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“Molecular Workbenches” Protein structure. Life is a system of elements that can replicate the entire set of elements from rudimentary parts to form new copies of the whole system. Elements: Are large, macro-molecules, such as DNA, RNA and proteins, with 1000’s of covalently linked atoms. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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“Molecular Workbenches”Protein structure
Life is a system of elements that can replicate the entire set of elements from rudimentary parts to form new copies of the whole system.
Elements: Are large, macro-molecules, such as DNA, RNA and proteins, with 1000’s of covalently linked atoms.Rudimentary Parts: Are the building blocks for the elements. DNA and RNA are made from nucleic acids; proteins are made from amino acids. These are small molecules held together by covalent bonds.
Two Types of AtomicInteraction:
Covalent Bonds(make molecules)
Non-covalent Bonds(make molecules come alive)
Two Types of CovalentBond:
Non-polar(electronically balanced)
Polar(electronically unbalanced)
Molecules “see” eachother by non-covalentinteractions of their
electron shells.
4 Types ofNon-covalent Bonds: (1) van der Waals(2) hydrogen bonds(3) ionic(4) hydrophobic effect
Covalent and non-covalentChemical bonds:
Bond type length (nm) strength (kcal/mole)in vacuum in water
Covalent 0.15 90 90Non-covalent: ionic 0.25 80 3
hydrogen 0.30 4 1van der Waals 0.35 0.1 0.1
Living things have very high
information content.
Proteins are amino acid polymers.
Amino Acids
Building Molecules:The Condensation
Reaction
Four levels of proteinStructure:
1°-aa sequence2°-local folds/structure3°-structure of polypeptide4°-polypeptide interactions
Two common folds:-helix-sheet
cytochrome b
NAD-binding
antibody
Next Class-Protein Function:
How we studyproteins