Industrialization and Global Connections

Industrialization and Its Effects

Most dramatic change since the Neolithic Revolution

Causes of the Industrial Revolution

Western Europe’s governments• Richest in the world (thank you Latin American gold and silver)• -• Resulted in more efficient ways to:• -• -• -

Begins in Britain

The right type of natural resources• iron• coal• good soil• fast moving rivers • natural harbors

Products exported back to colonial consumers

Belgium, Germany, France had similar conditions and soon followed Britain

Geography

Social mobility possible with reality of invention

Banks loaned $$ (££)to inventors

Economic and Social Mobility

• Britain had large number of skilled workers familiar with use of metal tools

• Contributed to the development of machines

• Enclosure Movement forced many farm workers to cities to look for work

Workforce

ONLY Western Europe had ALL the necessary factors• -• -• -

Africa had more natural resources but not stable governments

Ming China strong government and economy but not resources

India & China tradition of invention but not the incentive

Why Britain? Why not … anywhere else?

Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution

Machine to mass produce cloth and thread

Faster and cheaper cloth production

Machines so large they needed special buildings• -

Waterwheels to provide power

Mechanization of Textile Production

Invented in Britain

Made waterpower obsolete• -• -

The Steam Engine

Technological changes came in rapid succession• -• -• -

The Steam Engine

The Industrial Revolution Motors

on

• Coal was initial fuel

• Later on in the 19th century petroleum was used more and more• -

Fossil Fuels

• Advancements in production of steel was lighter, stronger and more flexible

• Steel factories centered around iron and coal mines• -

• Great Britain first; US, Japan, Russia to follow

Steel

• US quick to follow GB with the invention of the cotton gin

• -

• Northeast textile factories; south raw materials production

• -

Industrialization Spreads: United States

• Commodore Perry and the forced opening of Japan to world trade

• Japan responded by embracing societal, political and industrial change

• Used western technology to specialize in silk textiles

• Differing from western: Japanese government heavily involved in industry

Industrialization Spreads:Japan

Russia’s progress NOT like US and Japan– slow to transform to industrialization

Russian gov’t primary focus was to support the elite and the use of serfdom

Russia frees serfs and seeks foreign investment in industry

Becomes the top producer of steel

Regardless, Russian economy still more like 15th century with most peasants still based in agriculture

Industrialization Spread:Russia

European invested in Latin American early industrialization

Some railroads were built but LA remained mostly agricultural and serf based• Single crop products: • .• .• .• .• .

Industrialization Spreads: Latin America

Social Effects of the Industrial

Revolution

Rapid changes made in “western” regions affected the economy and everyday life•Movement of workers from rural areas to cites in search of work due to Agricultural Revolution (loss of job) or desire of change

Rise of wages caused factory work to be “man’s work”•When factories became more efficient they required fewer workers (women and children no longer needed)• But children still used in agriculture and mining

Western Europe and the U.S.

Wages rising brings about a new social class• -•Group lies between rich and poor

Traditional family structure emerges• -•Urban families had fewer children that farm families• -

Western Europe and the U.S.

Closer to 20th century women began to enter the business world as secretaries and telephone operators• -•Fewer children required in factories as laborers caused gov’ts in the “west” to establish compulsory education laws

Western Europe and the U.S.

• Cities developed and grew bigger than ever in history• -• -• -• -

• These conditions lead to sweeping changes in gov’t policies

Western Europe and the U.S.

Effects of Industrialization

Positive or negative effects?On what social class?

Positive EffectsIncreased world productivity

Synthetic materials are developed

New inventions improved quality of life for many

Growth of railroads

Death rates fell (people ate better and kept cleaner)

Birth rates fell (family planning practiced because people didn’t need large families to ensure survival)

Population growth stabilized

New entrepreneurs emerge

Labor eventually organizes (unions)

Positive EffectsNew opportunities for women

Rise of the middle class – size, power, and wealth expanded

Social structure becomes more flexible

Mechanization increased farm production

Application of science to study of health resulted in preventative medicine

(?) Steamship travel allowed for Europeans to reach interior of continents

Negative EffectsHandicraft workers were displaced (some fall into poverty)

Child labor used in factories & mines

Miserable working conditions - workplaces were cramped and dirty year round

Monotonous work with heavy, noisy, repetitive machinery

Dangerous working conditions – fingers, limbs & lives lost

Long working hours – six days a week

Rigid schedules ruled each day

Gas, candle & oil lamps created soot and smoke in factories

Diseases such as pneumonia & tuberculosis spread through factories

Negative EffectsCoal dust in coal mines led to breathing problems

Labor unrest leads to demonstrations (sometimes violent)

Strikes take place

Women were paid less than men (were actually preferred)

Indentured workers

Employers had a more impersonal relationship with employees

Tenement housing was poorly constructed, crowded, and cold

Human and industrial waste contaminated water supplies – typhoid and cholera spread

Negative Effects

Air pollution increased over cities and industrial areas

Technological changes eroded the balance of power in Europe

Contributed to the growth of imperialism and communism (Marx’s & Engels’ theories)

Produced weaponry that gave Western nations a military advantage over developing nations