Money circulation in Liburnia in the pre-imperial period : preliminary report / Lucijana Šešelj, Mato Ilkić

8/20/2019 Money circulation in Liburnia in the pre-imperial period : preliminary report / Lucijana Šešelj, Mato Ilkić

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FORSCHUNGEN IN LAURIACUM

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FORSCHUNGEN IN LAURIACUM

herausgegeben von

Gesellschaft für Landeskunde und Denkmalpege Oberösterreich

Museumverein Lauriacum

Oberösterreichisches Landesmuseum

Museum der Stadt Enns


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Akten

des 5. Österreichischen Numismatikertages

Enns, 21.–22. Juni 2012

Enns – Linz 2014

Herausgegeben von

Michael Alram, Hubert Emmerig und Reinhardt Harreither


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Gedruckt mit freundlicher Unterstützung:

Münze Österreich AG Historisch-Kulturwissenschaftliche Fakultät der Universität Wien Institut für Numismatik und Geldgeschichte der Universität WienKunsthistorisches Museum Wien, MünzkabinettAbteilung Documenta Antiqua, Institut für Kulturgeschichte der Antike, Österreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenStadtgemeinde Enns

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ISBN 978-3-902299-09-3

Historisch-kulturwissenschaliche Fakultät


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Inhaltsverzeichnis

Vorwort ..................................................................................................................................... VII

Programm ................................................................................................................................. IX

Festvortrag

Bernward ZiegausDie Werkzeuge der keltischen Münzmeister – Funde und Forschungen ................................. 3

Vorträge

Marc Philipp WahlDas Sstem der Deinomeniden: Motivwanderungen auf westgriechischen Münzen im5. Jahrhundert v. Chr. ............................................................................................................... 33

Lucijana Šešelj – Mato IlkićMone circulation in Liburnia in the pre-imperial period: preliminar report ........................ 43

Martina Griesser – René Traum – Klaus VondrovecKorrosionserscheinungen an antiken Bronzemünzen .............................................................. 55

Karl StrobelVorrömischer und frührömischer Geldverkehr in Noricum: Fragen und Tendenzen .............. 67

Martin Ziegert

Zwischen Innovation und Tradition. Die Münzprägung Vespasians ....................................... 101

Ursula Pintz Neue Erkenntnisse zu den Eisenmünzen der Austria Romana ................................................ 109

Slavica Filipović – Tomislav ŠeparovićDie spätantike Nekropole in Zmajevac (Kroatien). Übersicht über die numismatischen Funde.Ein Beitrag zur Erforschung des Umlaufs von Münzen am Donau-Limes in Pannonien ....... 119

Nikolaus SchindelZur kushano-sasanidischen Münzprägung ............................................................................... 133


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Inhaltsverzeichnis

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Hubert EmmerigMünzfunde des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit in Österreich: Die Erschließungeines Quellenbestandes – Der Fundkatalog am Institut für Numismatik undGeldgeschichte der Universität Wien (FK/ING) ...................................................................... 143

Roman Zaoral

Silver and Glass in Trade Contacts between Bohemia and Venice .......................................... 149

Petr Schneider Ein Beitrag zur Oberlausitzer Münzgeschichte im 13. Jahrhundert ........................................ 167

Dagmar Grossmannová

Beitrag zur Tpologie der mährischen Münzen der zweiten Hälfte des 13. Jahrhunderts ....... 177

Herfried E. Wagner Gefälschte Gegenstempel auf Prager Groschen ....................................................................... 185

Anna Fabiankowitsch1683 und die Münzfunde in Wien, Niederösterreich und dem Burgenland ............................. 199

Jürgen Mühlbacher – Irene Mühlbacher

Der Diskurs gesellschaftlicher Erinnerungskultur am Beispiel bundesdeutscherSilbermünzen – Ein erster Werkstattbericht ............................................................................. 215

Bernhard ProkischFunde religiöser Medaillen in Oberösterreich. Ein erster Bericht ........................................... 219

Karl Peitler „Dem Johanneum, einer Anstalt, in der ich Stifter und Vaterland ehre und liebe“ –Die Schenkungen Anton Prokesch von Ostens an das Münzkabinett des Universal-museums Joanneum ................................................................................................................. 235


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Lucijana ŠeŠeLj – Mato iLkić

Mone circulation in Liburnia in the pre-imperial period: preliminar report*

The term Liburnia used in this paper refers to the geographical area of the North-eastern Adriaticas dened b the ancient authors Plin the Elder and Florus1. According to the latter, the northern

border of this territor was marked b the river Raša ( umen Arsia) in modern-da Istria and itssouthern border b the river Krka ( umen Titius) in present-da central Dalmatia (g. 1).

The region is limited to a narrow strip of the coast dened to the north and east b the moun-tain range of Velebit, the Croatian Littoral (Hrvatsko primorje) and the Kvarner Gulf with the

neighbouring islands. The borderline in the hinterland is ver hard to dene because of the lackof proper ecavations and the paucit of research into etant material. For this reason we havelimited our stud to the coastal area and the hinterland of northern Dalmatia, namel the regionsof Ravni Kotari and Bukovica, while also taking into account nds in Lika (in the trans-Velebitregion) as well as the area beond the river Krka. The issue of the south-eastern border of Liburniais still open to debate, as is the denition of the territories of Ditiones and Delmatae2. From theancient sources it is clear that at least in some phases the area beond the river Krka, for eamplePromona3, was Liburnian. Thus, in our stud we have also taken into consideration the nds fromthe Drniš and Knin area, which we ma assume had close connections with the territor of Libur-nia as far as trade and the echange of goods were concerned, despite being a separate ethnic and

political entit.

The period under consideration is the end of the 4th and the beginning of the 3rd century BCup to the end of the 1st centur BC and the beginning of Roman imperial coinage. In general,numismatic nds from Liburnia in the pre-imperial period have never before been sstematicallstudied4. The eceptions to this are the hoards which are specic to the regions of Liburnia andIapodia and have constituted the focus of all previous numismatic studies5. Unlike these publica-tions, our stud will focus on single nds from the settlement contet, which are a ver importantindicator of widespread use of coinage as a means of echange among the Liburnians.

* This paper represents a preliminar report on the latest numismatic nds from the territor of ancient Liburniawhich will be published in the monograph Coinage and money circulation in Liburnia in the pre-imperial period(From the oldest nds until the reform of Augustus in the years 23 to 19 BC).

1 Arsiae gens Liburnorum iungitur usque ad umen Titium (Plin. nat. hist. 3, 139); ... Rursus incontinente colonia Iader ... inde ... Colentum insula ... ostium Tit ii uminis. Liburniae nis et initium Delmatiae Scardona in amneeo XII passuum a mari. (Plin. nat. hist. 3, 140–141); Illyrii seu Liburni sub extremis Alpium radicibus agunt inter

Arsiam Titiumque umen longissime per totum Hadriani maris litus effusi. (Flor. epit. 1. 21. 1).2 On the problems of Liburnia’s borders see: Š. Batović, Liburnska grupa, 339ff.; S. ČaČe, Liburnija, 64–81;

B. oLujić, Povijest Japoda, 107–134; M. ŠAŠEL K OS, Appian, 182–188; M. Zaninović, Delmati, 33ff.3 S. ČaČe, Pogranične, 87ff.; S. ČaČe, Prilozi, 2ff.; S. BiLić-DujMuŠić, Promona, 27ff.; M. ŠAŠEL K OS, Appian,

345–346.4 A recentl-published review of south Italian coins from the eastern Adriatic includes some nds from the territor

of Liburnia, Š. Batović, Predrimski, 10ff.; also M. DuBoLnić-GLavan – V. GLAVAŠ, Prilog.5

I. MIRNIK , Coin hoards, 33–49; S. ČaČe, Liburnija, 484–498; M. CRAWFORD, Coinage, 219ff.


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To date we have noted more than 300 coins from 30 known sites, most of which are preser-ved in museums and private collections and have not been previousl published (g. 2)6. It shouldalso be pointed out that museum collections hold man more coins which can be attributed to this

period but whose provenance is unfortunatel unknown. All of them belong to well-known tpesfrom the area, and even if the were to be taken into consideration the would merel increase thestatistics without having an inuence on our interpretation.

Preliminar analses show that the main concentration of pre-imperial coins is found in thenative settlements of northern Dalmatia (gs. 1, 2). The reasons for this are obvious, as this fertile

area was one of the most densel inhabited in the eastern Adriatic coast during the Hellenistic period7. However, it should also be emphasized that in the area below the Velebit Mountains andthe Liburnian part of Istria few ecavations have taken place and little research published onnds, particularl with regard to numismatic material. Thus the present picture of coin distributionreects the state of research rather than the actual situation.

6 It is also important to mention here that this does not represent the nal number either of sites or nds, as a revi-sion of records in several museums is still outstanding, and in the meantime we have been offered more nds forour publication from private collections. The current rough est imate is 500 coins.

7

S. ČaČe, South Liburnia 65ff.

Fig. 1: Map of numismatic sites in Liburnia


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Money circulation in Liburnia in the pre-imperial period

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Fig. 2: Coins distribution b site (per number)

Fig. 3: Coins distribution b tpe (per number)

Preliminar analses clearl show that the most numerous nds are coins attributed to Car-

thage and Numidia, followed b Roman Republican coins from the earliest period onwards. Theseare also the most widespread coin tpes in Liburnia. Other nds include Ptolemaic coins togetherwith coins from Apollonia and Drrachium, Issa, Heracleia, Pharos and other Greek cities in Greeceitself as well as south Ital and Sicil, but in relativel small quantities, especiall compared tocentral and south Dalmatia, where these tpes predominate8. Here we should also emphasise the

presence of coins from Apulian cities together with rare Hispanic and Celtic coins. Furthermore,it should be pointed out that most of them are made of bronze while silver coins are rare (g. 3).

8 Z. DUKAT – I. MIRNIK , Pre-Roman coinage 175ff.; B. K IRIGIN, Greeks in Central Dalmatia 293ff.; P. PoPović, Novac

Skordiska 155, g. 29; J. BRUNŠMID, Natpisi i novac 47ff.


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The tpolog tells us that the most common tpe is the late Carthaginian coin dating to the secondhalf of the 3rd and the rst half of 2nd centur BC with the head of Tanit/Persephone and the horsestanding right (g. 4) or horse standing right with its head turned (g. 5). These bronze coins have

been found at 11 sites.

Numidian coins are invariabl represented b the tpe with a laureate bearded head on theobverse and a prancing horse on the reverse, dating to the end of the 3 rd and the 2nd century BCand attributed to King Massinissa and his successors (g. 6-9) 9. These bronze coins have beenfound at eleven sites so far.

9

Figs. 7 and 8 have been published in: M. iLkić – D. FiLiPČić – V. K RAMBERGER , Ususret no. 20 and no. 16.

Fig. 4: Carthage, c. 200–146 BC; AE, 27 mm, 15.14 g;SNG Cop 409–413, SNG Milano xIV 43–50;Podgrađe ( Asseria), private collection

Fig. 5: Carthage, 221–210 BC; AE, 21 mm,3.25 g; SNG Cop 307–314, SNGMilano xIV 21–24, MAA no. 88;Senj (Senia), Gradski muzej Senj

Fig. 6: Numidia, Massinissa and his successors, 208–148BC and later; AE, 27 mm, 12.22 g; SNG Cop504–517, SNG Milano xIV 1–17, MAA no. 18;Podgrađe ( Asseria), private collection

Fig. 7: Numidia, Massinissa and his successors, 208–148BC and later; AE, 27 mm, 12.38 g; SNG Cop504–517, SNG Milano xIV 1–17, MAA no. 18;Slivnica, Lergova gradina, private collection

Fig. 8: Numidia, Massinissa and his successors,208–148 BC and later; AE, 26 mm, 14.78 g;SNG Cop 504–517, SNG Milano xIV 1–17,MAA no. 18; Drniš area, private collection

Fig. 9: Numidia, Massinissa and hissuccessors, 208–148 BC and later; AE,27.9 mm, 7.76 g; SNG Cop 504–517,SNG Milano xIV 1–17, MAA no. 18;Ljubač, private collection


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Roman Republican coins are present in Liburnia from the middle of the 3rd centur BC. Thewere used during the whole period and are ver common in the region (g. 10–11). It should bementioned that we also found earlier cast bronze coinage and even a number of pieces of ramo secco bars10. These bronze and silver coins were found at 13 sites.

Greek coins found in this area derive from Greek Adriatic cities, for eample a coin fromIssa (g. 12) displaing the head of the goddess Athena in Corinthian helmet on the obverse andthe goat on the reverse, dating to the 3 rd century BC11, or a coin from the unknown Adriatic citof Heracleia and several coins issued b the Illrian king Ballaios (g. 13)12. We also nd coinsfrom Drrachium dating to the 2nd centur BC (g. 14)13 and coins of the Achaean league (3rd/2nd centur BC) which are also found in central Dalmatia14. The Sracusan coins found were all issued

b Hieron II.15

10 M. iLkić – D. FiLiPČić – V. K RAMBERGER , Ususret nos. 33 and 34. 11 Fig. 12 was published in: M. iLkić – D. FiLiPČić – V. K RAMBERGER , Ususret no. 24.

12 Fig. 13 was published in: I. MIRNIK , Nalazi starog novca 90, Tab. 1, 2; M. iLkić – D. FiLiPČić – V. K RAMBERGER ,Ususret no. 31. The question of the chronolog of Ballaios’ coins is still open to debate. Traditionall these coinshave been dated to between 167–135 BC (J. BRUNŠMID, Natpisi i novac 88), but the latest nds from Polish eca-vations of a Hellenistic house in Risan, Montenegro, indicate that these coins should in fact be dated to the 3 rd century BC, R. ciołek , Great hoard 7–12; P. DYCZEK , Preliminar 45–50.

13 We onl have a photograph of the Drrachium drachm from Ljubač, and we have no access to data regardingweight and diameter.

14 M. BonaČić ManDinić, Coin nds at Ploča 159–160.15

Š. Batović, Predrimski 29.

Fig. 11: Roman Republic, Mark Anton,denarius, 43 BC; 19 mm, 3.32 g; RRC488/2; Škabrnje, private collection

Fig. 10: Roman Republic, as, 152 BC, Rome; 33 mm, 18.57g; RRC 204/2; Omišalj ( Fulnum), Arheološki

park i zbirka u osnivanju “Mirine-Fulnum”

Fig. 12: Issa, 3rd C BC; AE, 22.5 mm, 7.01 g; J. BRUNŠMID, Natpisi i novac 11; Podgrađe ( Asseria), privatecollection

Fig. 13: Ballaios; AE, 17 mm, 2.79 g; J. BRUNŠ-MID, Natpisi i novac 9–10; Ostrovica,Zavičajni muzej Benkovac


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Although Celtic coins are quite rare in this area we nd them at ve Liburnian sites. The all belong to the well-known Tauriscan tpe of tetradrachm with male head/Apollo and horse (g. 15).The date to the 2nd/1st century BC16.

The Apulian coins found derive from the cities of Luceria (g. 16), Teate (g. 17), Arpi, andBrundisium (g. 18), and together with the coin from Bruttium (g. 19) all date to the end of the3rd century BC17.

16 On Tauriscan coins see: P. K OS, Leksikon, Taurisci 340–342; R. GÖBL, TKN 99–100. On the chronolog of Tau-riscan coinage see most recentl P. K OS – A. ŠEMROV, Ljubljanica 381–395.

17 According to CRAWFORD these coins are related to the events of the Second Punic War. M. CRAWFORD, Coinage

64–69; A. GUIDARELLI, Identicazione 80ff.

Fig. 15: Celts, Taurisci; AE (?), tetradrachm,

19.5 mm, 4.16 g; Samobor/A, R. GÖBL,TKN 27–89; Ljubač, private collection

Fig. 14: Drrachium; AR, drachm; H. CEKA,

Questions 188, no. 27; Ljubač

Fig. 16: Apulia, Luceria, before 217 BC; AE, quincun,27 mm, 14.34 g; SNG Milano III 94–98,Podgrađe ( Asseria), private collection

Fig. 17: Apulia, Teate, c. 217 BC; AE, quadrans,22 mm, 13.52 g; SNG Milano III 140;Cathedral, Senj (Senia), Gradski muzejSenj

Fig. 18: Calabria, Brundisium, 200–89BC; AE, semis, 19 mm, 7.71 g;SNG Milano III 15–27; Podgrađe( Asseria), private collection

Fig. 19: Calabria, Bruttium, 208–205 BC; AE, 27mm, 14.42 g; SNG Milano IV/2 75; Podgrađe( Asseria), private collection


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Rare Hispanic coins from three Liburnian sites all derive from the cit of Castulo (CastuloTarraconensis) in a rich mining area and date to the second half of the 2nd centur BC to the begin-ning of the 1st century BC18.

When did coinage rst start to appear in Liburnia? It would seem that this occurred at the beginning of the 3rd centur BC, becoming more common towards the middle of the centur. Fromthis period on it is ver common and we nd different tpes of coins until the 1st centur BC when

Roman Republican coins predominate, as the do in the whole of the eastern Adriatic. The earliestcoins found are Roman Republican, together with a few eamples from Greek Dalmatian coloniesand Carthage. From the 2nd centur BC onwards Numidian and Ptolemaic coins become more com-mon. The domination of Roman and North African coinage in the Liburnian region is still a subjectof debate. What we know about this problem is based mainl on the stud of the hoard evidence,and the eplanations presented in the literature are that: a) coins were collected as valuable metalor b) isolated pieces are evidence for the movement of individuals such as pilgrims or soldiers etcetera19. However, the numerous nds from settlements suggest that these eplanations are toosimple and do not eplain their quantit and distribution in the native settlements. We suggest thatthese coins were used in everda transactions.

As further evidence that this mone circulated and was used in the region of northern part of

eastern Adriatic we present archaeological nds from the Hellenistic period on Cape Ploča, wherethe remains of a maritime sanctuar dedicated to the Greek hero Diomedes were found (Plin theElder 3, 141 names it promunturium Diomedis)20.

18 One coin from Liburnian territor has been recentl published in: M. DuBoLnić-GLavan – V. GLAVAŠ, Prilog 99.19 M. CRAWFORD, Coinage 221ff; S. ČaČe, Liburnija 484–498.20 L. ŠEŠELJ, Promunturium Diomedis; S. ČaČe – L. ŠEŠELJ, Finds 163ff.; B. K IRIGIN – S. ČaČe, Archaeological evi-

dence; S. ČaČe, Promunturium 21ff.

Fig. 20: Origins of coin tpes found in the Hellenistic sanctuar on Cape Ploča ( promunturium Diomedis)


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The sanctuar is situated on the most dangerous part of the eastern Adriatic route, on a pro-montor noted for its sudden weather changes, dangerous currents and abruptl veering winds.It has been snonmous with danger for mariners of all periods, as it was for the Greeks whofounded the sanctuar. However, the foundation of the sanctuar onl makes sense within thecontet of onward travel into the northern Adriatic, that is, through Liburnian waters21. Althoughliterar tradition gives us a picture of the Liburnians as enemies of the ancient Greeks, archaeo-

logical research suggests that this is not in fact the case, at least from the end of the 4th centuryBC22. It seems that the discovered common interests and from this period on the regular easternmaritime route was established. Furthermore, it would appear that all parties beneted from this,and that Diomedes’ sanctuar also came to smbolize this peaceful coeistence. The numismaticand ceramic evidence related to the Greek colonies at Issa, Pharos and Heracleia on Liburniansites supports this thesis. If we take a look at numismatic nds from Cape Ploča (g. 20) it isclear that almost all coin tpes present on the eastern Adriatic coast are found here. The highestconcentration comes from western Greece, followed b Ital and northern Africa. Given that thecoins were votive offerings left b sailors we ma presume that the were brought to the sanctuarfrom successful voages and deliberatel deposited in the sanctuar as a token of the destinationfor which the sought now divine favour. These nds are also a ver good indicator of mone

circulation in the northern Adriatic.If we look at the spatial distribution of coin tpes, especiall in respect of the evidence pro-

vided b hoards, it is evident that in the south and deeper hinterland as well as the Danube regionthe sstem of coinage of Apollonia and Drrachium forms the model. On the middle Dalmatianislands, following the domination b local coinage of the Greek poleis, we nd emissions relatedto the Illrian region (Apollonia, Drrachium, Illrian kings). In general there appears to be a verstrong connection in central and south Dalmatia with the south-east, in spite of strong penetration

b Roman Republican mone. B contrast, in the Alpine and Pannonian regions a different tpeof Celtic coinage predominates, while Roman Republican coins spread graduall from the west.Situated between these two large geographical zones is the Liburnian-Iapodian region, where the

North African and Roman Republican mone dominated. How can this phenomenon be eplained?There is no doubt that the occurrence of this coinage must be related to Liburnian maritimetrade. Relations with the western coast of the Adriatic, especiall the area of Picenum and Apulia,were well established from the earl Iron Age onwards and persisted during the Hellenistic period.It appears that political changes in Ital and the arrival of Romans on the Adriatic did not seriouslaffect the echange of goods between the two coasts. On the contrar, it seems that the rst con-tacts and good relations with the Romans (conrmed b later literar sources) were establishedduring this phase and the appearance of Roman coins was a direct consequence of this. It couldalso eplain the presence of coinage from Apulian cities from the period of the Second Punic War,which is not otherwise widespread outside Ital.

The appearance of Celtic coinage in northern Dalmatia must also be connected to the trade

with the caput Adriae. This is conrmed b Strabo, who mentions the role of Aquileia in trade withthe region of Noricum, the people of Taurisci and the Pannonians. Shellsh, wine and olive oilwere echanged for slaves, leather, gold and iron et cetera23, as also conrmed b archaeologicalnds, in particular those made on the Magdalensberg24. Analses of these nds indicate intensivetrade contacts with Aquileia during the late Republican period. With the foundation of this colon

21 S. BiLić-DujMuŠić, Archaeological ecavations 485–486; S. BiLić-DujMuŠić, Ecavations 123ff.; L. ŠEŠELJ, Pro-munturium Diomedis 387–392.

22 S. ČaČe, Corcira 83ff.23 Strab. 5, 1, 8. C 214.24

E. SCHINDLER -K AUDELKA – S. ZABEHLICKY-SCHEFFENEGGER , Commerce 151ff.


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the eastern Adriatic route was transformed into one of the major commercial seawas leading to thenorthernmost part of the Adriatic25. This is conrmed b evidence from Cape Ploča, where thereis an enormous quantit of material from the 2nd and 1st centuries BC26. As the major part of thisroute passes through Liburnian waters it should be assumed that the Liburnians also participated inthis trade, at least before the domination of Italian traders in the second half of the 1st century BC.

The hardest phenomenon to eplain is the presence of Carthaginian and Numidian coinage

in the area of Liburnia. It remains unclear whether it arrived here via Ital or whether there weremore direct contacts with the western Mediterranean and North Africa. We believe that furtherstud of other tpes of archaeological material, in particular potter, will contribute in providinga solution to this problem.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We would like to epress our gratitude to institutions and people who kindl helped us with material and information:Arheološki muzej Zagreb, Pomorski i povijesni muzej Hrvatskog primorja Rijeka, Arheološka zbirka Osor, Gradski muzejSenj, Arheološki muzej u Zadru, Muzej ninskih starina, Zavičajni muzej Biograd na moru, Zavičajni muzej Benkovac,Gradski muzej Šibenik, Muzej hrvatskih arheoloških spomenika u Splitu; T. araLica, t. BiLić, t. Brajković, Z. Brusić,

M. ČauŠević, i. Čerina, s. Čerina, i. ćurković, M. ćurković, M. DuBoLnić GLavan, D. Duca, Z. ettinGer starČić,D. FiLiPČić, v. GLavaŠ, s. GLuŠČević, Z. k inDa, P. k ožuL, v. k raMBerGer , B. LjuBović, M. MeŠtrov, i. MiLeusnić,i. Mirnik , D. MraČić, M. r aDović, M. r eBić, r. starac, t. ŠeParović. Special thanks for nancial support to Professors. ČaČe, Universit in Zadar (project no. 269-2690754-3143, the Croatian Ministr of Science and Technolog) and tothe director of the Town museum in Senj B. LjuBović. We also wish to thank P. K OS and P. VISONÀ for suppling helpfulcomments and information.

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Dr. sc. Lucijana ŠešeljDomovinskog rata 4, 23000 Zadar, Kroatien

[email protected]

Dr. Mato IlkićDepartment of Archaeolog, Universit of Zadar

Obala kralja Petra Krešimira IV. 2, 23000 Zadar, [email protected]

Documents

Money circulation in Liburnia in the pre-imperial period : preliminary report / Lucijana Šešelj, Mato Ilkić