECONOMY
Building engeneering
Machinery
Chemicals
Pharmaceutics
Automobiles
Metallurgy
Aeronautics and space
Electronics
Fashion (textiles)and luxury
Food processing
Tourism
THE MAIN INDUSTRIES
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/17
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
ECONOMY
WEAPONS INDUSTRY
France is one of the biggest arms manufacturers (warships, guns, nuclear weapons and equipment ) and the 3rd exporter in the world.
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/18
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
ECONOMYTRADE
France is the 2nd largest trading nation in western Europe.
France’s foreign trade in civilian goods by region (billions of euros, 2002 data)
EXPORTS IMPORTSEuropean Union 203 196Germany 47,4 56,5Italy 29,5 29,7United Kingdom 33,7 24,1United States 26 25,9Japan 5,5 10,5World 328,6 321
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/19
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
ECONOMY
TOURISM
As France is the most visited country in the world, tourism is a significant contributor to the French Economy.
The touristic infrastructures of France have been largely developed in the 60’s and today France’s got a high quality of touristic services, including some of the world's most extensive ski trails.
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/20
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
ECONOMY
ENERGY
With virtually no domestic oil production, France has relied heavily on the development of nuclear power, which now accounts for about 80% of the country's electricity production.
It also has developed at a large scale nuclear waste reprocessing facilities (including those of other countries).
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/21
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
CENTRES NUCLEAIRES DE PRODUCTION D’ELECTRICITE
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/22
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
FRENCH POLITICS
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/23
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
PRESIDENT OF REPUBLIC
The Head of State is elected for a five-year term by direct universal suffrage.
Jacques Chirac became the fifth President of the Fifth Republic on 7 May 1995 and was re-elected on 5 May 2002
He - appoints the Prime Minister - appoints the other members of the Government. - presides over the Council of Ministers, - promulgates Acts of Parliament and is Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. - may dissolve the National Assembly and in an emergency exercise special powers.
Elysée palace (Paris)
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/24
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
PRIME MINISTER AND GOVERNMENT
• Under the direction of the Prime Minister, the government sets national policy and carries it out. It is answerable to Parliament. The Prime Minister directs the operation of the government and ensures the implementation of legislation.
• Dominique de Villepin is the current Prime Minister.
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/25
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
PARLIAMENT
The National Assembly (Paris)
The Sénat
Parliament comprises two assemblies :
• The Senate, elected since 2003 for a six-year term, by indirect universal suffrage, and renewed by half every three years.
• The National Assembly, whose members (deputies) are elected by direct universal suffrage for a five-year term. The most recent general election was held in June 2002.
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/26
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
Modern French politics remain characterized by a Left/Right division of the country even though the border between the two has been recently blurred.
FRENCH POLITICS
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/27
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
NATIONAL ANTHEM AND MOTTO
The national anthem is the Marseillaise; it became the national anthem on 14 July 1795.
The motto of the French Republic is "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity".
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/28
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
THE FRENCH FLAG
The white colour, symbolizes royalty and the red and blue colours, the cockade of the Paris National Guard.
The tricolour is the official standard of the French Republic.
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/29
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
THE SOCIAL STRUCTURES
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/30
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
SOCIAL WELFAREFrance has one of the most effective social security systems in the world. It covers basic needs such as healthcare, unemployment benefits, minimum social benefits, family policy and retirement pensions.
The system is based on the principle of national solidarity.
Georges-Pompidou
European hospital in Paris.
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/31
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
Sweden 33,7
Denmark 31,4
France 30,8
Nederland's 30,3
Germany, Finland
29,9
Austria 28,8
Belgium 28,5
United-Kingdom 26,8
Italy 25,9
Luxemburg 24,8
Greece 23,6
Portugal 22,5
Spain 21,4
Ireland 17,5
• Social welfare expenses on the gross national product of the Europeans countries (%)
• France on the firsts places
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/32
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
SOCIAL WELFARE• 67% of total social security spending comes from employers and
employees’ contributions and 20% from taxes.
• Social security expenditure has increased two and a half times as fast as the gross national product since 1945. The increase stems from the larger numbers of pensioners and higher pensions.
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/33
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
SOCIAL WELFARE
• Another cause is the increase in healthcare expenditure, accounting for 34.8% of the total, with the introduction of universal health coverage (CMU), longer life expectancy and advances in medical treatments.
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/34
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
SOCIAL WELFARE• social security system covers
70% of medical care and goods, with an increasing proportion being met by households and insurance companies.
• A major programme of reform was instituted in 2004 to balance the accounts of the health insurance branch of the Social Security system.
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/35
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
Basic guaranteed income : RMI (Revenu Minimum d’Insertion)
• Basic guaranteed income was introduced in 1989 with the aim of providing the least well-off with minimum resources and helping them to get off welfare and rejoin the labour force and society.
• At present, approximately one million people are receiving basic guaranteed income.
SOCIAL WELFARE
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/36
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
WORKING• Salaries
Salary levels are fixed by agreement between employer and employee. Most companies make extra salary payments in one (or both) of two months (usually December for Christmas and June for Summer). In this case, these extra salaries (called 13th and 14th month's salary) are included in total amount of the annual gross salary.
Profit sharing schemes and bonuses bases on productivity or performance are becoming more common in France.
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/37
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
Optional charges: such as mutual insurance contributions, pension contributions or life insurance
Obligatory contributions will be around 20-25% of your gross salary. Your salary payments do not have income tax deducted. You make a tax declaration and pay your income tax.
Salaries are usually paid a few days before the end of each month. As an employee, you will normally receive your salary net of deductions (salaire net) for:
Compulsory Social Security Chargees
WORKING
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/38
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
WORKING• Minimum Salary The guaranteed minimum hourly wage is called the SMIC (Salaire Minimum Interprofessionnel de Croissance).
An employee cannot legally be paid less then this level.
The gross SMIC is €7.19, from which are taken taxes and social security charges (at this wage level, approximately 23%).
The SMIC is reviewed annually on the 1st July.
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/39
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
Minimum wage in various countries (euros)
Monthly minimum wage (euros in 1997)
Monthly median wage
Germany 1 244 2 539
France 991 1 680
United-Kingdom 864 1 964
United States 746 1 913
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/40
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
WORKING• Working hours
The legal working hours (Temps de travail) is fixed at 35 hours per week.The 35-hour rule applies to all employees except those with special working conditions
35 hours are not a compulsory maximum for a week's work, but a reference point for the calculation of overtime as all supplementary hours working must be remunerated.
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/41
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
WORKING• The working week is generally Monday to Friday.
• Working hours are generally from 8:30-9:30 to 17:30-19:00. There is usually a break for lunch (between 12:00 and 14:00)
• The introduction of the 35-hour week has led many companies to be a lot more flexible about working hours. Some have implemented an 8-hour/day schedule with Friday afternoon off, whereas others make 10:00-16:00 standardised working time and leave individuals to organise the rest of their time.
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/42
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
WORKING
• Annual leave (Congés annuels)
Salaries have 5 full weeks of vacation a year which may be taken either during a specified period or in agreement with the employer
Traditionally, holidays are taken in July and August.
In France August is 'sacred' and the country practically comes to a halt. Some companies officially close.
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/43
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
WORKING
• In some companies, the adoption of the 35-hour week was managed by introducing longer vacations, which are often referred to as RTT (Réduction du temps de travail). This could be quite significant (e.g. up to 15 days of leave a year!) but the company usually decides when these days can/must be taken.
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/44
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
WORKING• Maternity leave (Congé de maternité)
All mothers have the right to a minimum of sixteen weeks of paid maternity leave.
During maternity leave, employees receive payments from the social security system. Most companies have also collective agreements (conventions collectives) concerning continuing payment of the salary by the employer during the period of maternity leave.
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/45
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
WORKING
• Paternity leave (Congé de paternité)
All new fathers have the right to paternity leave of 11 days (18 days for twins or more!) Leave must be taken on consecutive days within four months of the birth.
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/46
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
WORKING• Sick leave (Arrêt de travail pour
maladie) A doctor may prescribe sick leave for an employee by issuing a sick leave form (un avis d'arrêt de travail).
Employees on sick leave are obliged: • to stop working while receiving sickness benefits • to comply with authorised times for leaving the house • to ask for authorisation if wishing to stay in a different residence
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/47
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
WORKING• Unemployment insurance ( Assurance
Chômage)
• Financed by employers (80%) and employees (20 %). (ASSEDIC)
• To receive this unemployment benefit, one has to be less than 65 years old and to have worked 520 hours (as a wage earner) during the twelve last months.
• According to their age, unemployed earn, every month, 40.25% or 30% of their last monthly wage over periods of different lengths and the benefit cannot be less than a minimum amount at the beginning
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/48
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
WORKING
• Public holidays (Jours fériés) There are eleven national public holidays in France: 1 January, New Year's Day (Nouvel an, Jour de l'An)Easter Monday in March or April (Lundi de Pâques)1 May, Labour Day (Fête de travail)8 May, Victory Day - End of Second World War 1945 (Fête de la liberation)Ascension Thursday, the sixth Thursday after Easter, usually in May (Ascension)Whit Monday (Pentecost) , the Second Monday after Ascension, in May or June (Pentecôte)14 July, Bastille Day (Fête Nationale)15 August, Assumption (Assomption)1 November, All Saints' Day (Toussaint)11 November, Armistice 1918 Day (Fête de l'Armistice)25 December, Christmas Day (Noël)
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/49
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
FRENCH ARTS
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/50
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
FRENCH PAINTINGS
The prehistoric period is known for paleolithic cave paintings. There are around 130 caves around the Pyrenees, with the most famous of the caves being Lascaux
Cave paintings at Lascaux
Horses' Heads in the Chauvet Cave
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/51
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
The ancient art of book illumination was still the prevailing form of painting in France at the beginning of the 15th
century.
FRENCH PAINTINGS
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/52
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
FRENCH PAINTINGS The French Renaissance
(16th century) was strongly influenced by the works of the Italians.
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/53
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
FRENCH PAINTINGS
The Visit of Venus to Vulcan
by Boucher
Pastorale by Boucher
The Silver Goblet by Chardin
The Reader by Fragonard
The Baroque period spans roughly the 17th and 18th centuries.
The work can be categorized by the desire to evoke emotional states by appealing to the senses
Le Verrou by Fragonard
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/54
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
FRENCH PAINTINGS Classicism and Neoclassicism
refer to aesthetic attitudes and principles based on the culture, art and literature of ancient Greece and Rome, and are characterized by emphasis on form, simplicity, proportion, and restrained emotion
Horaces’promise by Jacques-Louis David
Madame de Récamier by Jacques-Louis David
Coronation of Napoleon by Jacques-Louis David
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/55
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
FRENCH PAINTINGS
Strong emotion, imagination, freedom from classical correctness in art forms, and rebellion against social conventions: Romanticism
Napleon Bonaparte on Arcole Bridge by Antoine-Jean Gros
The Death of Sardanapal by Delacroix
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/56
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
FRENCH PAINTINGS
Realism rejects imaginative idealization in favour of a close observation of outward appearances.
Gustave Courbet
Stonebreakers by Gustave Courbet
The gleaners by Millet
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/57
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
FRENCH PAINTINGS
Impression: sunrise by Claude Monet Monet Painting in His Floating Studio by Édouard Manet
Young girls on piano by Pierre Auguste Renoir The Kiss by Auguste Rodin
moulin-galette by Renoir
The impressionist style of painting, developing primarily in France during the late 19th and early 20th centuries
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/58
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
FRENCH PAINTINGS
French Fauvisme is a style of painting that flourished in France from 1898 to 1908.
Notre-Dame, une fin d'après-midi by
Henri Matisse
On the Thames by André Derain
Seated Riffian by Matisse
La Musique
by Matisse
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/59
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
FRENCH PAINTINGS
Cubism style rejected the traditional techniques of perspective. It is a highly influential visual arts style of the 20th century
Jeune fille à la mandoline by Pablo Picasso
Houses at L'Estaque by Braque
Le guéridon by Braque
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/60
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
FRENCH ARCHITECTURENotre-Dame in Paris
Benedictine Abbey of Saint-Michael
Saint Sernin in Toulouse
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/61
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
FRENCH ARCHITECTURE
Examples of Renaissance’s Castles: Chenonceaux, Blois, Azay, and Chamborg
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/62
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
FRENCH ARCHITECTURE An example of Baroque
architecture from the 17th century : Versailles’castle
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/63
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
FRENCH ARCHITECTURE
Arc de Triomphe: exemple of Neoclassicism architecture
The Eiffel Tower -- Paris' Grande Dame
Built 1862-1875 as "Académie nationale de Musique - Théâtre de l'Opéra" by Charles Garnier.
Louvre’museum and its pyramid
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/64
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
FRENCH ARCHITECTURE
Defense Arch in ParisThe Louvre’s Pyramid
The Millau’s Viaduc
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/65
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
FRENCH MUSIC
• French music history dates back to organum in the 10th century.
• By the end of the 12th century, travelling musicians called “troubadours” were very important
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/66
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
FRENCH MUSIC In the late 1800s, pioneers like Georges Bizet with
his famous opera Carmen ,
Maurice Ravel and Claude Debussy revitalized French music.
The late 1800s saw the dawn of the music hall when Yvette Guilbert was a major star in the Moulin Rouge.
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/67
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
WORKSHOP
Regarding this presentation, 3 groups are going to work on the analysis of their society through the different components of their culture :
- education and religion- economy and politics
- social structures
This work will allow them to compare it with French society.
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/68
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
WORKSHOPEDUCATION RELIGION ECONOMY POLITICS SOCIAL
STRUCTURES
•Secular
•Mainly public
•Private but controled by the State
•Mixed (boys and girls)
•Free
•Compulsory (age 16)
•Traditionally catholic
•Concept of « laïcité »
•Privacy
•Freedom of religion
•5th largest economy
•6th largest agricultural producer
•a highly skilled work force
•a dynamic services sector
•State controlled industries
•World’s largest touristic country
•A constitutional Republic
•A President elected by direct universal suffrage
•A traditional left/right opposition
•A current right wing government
•A strong social welfare-Social security (medical cares)
-Basic guaranteed income
- Work organization (working hours, medical and unemployment insurance, holidays, parental leaves)
Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/69
MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL
WORKSHOPPlan of your presentation
1) Present the situation in your continent or country.
2) Compare it with the French situation
3) Conclude and discuss it with the rest of the group.
You will have 45 minutes to prepare your presentation that you’ll report back to the class