Monoxide of hydrogen

Feebly dissociates to hydrogen and hydroxyl ions

pH pure water is 7

Maximum density at 3.980C

The viscosity and surface tension slightly changes due to change in temperature 1000C. Water has the molecular mass 18.0151

H2O molecules are bent molecules with a bond angle of 104.500. It is polar in nature

Pancha Bhutas

origin of life is mainly in water

Without water, life is impossible. So water is an inevitable factor in all forms and states of life

According to ‘Neethisaram’ Yathra Nasthi Sajalanadi Mithra

Thathra Vasthavyam

About two third of our body weight is due to water. 89% of blood, about 80% of Brain, muscles etc and even 10% of bone contain water

USES OF WATERWater is essential for both internal and external body cleansing. Usage of water can be classified mainly into five :-

• 1. Domestic uses :- For drinking, washing, cooking, bathing etc. • 2. Public uses :- Cleaning of surroundings, Fire fighting,

watering of garden and for ponds.

• 3. Industrial uses :- As solvent, cleaning material and so on.

• 4. Agricultural uses :- water is a main eventuality in Agriculture

• 5. Therapeutic uses :- Water is used in Naturopathy, Hydrotherapy for water therapy and mud therapy

• Approximately a human needs 150 to 200 liter water per day.

SOURCES OF WATER

1. Atmospheric water2. Terrestrial water

Main forms of Atmospheric water are Rain water, Hailstone, snow and ice. According to Susrutha acharya they are Dharam, Karam, Thousharam and Haimi

(a) Rain water - Dharam

This is also known as ‘Aindra jalam’. The pure form of natural water. It is clear, shining, chemically soft and with small amount of dissolved materials.

• Rain water is of two types namely Gangam and Samudram.

• Rain water collected at the end of rainy season i.e in the September – October is gangam; Water collected at the beginning and middle of rainy season is Samudram. Water testing – Ganga Samudra Pareekshanam.

• Rice of freshly harvested paddy is made into bolus and kept in the rain in a silver plate for 48 min i.e One muhoortam. If there is no change in the rice the water is gangam.

BELIEFS OF NATURE CURE

• More dishes, more diseases• More medicines, more miseries• More comforts, more complaints• More relief, more grief• More drugs, more doubts• More nourishment, more punishment• Common sense plus will power equals health• Health is the very foundation of your life• Hunger is not only a good cook, but a physician too• We should eat what we require, not what we desire

SEVEN DEADLY SINS

• Wealth without work• Pleasure without conscience• Knowledge without character• Business without ethics• Science without humanity• Religion without sacrifice• Politics without principle - Mahatma Gandhi .

Hydrotherapy

• Treating the disorders by the rational use of water.

• Neutral - 98.6 F (or) 36.4 celsius• Hot - > 37 c to 40 c • Very hot - > 40 c• Cold - 24 c to 36 c• Very Cold - 0 c < 24 c• Freezing - < 0 c

WATER – HYDROTHERAPY

It uses the therapeutic properties of water.

Water has great healing properties and exhibits different

properties at different temperatures.

The temperature of the water for any treatment depends on

the effect desired.

Water is used internally and externally in all its forms- steam,

liquid or ice, to cleanse and restore health.

It is used in the form of Baths, Jets/Douches, Packs,

Compresses and Immersions.

therapeutic effects of Drinking water:

– Helps maintain hydration of the body.

– Helps in proper secretion of body fluids.

– Aids digestion and prevents constipation.

– Improves skin condition.

– Helps in detoxification

Wet Packs

• wrap the body in a sheet wetted in cold water.

• The head with a wet towel placed on it is kept outside the sheet and two blankets are also placed.

• After half an hour, the pack is removed

Compress Packs

A compress is a fold of cloth / soft material,

applied firmly to a part for the relief of

inflammation / prevention of hemorrhage.

Cold Compress

Cold Compress

A cold compress is a local application of cold cloth

wrung from cold water.

Hand towels / ordinary cotton cloths may be used.

It may be applied on head, neck, chest, abdomen,

spine etc.,

The compress must be frequently renewed, before it

is warmed.

Duration:- 3 to 5 min

Temperature: - 45. To 60. F

Heating Compress- A heating compress consists of an application of heat

to the body by means of ¾ thickness of cotton cloth.

- It should be covered with dry cloth to prevent

circulation of air.

- On removal of the compress, the part should be

rubbed with cold water and dried with towel.

- Duration:- 3 to 5 min

- Temperature: - 100. To 102. F

Benefits

• Helps in detoxification of areas which are

swollen, blocked or sensitive.

• Excellent for tight sore muscles, edema.

• Stimulates the blood circulation.

• Gives soothing, refreshing, calming and

decongesting qualities.

Foot Bath

The foot bath is one of the

most useful measures in

hydrotherapy, where the foot

is immersed in the tub of

water.

Tubs used are about 16inches

long, 8 to 10 inches deep.

When the feet taken out of the

water, dry them thoroughly

Cold foot bath:-

• The feet should be immersed in a tub of

cold water.

• During the bath, feet are rubbed with

hands / one foot by the others.

• Duration: - 3 to 5 min

• Temperature:- 45. to 60.F

Hot foot bath:-

• The feet should be immersed in a tub of Hot

water.

• When the feet taken out from the water, it

should be given cold pour and then dried

thoroughly.

• Cold compress to head is given

• Duration: - 3 to 5 min

• Temperature:- 102. to 105 .F

Benefits

• Relieves localized pain and inflammations

• Relieves congestive headaches

• Relieves the spasms of the bronchioles and

facilitates easy breathing as in asthma and

bronchitis

• Excellent for relieving the numbness and tingling

in the extremities as in diabetes mellitus

Full Immersion Bath:-

• Full immersion bath should be long

enough 6 feet, 21/2 feet wide and 11/2 feet

depth, so that the body may be

completely immersed. The head should

rest on an air pillow.

Hot Immersion Bath:-

• The patient should be immersed in a tub of hot

water.

• Head is covered with cold compress.

• Cold water should be given taken before the bath.

• After the immersion bath, cold bath to be given.

• Duration ;- 2 to 20 min

• Temperature: - 100. To 102. F

Cold Immersion Bath:-

• The patient should be immersed in a tub

of cold water.

• The body should be rubbed at frequent

intervals.

• Duration ;- 5 to 7 min

• Temperature: - 55. To 90. F

Neutral Immersion Bath:-

• The patient should be immersed in a tub of warm

water.

• Head is covered with cold compress.

• Cold water should be given taken before the bath.

• After the immersion bath, dry the body

immediately.

• Duration ;- 15 to 30 min

• Temperature: - 92. To 96. F

Graduated Bath:-

The patient should be immersed in a tub of warm water then

the temperature should be gradually by 2. F at every 5 min to

about 90. F

The skin must be warm to begin with the bath.

Head is covered with cold compress.

The body should be rubbed at frequent intervals.

After the immersion bath, dry the body immediately.

Duration ;- 10 to 30 min

Temperature: - 80. To 98. F

Benefits

• Helps improve the circulation to the part

immersed and also the peripheral circulation

• Helps relieve edema

• Useful in treating skin disorders

• Helps to relieve congestion of the reflex

regions thereby relieving symptoms of

asthma, migraine, insomnia, etc

Hip BathA common tub may be used or specialized

tub - a back support elevate it 5 / 6

inches, sides sloping gradually to support

the arms, bottom elevated 2 / 3 inches.

Depth should be as common wash tub so

that the patient can comfortably sit inside

with legs outside.

Water in a tub should be sufficient

enough to cover the hip, reaches navel

when patient sits inside it.

Cold Hip Bath

• The patient should in a Hip bath tub filled

with cold water.

• The abdomen should be rubbed at frequent

intervals.

• Others parts should not cooled.

• Duration ;- 5 to 7 min

• Temperature: - 55. To 75. F

Hot Hip Bath

• The patient should in a Hip bath tub filled

with hot water.

• Cold pack to head.

• Duration ;- 5 to 10 min

• Temperature: - 100. To 102. F

Spinal Bath• It is given in a specially designed spinal tub with its back

raised so as to provide proper support to the head.

• The bath can be administered at cold, neutral and hot

temperatures.

• The water level in the tub should be an inch and a half to

two inches and the patient should lie in it.

• Duration:- 3 to 10 min.

Benefits• It bath provides a soothing effect to the spinal

column and thereby influences the central nervous

system.

• Stimulates, Relaxes the spinal nerves & spinal

muscles.

• Helps maintain the blood pressure

• Helps in regulating the moods like anxiety or

depression.

• Insomnia, Spondylitis, sciatic pain

Steam Bath

• Patient sit in a steam cabin designed

for treatment.

• Exposing the entire body to steam

with the exception of the head.

• Drink cold water before steam bath.

• Cold Pack to head.

• Duration :- 5 to 10 min

Benefits

• Steam inhalation helps decongest the respiratory

tract. Herbal steam helps rejuvenate the body

• Helps open up the skin pores

• Helps remove the toxins of the skin through

sweating

• Helps the skin to maintain its natural moisture

and softness.

Full Wet Sheet Pack

• A full wet sheet pack is a procedure in

with body is wrapped in a wet sheet,

outside is covered with dry blanket.

• Duration :- 45 min to 1 hour.

• This treatment allows an in-depth detoxification of the areas which

are swollen, blocked or sensitive and helps to restore the vitality of

the skin and the body.

• There are several packs like abdomen, knee, trunk, shoulder, ankle

and neck packs.

• Relieves inflammation and swellings

• Improves circulation

• Relieves the stiffness and spasms of muscles and joints

Benefits

Sun Bath

• It is the application of Natural Sunlight directly to

the exposed to body surface.

• Sunlight is the greatest of all promoters of health

and greatest enemy of disease.

• Sunlight not only kills germs, but at the same

time vitalizes energizes the body

• Increase its immune power.

• Cool bath given after sun bath.

Color therapy

Hydrotherapy according to………….

• Age• Disease condition• Tolerability• Climate • Physiological effect being desired

Indications• General foxemia• All accute disease (disorders)• All chronic• Febrile conditions.

Contraindications • Very cold• Very hot• Very young children (below 5 yrs)• Very old age people (above 50 yrs)• Hypertension & cardiovascular - hot

Physiological effects : • Cold - General tornic, to nifies the body• Hot - causes exhaustion - depressor, sedative• Neurral - Sedative induce sleep

Effect of Cold Water• Dilation of blood vessels of the skin• Redness of skin• Feeling of warmth• Fed pulse rate• Fed respiratory rate• Fed blood pressure

Steam BathSteps1. Before going in for a steam bath, you should drink one glass of water and wet

your head with cold water.2. While taking a steam bath, place a cloth soaked in cold water on your head.3. You should take a steam bath in the morning and on an empty stomach.4. You should take a steam bath for 5-10 minutes depending on your needs.5. If a patient feels weak after a steam bath, she / he should immediately wipe their

entire body with a wet cloth.6. Thereafter, take a bath or shower with cold water.7. Depending on the condition of the patient, health or diseases and the weather, a

warm shower should be taken after a cold shower. Benefits of Steam Bath: Arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, urine acidity, nephritis,

toxemia, migraines, overweight, muscle pains and back pain.Precautions: People with high blood pressure, who are very weak, who have

serious skin diseases, those suffering from TB and heart problems should not take steam bath.

Effects of hot water : • Temporily blood pressure• Increase superficial circulation• Increase blood supply to muscular.• General & relaxation• Relief muscular spain• Increase heart rate• Increase blood volume• promotion of sweating• elimination of metabolic waste.• respiratory rate• stimulate immune system• antibody production• sedation of sensory motor neurons spain relief.

Indications : • Back pain• Arthritis• Neuralgia• Muscle Pain & (muscle) tension• Sprains & strains• Stiffness• Bruises & contusion

Contraindications : -• Too young or elder• Acute fever• Severe cardiac complications• Seizures• Acute bleeding, open wounds, pressure bones• Acute skin infection, contagious skin rashes• Vascular disease • Incontinence of bladder /bowel• Severe hydrophobia• Malignancy or active T.B.

• Sages of ancient India discovered how the unique vibration of each color could help heal ailments, and this knowledge was later codified in the Atharva Veda, ancient Indian scripture, as Surya Kiran Chikitsa—healing with the sun`s rays. In the Egypt of yore, temples had special healing rooms where the sun dispersed the seven colors of the rainbow. Today, this ancient healing technique is making a popular comeback under the quasi-scientific label of chromotherapy.

• Naturopathy believes that the natural method of living and of treatment are :Return to Nature by the regulation of eating, drinking, breathing, talking, standing, sitting, bathing, dressing, working, resting, thinking the moral life, sexual and social activities etc., on a normal and natural basis.

• Eliminatory Remedies such as water, air, light, earth, magnetism, electricity etc.

• Bio-chemical Remedies such as scientific live food, selection and combination of natural food, juices.

• Mechanical Remedies such as corrective physical culture, yogic practices, massage, magnetic treatment, accupressure, water treatment.

• Mental and spiritual remedies such as scientific relaxation, normal suggestions, constructive thought, the prayer of faith etc.

…In NaturopathyElectrotherapy…

PhysiotherapyPhysiotherapy is concerned with the welfare of the whole person and aim to relieve pain, restore movement,prevent injury, rehabilitate and maintain function and quality of life.

Broad Classification of Physiotherapy:

ElectrotherapyExercise Therapy

• relaxing body-muscles

• answer to all your complaints of backache, joint-pain, strains, sprains…..

• safe & effective alternative healing method for eliminating pain

ELECTROTHERAPY

Commonly used electrotherapy Equipments

Infra-red RaysInterferential TherapyUltra-violet RaysUltrasonic TherapyDiathermyTranscutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)LASER(Light Amplification Stimulated Emission of Radiation)

INFRA-RED RAYS

Electromagnetic spectrum

INFRA-RED RAYSTransforms from light energy into heat energy.

Penetrates Skin

Subcutaneous tissue

Dilates Blood Vessels & Capillaries

Enhances the circulatory

Sweating

Elimination of toxins & Metabolic Waste

Hot Yoga or Bikram Method Yoga

Infrared Saunas

Benefits Of IR RadiationsBetter Circulation and Increased Energy

Weight Loss

Cardiovascular Health

Speed Recovery from Injuries Detoxification

Stress Reduction & Relaxation Skin Beautification Improved Immune System

Disadvantages:• Burns• Electric shock• Overdose Headache• Injury to Eyes• Faintness

Areas to be avoidedEyesDefective blood supplyOpen WoundsDefective Skin Sensation

Electromagnetic wave different from sound waves.

The frequencies of waves employed for medical purposes are between 5,00,000 & 30,00,000 cycles/sec.

Ultrasound Therapy

Uses of ultrasonic energy in the 1940s. Left, in gastric ulcers. Right, in arthritis

Ultrasonic therapy generator, the "Medi-Sonar" in the 1950s.

A British ultrasonic apparatus in the late 1950s.

• Inflammation of Elbow Joint (Tennis elbow) • Plantar fascitis (Heel pain) • Shortening of Muscle or Ligament • Inflammation of tendons

(For eg Supraspinatus tendnitis) • Ligament sprain(For eg Lateral Ligament

sprain of ankle) • Unhealed scars

AVOID…..• specialised structures such as eyes, ears,ovaries or

testes. • Growing ends of bones • Uterus of pregnant women • Areas with poor blood supply (In case of Diabetes)• Cancer .Disadvantages • Burns • Cavitation (Damage to bones) • Overdose

Interferential Therapy

the “Beat” Frequency

IndicationsPain

Muscle SpasmSwelling

Muscle Strain

AVOID…Localised WoundsUnhealed ScarsRecent CutsSkin Infections

IFT contraindications

•Cardiac arrhythmia, •cardiac pacemaker or implantable defibrillator •Pregnancy •Epilepsy or convulsive disorders •Breaks in the skin or lack of normal sensation

Electrohydrotherapy

Sebastian Kneipp Born in 1821, the son of a poor

weaver in the Bavarian region of Germany, Sebastian Kneipp’s

Sebastian Kneipp, believed to be the "father" of modern hydrotherapy, is

famous the world over. Known as the "Waterdoctor”

EMPLOYED MORE THAN 100 TYPES OF TREATMENTS

Jet Shower Massage

Hydromassage uses the pressure of underwater jets to pump air and water into yoursore muscles just a masseuse uses their hands

Jet Shower Massage used by Father Kniepp

Jet Bath

Therapy Jets Therapy Jets

Therapy Jets Swirl Jets

Whirlpool Jets

Laser Jets Pulsating Jets

Shoulder Jets

Pillow Jets

Rejuvenating Effect

A specially made equipment directs multiple, small but powerful water streams from all directions on the patient

Whirlpool Jet Bath

Steam bath

Spinal spray

Spinal bath

Hip Bath

Water

• water cure in the therapeutic sense is a course of medical treatment by hydrotherapy

Temperature HOT• 37 °C (99 °F) - Normal body temperature (which

varies between about 36.12–37.5 °C (97–100 °F))• 38 °C (100 °F) - Sweating, feeling very

uncomfortable, slightly hungry.• 39 °C (102 °F) - Severe sweating, flushed and very

red. Fast heart rate and breathlessness. There may be exhaustion accompanying this. Children and people with epilepsy may be very likely to get convulsions at this point.

• 40 °C (104 °F) - Fainting, dehydration, weakness, vomiting, headache and dizziness may occur as well as profuse sweating. Starts to be life- threatening.

• 41 °C (106 °F) - (Medical emergency) - Fainting, vomiting, severe headache, dizziness, confusion, hallucinations, delirium and drowsiness can occur. There may also be palpitations and breathlessness.

• 42 °C (108 °F) - Subject may turn pale or remain flushed and red. They may become comatose, be in severe delirium, vomiting, and convulsions can occur. Blood pressure may be high or low and heart rate will be very fast.

• 43 °C (109 °F) - Normally death, or there may be serious brain damage, continuous convulsions and shock. Cardio-respiratory collapse will likely occur.

• 44 °C (111 °F) or more - Almost certainly death will occur; however, patients have been known to survive up to 46.5 °C (115.7 °F).[38

Pathophysiology• Heat is primarily generated in muscle tissue, including the heart,

and in the liver, while it is lost through the skin (90%) and lungs (10%).

• Heat production may be increased 2 to 4 fold through muscle contractions ( i.e. exercise and shivering .

• Rates of bodily heat loss are determined, as with any object, by convection, conduction, and radiation.[13] The rates of these can be affected by clothing and other environmental conditions.

• Many changes to physiology occur as body temperature decreases. These occur in the cardiovascular system leading to the Osborn J wave and other dysrhythmias, decreased CNS electrical activity,cold diuresis, and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema.[33]

• Cold• 37 °C (99 °F) - Normal body temperature (which varies between about 36–37.5 °C

(97–100 °F))• 36 °C (97 °F) - Mild to moderate shivering (body temperature may drop this low

during sleep). May be a normal body temperature.• 35 °C (95 °F) - (Hypothermia) is less than 35 °C (95 °F) - Intense shivering,

numbness and bluish/grayness of the skin. There is the possibility of heart irritability.

• 34 °C (93 °F) - Severe shivering, loss of movement of fingers, blueness and confusion. Some behavioural changes may take place.

• 33 °C (91 °F) - Moderate to severe confusion, sleepiness, depressed reflexes, progressive loss of shivering, slow heart beat, shallow breathing. Shivering may stop. Subject may be unresponsive to certain stimuli.

• 32 °C (90 °F) - (Medical emergency) Hallucinations, delirium, complete confusion, extreme sleepiness that is progressively becoming comatose. Shivering is absent (subject may even think they are hot). Reflex may be absent or very slight.

• 31 °C (88 °F) - Comatose, very rarely conscious. No or slight reflexes. Very shallow breathing and slow heart rate. Possibility of serious heart rhythm problems.

• 28 °C (82 °F) - Severe heart rhythm disturbances are likely and breathing may stop at any time. Patient may appear to be dead.

• 24–26 °C (75–79 °F) or less - Death usually occurs due to irregular heart beat or respiratory arrest; however, a woman named Anna Bågenholm was recorded to have survived with body temperatures as low as 13.7 °C (56.7 °F).

• Brain control• Thermoregulation in both ectotherms and

endotherms is controlled mainly by the preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus.[3] Such homeostatic control is separate from the sensation of temperature.[3]

Osmoregulation

Osmoregulation is the active regulation of the osmotic pressure of bodily fluids to maintain the homeostasis of the body's water content; that is it keeps the body's fluids from becoming too dilute or too concentrated. Osmotic pressure is a measure of the tendency of water to move into one solution from another by osmosis. The higher the osmotic pressure of a solution the more water wants to go into the solution.