Molecular Biologyand BiotechnologyA ComprehensiveDesk Reference

Robert A. Meyers

List of Articles ix

Preface xv

Acknowledgments xvii

How to Use This Book xxi

Contributors xxiii

Articles 1

Glossary of Basic Terms 985

Index 987

Achilles ' Cleavag eMichael D. Koo b

Aging, Genetic Mutations inJames E . Fleming

AIDS, Inhibitor Complexes of HIV- 1Protease in

Alexander Wlodawer

AIDS, Transcriptional Regulation o fHIV in

Melanie R . Adams and BorisMatija Peterlin

AIDS HIV Enzymes, Three-DimensionalStructure of

Zuzana Hostomska and ZdenekHostomsky

AIDS Therapeutics, Biochemistry o fChristine Debouck and MartinRosenberg

Alzheimer's DiseaseFrank Ashall and Alison M . Goate

Amino Acid Synthesi sRobert M. Williams

AnnexinsCarl E . Creutz

Antibody Molecules, GeneticEngineering of

Sherie L . Morrison

Antisense Oligonucleotides, Structureand Function of

Eugen Uhlmann and AnuschPeyma n

Arabidopsis Genom eElliot M. Meyerowitz

Autoantibodies and AutoirnmunityK. Michael Pollard, Edward K. L .Chan, and Eng M. Tan

Automation in Genome Researc hEdward Theil

Bacterial Growth and DivisionStephen Coope r

Bacterial Pathogenesi sLuciano Passador, Kenneth D.Tucker, Barbara H. Iglewsk i

BacteriorhodopsinJanos K . Lanyi

Bacteriorhodopsin-Based Artificia lPhotoreceptor

Tsutomu Miyasaka

Biochemical Genetics, Huma nFrits A. Hommes

Biodegradation of Organic WastesDuane Grave s

Bioenergetics of the CellStephen E . Specter and Barbara A.Horwitz

Bioinorganic ChemistryR. Bruce Martin

Biomaterials for Organ Regeneratio nSusan L Ishaug, Robert C.Thomson, Antonios G . Mikos, andRobert Langer

Biomimetic MaterialsRobert J. Campbel l

Biomolecular Electronics andApplications

Elias Greenbaum

Bioorganic ChemistrySimon H. Friedman and George L.Kenyon

Bioprocess EngineeringKimberly L . Ogden and Milan Bie r

Biosensor sAnthony E . G. Cass

Biotechnology, Governmenta lRegulation o f

David T Kingsbury

Biotransformations of Drugs andChemical s

Paul R. Ortiz de Montellano

Body Expression Map of the HumanGenome

Kousaku Okubo and KenichiMatsubara

Brain Aromatic Amino Acid HydroxylasesSeymour Kaufman and PaulaRibeiro

Breast Cancer, Genetic Analysis ofPatricia Margaritte-Jeannin

Calcium BiochemistryJoachim Krebs

Cance rThomas G. Pretlow and Theresa P.Pretlow

Carbohydrate Analysi sMartin F. Chaplin

Carbohydrate Antigen sDavid R . Bundle

Carbohydrates, Industria lMargaret A . Clark e

Cardiovascular DiseasesTodd Leff and Peter J. Gruber

Cell-Cell InteractionsGeoffrey M. W. Cook

Cell Death and Aging, Molecula rMechanisms of

Michael Hengartne r

Chaperones, MolecularElizabeth A . Craig

Chemiluminescence andBioluminescence, Analysis by

Larry J. Kricka

Chirality in BiologyRonald Bentley

ChlamydomonasJean-David Rochaix

Chromatin Formation and Structur eTimothy J. Richmond and FritzThoma

Circular Dichroism in Protein Analysi sNicholas C . Price

Coenzymes, Biochemistry o fDonald B. McCormic k

Colon Cance rJoanna Groden

Combinatorial Phage AntibodyLibraries

R. Anthony Williamson an dDennis R . Burton

Computing, BiomolecularFelix T Hong

Cytochrome P45 0Michael R . Waterma n

Cytokine sAlan G. Morris

Cytoskeleton-Plasma Membran eInteractions

Fredrick M. Pavalk o

Denaturation of DNARichard D . Blak e

Diabetes InsipidusWalter Rosenthal, Anita Seibold,Daniel G . Bichet, and Marie!Birnbaume r

Diabetes MellitusDavid Jenkins, Catherine H.Mijovic, and Anthony H. Barnet t

DNA Damage and RepairGeorge J. Kantor

DNA Fingerprint Analysi sLorne T. Kirby, Ron M. Fourney,and Bruce Budowle

DNA in Neoplastic Disease DiagnosisDavid Sidransky

DNA Markers, Clone dEugene R . Zabarovsky

DNA Repair in Aging and SexCarol Bernstein and HarrisBernstein

DNA Replication and Transcriptio nYusaku Nakabeppu, Hisaji Maki ,and Mutsuo Sekiguch i

DNA Sequencing in Ultrathin Gels ,High Speed

Robert L . Brumley, Jr. and Lloy dM. Smith

DNA StructureOlga Kennard and S . A . Salisbury

Down's Syndrome, Molecular Genetics o fCharles J. Epstein

Drosophila Genom eJohn Merriam

Drug Addiction and Alcoholism,Genetic Basis of

Judith E. Grisel and John C .Crabbe

Drug Synthesi sDaniel Lednicer

Drug Targeting and Delivery, MolecularPrinciples of

Alfred Strache r

E. coli Geriom eHirotada Mori and Takashi Yura

Electric and Magnetic Field ReceptionEberhard Neuman n

Electron Microscopy of Biomolecule sJohn Sommerville and Hanswalte rZentgraf

Electron Transfer, BiologicalChristopher C. Moser, Ramy S.Farid, and P. Leslie Dutton

Endocrinology, MolecularFranklyn F. Bolander, Jr.

Environmental Stress, Genomi cResponses to

John G. Scandalios

Enzyme AssaysRobert Eisenthal

Enzyme Mechanisms, Transient Stat eKinetics of

Kenneth A . Johnson

Enzyme sJon A . Christopher, Stephen WRaso, Miriam M . Ziegler, andThomas O. Baldwi n

Enzymes, High TemperatureMichael W W Adam s

Enzymology, NonaqueousAlan J. Russell, Sudipta Chatterjee,and Darrell Williams

Expression Systems for DNA Processe sKa-Yiu San and George N. Bennet t

Extracellular MatrixLinda J. Sandell

Fluorescence Spectroscopy ofBiomolecules

Joseph R . Lakowicz

Food Proteins and Interaction sNicholas Parris and CharlesOnwulata

Fragile X Linked Mental Retardatio nA. J. M. H. Verkerk and B. A .Oostra

Free Radicals in Biochemistry an dMedicin e

Barry Halliwell

Fuel Production, Biologica lLee R . Lyn d

Fungal Biotechnolog yBrian McNeil and Linda M.Harvey

Gaucher Diseas eErnest Beutle r

Gel Electrophoresis of Proteins, Two -Dimensional Polyacrylamide

Peter' . Wirth

Gene Expression, Regulation o fGöran Akusjärvi

Gene Mapping by Fluorescence in SituHybridizatio n

Amanda C . Heppell-Parton

Gene Order by FISH and FAGSMalcolm A. Ferguson-Smith

Genetic Analysis of Population sA. Rus Hoelze l

Genetic Diversity in Microorganism sWerner Arbe r

Genetic Immunizatio nStephen A. Johnston and De-ch uTang

GeneticsD. Peter Snustad

Genetic TestingFrank K . Fujimura

Genomic Imprintin gWolf Reik and Nicholas D. Allen

GlycobiologyAkira Kobata

Glycoge nMathieu Bollen and Willy Stalmans

Glycoproteins, SecretoryAlistair G. C. Renwick

Growth Factor sAntony W Burgess

Heart Failure, Genetic Basis ofFrank Kee and Alun E. Evans

Heat Shock Response in E. coliTakashi Yura and Hirotada Mor i

Hemoglobi nGino Amiconi and Maurizio Brunor i

Hemoglobin, Genetic Engineering ofTimm-H. Jessen

HemophiliaFrancesco Giannelli

HistonesGary S. Stein, Janet L . Stein, andAndre J. van Wijne n

HPLC of Biological Macromolecule sKaren M. Gooding

Human Chromosomes, Physical Maps o fCassandra L. Smith, Denan Wang,and Dietmar Grothues

Human Disease Gene MappingScott R. Diehl

Human Genetic Predisposition to DiseaseBelinda J. F. Rossiter and C.Thomas Caskey

Human Linkage MapsJean Weissenbach

Human Repetitive ElementsJerzy Jurka

Hybridization for Sequencing of DNAWilliam Bains

Hydrogen Bonding in BiologicalStructure s

George A . Jeffrey

ImmunologyJiri Novotny and Anthony Nicholls

Immuno-PC RTakeshi Sano, Cassandra L . Smith,and Charles R . Cantor

Immunotoxicological MechanismsRodney R . Dietert

Infectious Disease Testing by LigaseChain Reaction

Helen H. Lee and Gregor WLeckie

Inorganic Solids, Biomolecules in theSynthesis of

Trevor Douglas and Stephen Man n

Insecticides, Recombinant ProteinJames Y. Bradfield and Beverly J.Burde n

Interferon sMichael J. Clemen s

Interleukin sMichael J. Clemens

Ionizing Radiation Damage to DN AClemens von Sonntag and Heinz-Peter Schuchmann

Isoenzyme sAdrian O . Vladutiu andGeorgirene D. Vladutiu

Kallikrein-Kininogen-Kinin Syste mMichael E . Rusiniak and NathanBack

Ligation AssaysClair Delahunty, Pui-Yan Kwok,and Deborah Nickerso n

Lipid Metabolism and TransportClive R . Pullinger and John P. Kane

Lipids, Microbia lColin Ratledge

Lipids, Structure and Biochemistry o fDonald M . Small

Lipopolysaccharide sIlkka M. Helander, P. HelenaMäkelä, Otto Westphal, and Erns tT. Rietschel

Lipoprotein Analysi sE. Roy Skinner

Liposomal VectorsRoger R . C. New

Liver Cancer, Molecular Biology ofMehmet Ozturk

Lung Cancer, Molecular Biology o fJack A. Roth

Major Histocompatibility ComplexJames Driscoll

Mammalian GenomeJohn Schimenti

Mass Spectrometry of Biomolecule sRaymond E . Kaiser, Jr.

Medicinal ChemistryDavid J. Triggle

Membrane Fusion, MolecularMechanism of

Koert N. J. Burger

Memory and Learning, Molecular Basis ofTimothy E. Kennedy and Eric R.Kandel

Metalloenzyme sWalther R. Ellis, Jr. and GregoryM. Raner

Mitochondrial DNAUlf Gyllenste n

Mitochondrial DNA, Evolution of HumanLinda Vigilant

Molecular Genetic Medicin eBernice E . Morrow and RajuKucherlapati

Motor Neuron Diseas eMichael Sendtner

Motor ProteinsRavindhra G. Elluru, Janet L. Cyr,and Scott T. Brady

Mouse GenomeStephen D . M. Brown

Muscle, Molecular Genetics ofHuman

Prem Mohini Sharma

MycobacteriaJohnjoe McFadden and NeilStoker

Nematodes, Neurobiology andDevelopment of

Darryl MacGregor, Ian A . Hope,and R. Elwyn Isaac

NeurofibromatosisDavid H. Viskochil and Roger K.Wolff

Neuropeptides, InsectEdward P. Masler

Neuropsychiatric DiseasesF. Owen

Nitric Oxide in Biochemistry and DrugDesign

Larry K . Keefer

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance o fBiomolecules in Solution

Betty J. Gaffney and Brendan C.Maguire

Nucleic Acid Hybrids, Formation andStructure of

James G. Wetmu r

Nucleic Acid Sequencing TechniquesChristopher J. Howe

NutritionC. J. K. Henry

Oligonucleotide Analogues, Phosphate -Free

Rajender S. Varma

OligonucleotidesFritz Eckstein, Olaf Heidenreich,Mabel Ng, and Tom Tusch l

Oncogene sAnthony Byrne and Desmond N.Carney

Origins of Life, Molecular Biology o fJames P. Ferris

Paleontology, Molecula rRob DeSalle

Partial Denaturation MappingRoss B . Inman

PCR TechnologyHenry A. Erlich

PeptidesTomi K. Sawyer, Wayne L . Cody,Daniele M. Leonard, and Mac E .Hadley

Peptides, SyntheticGregory A . Grant

Peptides and Mimics, Design o fConformationally Constraine d

Victor J. Hruby and Lakmal WBoteju

Peptide Synthesis, Solid-PhaseR. C. Sheppard

Pesticide-Producing Bacteri aJeffrey L . Kelly, Michael David,and Peter S . Carlson

Pharmaceutical Analysis ,Chromatography in

Satinder Abuja

PharmacogeneticsAnn K. Daly and Jeffrey R. Idle

Phenylketonuria, Molecular Genetics o fRandy C. Eisensmith and Savio L .C. Woo

Phospholipase sSuzanne E . Barbour and EdwardA. Dennis

PhospholipidsDennis E. Vance

Photosynthetic Energy Transductio nNeil R . Baker

Plant Cells, Genetic Manipulation ofRoland Bilang and Martin Schrott

Plant Cell Transformation, PhysicalMethods fo r

James Oard

Plant Gene Expression RegulationEric Lam

Plant Pathology, MolecularSarah Jane Gurr

Plasma LipoproteinsThomas L. Innerarity

PlasmidsKimber Hardy

Polymers, Genetic Engineering o fMaurille J . Fournier, Thomas L.Mason, and David A . Tirrell

Polymers for Biological System sRobert C. Thomson, Susan L .Ishaug, Antonios G . Mikos, andRobert Langer

Population-Specific Genetic Marker sand Disease

L . B . Jorde

Protein Aggregatio nJeannine M . Yo n

Protein Analysis by Integrated Sampl ePreparation, Chemistry, and Mas sSpectrometry

Kenneth R . Williams and Steven A .Carr

Protein Analysis by Rama nSpectroscopy

George J. Thomas, Jr.

Protein Analysis by X-RayCrystallography

Gordon V. Louie

Protein Designs for the SpecificRecognition of DNA

Aaron Klug

Protein FoldingThomas E . Creighton

Protein ModelingThomas R . Defay and Fred E.Cohen

Protein PhosphorylationClay W Scott

Protein PurificationMurray P. Deutscher

Proteins and Peptides, Isolation fo rSequence Analysis o f

Larry D . Ward and Richard J.Simpson

Protein Sequencing Technique sJeffrey N. Keen and John B . C.Findlay

Protein TargetingBrian Austen and David Stephens

Radioisotopes in Molecular BiologyRobert James Slater

RecA Protein, Structure and Function o fMichael M. Cox

Receptor BiochemistryTatsuya Haga

Recognition and Immobilization,Molecula r

Irwin M. Chaiken

Recombination, Molecular Biology o fHannah L . Klein

Renal Syste mSamir S. El-Dahr, R . Ariel Gomez,and L. Gabriel Navar

Repressor-Operator RecognitionPeter G. Stockley and Simon E . V.Phillip s

Restriction Endonucleases and DN AModification Methyltransferases for th eManipulation of DNA

Eric W Fisher and Richard I .Gumport

Restriction Landmark GenomicScanning Method

Yoshihide Hayashizaki, ShinjiHirotsune, Yasushi Okazaki,Masami Muramatsu, and Jun-ich iAsakawa

Retinoblastoma, Molecular Genetics ofBrenda L. Gallie and John Wu

RetinoidsRobert R . Rando

Ribosome Preparations and Protei nSynthesis Techniques

Gary Spedding

Ribozyme ChemistryJohn M. Burk e

RNA ReplicationClaude A . Ville e

RNA Secondary Structure sJohn A . Jaege r

RNA Structure, NonhelicalBrian Wimberly

RNA Three-Dimensional Structures ,Computer Modeling of

Francois Major

Scanning Tunneling Microscopy inSequencing of DNA

Thomas L. Ferrell, D . P. Allison, TThundat, and R . J. Warmac k

Scleroderma Diagnosis withRecombinant Protei n

Yoshinao Muro, Kenji Sugimoto,Masaru Ohashi, and Michio Himeno

Sequence Alignment of Proteins andNucleic Acids

William R. Taylor

Sequence Analysi sMartin Bishop

Sequence Divergence Estimatio nTakashi Gojobori and Kazuho Ike o

Sex DeterminationStephen S . Wachtel

Steroid Hormones and ReceptorsRobin Leake

SuperantigensMonique Lafon

Synapse sHui-Quan Han and Robert A.Nichols

Synthetic Peptide LibrariesKit S . Lam

Taxol® and Taxane Production by Cel lCulture

Arthur G . Fett-Neto and FrankDiCosmo

Theoretical Molecular Biolog yAndrzej K. Konopka

Tomatoes, Gene Alterations o fBelinda Martineau and William R.Hiatt

Trace Element MicronutrientsRobert J. Cousins

Transgenic Animal Modelin gCarl A. Pinkert, Michael H. Irwin,and R. Jeffrey Moffatt

Transgenic Animal PatentsW Lesser

Transgenic FishThomas T Chen, J. K. Lu, andKathy Kight

Translation of RNA to Protei nRobert A . Cox and Henry R . V.Arnstein

Transport ProteinsMilton H. Saier, Jr.

Transposons in the Human GenomeAbram Gabriel

Tumor Suppressor Gene sPrem Mohini Sharma and S . R .Dev Sharm a

Ultraviolet Radiation Damage to DNADavid L. Mitchell

Vaccine BiotechnologyTilahun D. Yilma

Viral Envelope Assembly and BuddingMilton J. Schlesinger

Viruses, DNA Packaging ofPhilip Serwer

Viruses, Photodynamic Inactivation o fJames L. Matthews and Millard M.Judy

Viruses, RNA Packaging ofDennis H. Bamford

Vitamins, Structure and Function o fDonald B . McCormick

Whole Chromosome Complementar yProbe Fluorescence Staining

Heinz-Ulrich G. Weier, Danie lPinkel, and Joe W Gray

X-Ray Diffraction of BiomoleculesK. Ravi Acharya and Anthony R.Rees

Yeast Geneticslain Campbell

Zinc Finger DNA Binding Motif sJohn W. R . Schwabe and Louis eFairall