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Joseph Califano, M.D.
Eliminating Surgery, Chemotherapy
and Radiation: New Therapy for Head and Neck Cancer
Joseph Califano, M.D.
Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
Johns Hopkins Medical SchoolBaltimore, MD USA
Milton J Dance Head and Neck CenterGreater Baltimore Head and Neck Center
Baltimore, MD USA
Joseph Califano, M.D.
Why I have enough Cialis for a small town in Florida in my office
drawer
Joseph Califano, M.D.
Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
Johns Hopkins Medical SchoolBaltimore, MD USA
Milton J Dance Head and Neck CenterGreater Baltimore Head and Neck Center
Baltimore, MD USA
Primary Treatment for HNSCC
• Surgery• Radiation• Surgery + Radiation• Radiation + Chemo• Surgery + Radiation + Chemo
A surgeon’s guide to why radiation (and chemotherapy) works
• Implies that tissue damage is inevitable with inevitable with cytotoxic therapy
• Separation of curves is the goal of innovation
Primary Treatment for HNSCCRadiation and Cytotoxic chemotherapy – the “healing rays” can cause
• xerostomia, fibrosis• affect taste• affect taste• Dysphagia • Cytotoxic (cell killing) chemotherapy
– Chemo• Magnifies adverse effects or radiotherapy• Life threatening complications rare but significant
Primary Treatment for HNSCC
• Surgery –”You are going to cut out my what?” can cause– Dysphagia– Dysphagia– Dysarthria, dysphonia, aphonia– Poor Cosmesis– Shoulder dysfunction
Core Signaling Pathways in Human Pancreatic Cancers Revealed by Global Genomic Analyses
Jones et al. Science, 2008
• average of 63 genetic alterations/ tumor• Only looked at mutations and DNA copy alteration• (didn’t look at miRNA, epigenetics
The Molecular Revolution
• 1970’s interferon will cure cancer• Gleevec: small molecule inhibitor of abl tyrosine kinase domain for CMLtyrosine kinase domain for CML
Erbitux
• Humanized monoclonal Ab directed against EGFR, widely used
• Safety Profile:• Safety Profile:– 3% risk of hypersensitivity, <0.5% interstitial pneumonitis (2/3 with preexisting pulmonary fibrosis, one death)
– acneiform rash for most patients
• IV infusion
Kaplan-Meier Estimates of Locoregional Control among All Patients Randomly Assigned to Radiotherapy plus Cetuximab or Radiotherapy Alone
Bonner, J. et al. N Engl J Med 2006;354:567-578
Kaplan-Meier Estimates of Overall Survival among All Patients Randomly Assigned to Radiotherapy plus Cetuximab or Radiotherapy Alone
Bonner, J. et al. N Engl J Med 2006;354:567-578
Platinum-Based Chemotherapy plus Cetuximab in Head and
Neck CancerVermoken et al. NEJM, 2008
• Recurrent or Metastatic patients do patients do better with Cetuximab
Phase II Study of Cetuximab for High Risk Premalignant Disease
of the Head and Neck
Pretreatment: moderate-severe dysplasia
Posttreatment: no dysplasia
A Phase II Trial of Tadalafil in Patients with Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the for High Risk Premalignant Disease of the
Head and NeckJoseph Califano, M.D. and Ivan Borrello, M.D.
Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
Johns Hopkins Medical SchoolBaltimore, MD USA
Milton J Dance Head and Neck CenterGreater Baltimore Head and Neck Center
Baltimore, MD USA
Viagra and Cialis affect the immune system
Joseph Califano, M.D. and Ivan Borrello, M.D.Department of Otolaryngology-
Head and Neck Surgery Johns Hopkins Medical SchoolJohns Hopkins Medical School
Baltimore, MD USA
Milton J Dance Head and Neck CenterGreater Baltimore Head and Neck Center
Baltimore, MD USA
Viagra and Cialis affect the immune system
I am not an immunologist
Immunologists
JC office
Where immunologists work
Immunologists go to lunch here
Viagra and Cialis affect the immune system
I am not an immunologist
But I can see them But I can see them from my window
Tumor
Tumors can recruit different host cell populationsto avoid T cell recognition
TumorspecificCTL
MDSCs can mediate T-cell suppression through Arg-1 and Nos2 expression
Cytotoxic T cell response
Bronte Serafini et al: J Immunol. 2003 Jan 1;170(1):270-8.
response
Inhibitors of iNOS
cGMPPDE5
+
cyclaseGTP
Sildenafil
VasodilatationGMP
PKG
PDE5 inhibition: mechanism of action on MSCs
Tumor
L-arg
iNOS mRNA iNOShur
Arg1 ++
TumorspecificCTL
NO
O2-
ONOO-
Figure 3: PDE-5 inhibition exerts a measurable immune-mediated anti-tumor effect. Balb/c or Rag-/- mice werechallenged with CT26 s.c. and followed for tumor-free survival inthe presence or absence of sildenafil.
Modulation of HNSCC immune response via PDE5 inhibition
• A novel means of overcoming Tcell immune response to HNSCC
Viagra Reverses T-cell inhibition in HNSCC patients
Figure 5: PDE5 Inhibition Augments T cell Proliferation in HNSCC PBMCs. Peripheral blood from HNSCC or a healthy donor was stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28 beads in the presence or absence of Viagra for 5 days. Fold change was determined by expansion of CD4 or CD8 cells compared to baseline.
Specific Aim 2: To determine effect of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibition on in peripheral T cell function in patients with HNSCC.
Specific Aims of Study
HNSCC.Using T cell expansion assays with anti-CD3/CD28 magnetic beads, we will measure the stimulation index (T cell number post-expansion/T cell number at baseline) as a measure of T cell function.
Primary HNSCC (resectable or unresectable) without evidence of pre-existing immune suppression or contraindication to tadalafil and available for biopsy of tumor
Control group:
Randomization 5:3, 40 patients treated: control
Treatment group:
Schema
Control group: observation alone
Treatment group:Talalafil 10 mg. po QD X 14 D
day 14:Complete assessment, biopsy OR surgical resection. Peripheral blood sampling prior to biopsy or resectionStandard therapy (surgery, radiation, and/or chemotherapy)
Continued surveillance
Primary Endpoint and Statistics
Primary Statistical Analysis: A total of 40 patients will be randomized in this study, 25 to tadalafil and 15 to no treatment. The primary analysis will be an unpaired t-test of the changes between the two arms, comparing T-test of the changes between the two arms, comparing T-cell activation.This will provide 81% power for the statistical detection of a 0.8 SD difference in post-pre change between the two groups (two-sided alpha=0.10)
Other interesting novel trials and agents
• New EGFR antibodies• Antibodies directed against general tyrosine kinase domains affecting growth, angiogenesisangiogenesis
• EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors• HPV immune therapy trials• Other tyrosine kinase inhibitors for angiogenesis, growth, invasion pathways
• Blockade of sugar metabolism in tumors• Akt/mTOR pathway inhibitors
Other interesting strategies
• Selection of therapy based on molecular prognostic criteria: theragnosis
• Combining conventional and molecular • Combining conventional and molecular therapies
• Not yet able to avoid cytotoxic therapies– Psychologic barriers