Molecular biology (2)(Foundation Block)

Dr. Ahmed MujamammiDr. Sumbul Fatma

Learning outcomes

• To understand DNA replication

• To know the transcription of genetic material into messenger RNA

• To get an idea about the translation of mRNA into a functional protein.

DNA is the genetic material

Therefore it must:

1. Replicate faithfully.

2. Have the coding ability to produce proteins for all cellular functions.

Features of Eukaryotic DNA Replication① Semiconservative with respect to parental strand:

Daughter DNA molecules contain one parental

strand and one newly-replicated strand.

② Bidirectional with multiple origins of replication.

Origin

5’3’

3’5’

③ Primed by short stretches of RNA.

④ Semi-discontinous

Semidiscontinuous DNA replication. In DNA replication, both daughter strands (leading strand red, lagging strand blue) are synthesized in their 5’ ® 3’ directions

Proteins involved in DNA Replication① DNA Helicase.

② Single-stranded DNA binding proteins.

③ DNA Primase.

④ DNA polymerases (5 types: α; β; γ; δ; ε).

⑤ DNA ligase.

⑥ Topoisomerases:① Topoisomerase I.

② Topoisomerase II.

⑦ Telomerases

Steps in DNA Replication

5’ 3’

5’

3’

3’ 5’

5’ 3’

• Helicase protein binds to DNA sequences called origins and unwinds DNA strands.

• Single-Stranded binding proteins prevent single strands from rewinding.

• Primase protein makes a short segment of RNA primer complementary to the DNA.

DNA polymerase: Adds DNA nucleotides to the RNA primer. Proofreads bases added and replaces incorrect nucleotides

Overall directionof replication

5’ 3’5’

3’

5’

3’

3’ 5’

• Leading strand synthesis continues in a 5’ to 3’ direction.

• Discontinuous synthesis produces 5’ to 3’ DNA segments (Okazaki fragments).

3’ 5’ 5’

5’ 3’

5’

3’

3’

5’

3’Overall directionof replication

Okazaki fragment

5’ 3’

5’

3’

5’ 3’

5’

3’

3’

5’

Exonuclease activity of DNA polymerase removes RNA primers

• DNA polymerase fills the gaps.

• Ligase forms bonds between sugar-phosphate backbone

3’

5’

3’

5’ 3’

5’

3’

3’

5’

The central dogma of Molecular Biology

A portion of DNA, called a gene, is transcribed into RNA.

RNA is translated into proteins.

Transcription (mRNA synthesis)

• A portion of DNA (a gene) is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA).

• Only one of the DNA strands is transcribed (antisense strand).

• The RNA polymerase II is responsible for this process.

• The direction of transcription is 5’ 3’.

Steps of mRNA synthesis

• Chain initiation:• RNA polymerase II binds to promoter region of DNA to

start transcription.

Steps of mRNA synthesis

• Chain elongation:• A portion of DNA template unwinds (opens) at the point of

RNA synthesis.• This forms a short length of RNA-DNA hybrid.

• Chain termination:• DNA contains specific sites which stop transcription (at a

sequence of 4-10 AT base pairs).

Post-transcriptional modification• Capping: Addition of a methylated guanine nucleotide at 5’ end of mRNA

Function: • To prevent mRNA degradation by exonucleases.• It helps the transcript bind to the ribosome during

protein synthesis.

• Polyadenylation: Addition of a poly(A) tail (a highly conserved AAUAA sequence) at 3’ end of mRNA.

Functions:• To protect the mRNA from degradation• For ribosomal RNA recognition

• Intron removal for releasing mature mRNA from nucleus.

The central dogma of Molecular Biology

A portion of DNA, called a gene, is transcribed into RNA.

RNA is translated into proteins.

Translation (Protein synthesis)• A process of protein synthesis from mRNA

• mRNA has genetic codes for amino acids present in proteins.

• The genetic code is a dictionary that identifies the correspondence between a sequence of nucleotide bases and a sequence of amino acids.

• Each individual word in the code is composed of three nucleotide bases (codons).

• 64 possible codons:• 61 codons specify 20 amino acids • One start codon (AUG)• 3 stop codons

UAA, UAG and UGA

Components required for Translation① Amino acids.

② Transfer RNA (tRNA).

③ Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases.

④ mRNA.

⑤ Functionally competent ribosomes.

⑥ Protein factors.

⑦ ATP and GTP.

Steps in Protein Translation

References

Lippincott’s Illustrated reviews: Biochemistry 4th edition – unit 6; chapters 29-31.

Lippincott’s Illustrated reviews: Cell and Molecular Biology – unit 2; chapters 7-9.