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Mothers’ scaffolding with their toddlers
Mine Gol-Guven, PhDBogazici University
Turkey17th EECERA Annual Conference, Prague, Czech Republic
29th August-1st September, 2007
The Bigger Questions Is play and learning separable or intact? Do parents teach or play when we play with our children? Do parents have an agenda (when we play we need to teach and
children need to learn something (getting some benefit out of play-intellectual gain) or can we have just fun (playfulness)?
Are children and parents aware of their interests, skills and confidence levels? Can we evaluate these info and cues during play? How adults and children influence (manipulate) and impose their agendas to the other partner? Do we allow (let go) the partner to jeopardize our agenda? Or Do we insist on continuing with our agenda?
The Research Questions How mothers and children respond to each other
when they initiate or terminate an inteaction during play?
What types of responses do they use? On what conditions?
How the flow of the play change based on the responses given to each other?
The Method Selecting the moms and children:
Two American and two Chinese mothersChild age (start to pretend and talk)
Home visits: I video-recorded (15 minutes on average) the
dyads while they played with the toys chosen from the playgroup toys
Data coding and analysis The videos were transcribed. The play was divided into strips. I looked for a theme, the
initiator, type of initiation, the terminator and type of termination.
23 response types (e.g., instruction, demonstration, guidance) given by the moms were identified.
Types of play were described. The categorize were emerged from the data & the literature.
Theme: Strips were identified based on the content and materials used to establish a common interest.
Episodes: Within the theme, whenever the partner used a different types of response, it coded as a new episode.
Initiation Styles Initiations 1.Pointing to a toy2.Picking up a toy3.Offering a toy
1.Gestural
4.Pick up+Name+Show5.Pick up+Name+Play6.Name 7. Asking a specific question 8. Asking a general question
2.Vocal
9.Demonstration 3.Demonstration
10. Walking away+Putting the toy away 4.Termination
Responses Response Styles Roles1.Naming object
2.Correcting
3.Directives
1.Instruction
Teacher4.Direct questions
5.Expanding questions2.Instructional Questions
6. Information, explanation, description, solution
3.Gaining&Expanding knowledge
7.Demonstration 4.Demonstartion
8.Guidance, hints, prompting 5.Guidance
Facilitator9.Suggestions 6.Suggestions
10.Questions 7.Facilational Questions
11.Passive attendance8.Attendance
Partner12.Active attendance
13.Participation/Solicitation 9.Participation
14.Noncompliance/refuse 10.Noncompliance Intrusiveness
Play Play types
1.Simple Exploratory
1.Object play2.Spatial
3.Combinational
4.Functional
5.Single scheme representational
2.Symbolic play6.Combinational
7.Substitutional
8.Sequential
9.Reading 3.Reading10.Naming 4.Naming
Strip 1 Theme 1: Making a flower out of blocks- 44 secJasmine (J) is holding a block flower. J “flower”. J initiates,
picking up, naming, showing (4)Kelly (K) “Does it smell pretty?” J smells the flower. K “Can I
smell? Can I smell?” J offers her mom the flower. K smells it (sniff sniff) and says “himmmm, beautiful” K “nam nam nam nam” (she has blocks in her hand), J put the flower on the floor. K participate (16), J attendance (15) single scheme representational self and other (5a,5b)
K “These are really fun. Mommy likes these. You like these blocks?” K is putting the blocks together and making a stick. J giggles. Kelly giggles too. K “inaudible…fun blocks”. She puts the blocks on the floor. She has a flower shape block on top of the stick. K command (14) demonstration (8), J observe(17), K and J giggle (19) combinational play (6)
J picks it up says “flower” K repeats “flower” J instruct (1), K attend (15)
J is looking at the other toys. K “what else do you want to play with?”. J&K terminate. K asking a general question (8), J picking up, naming, showing (4)
Dyads ThemeInitiate Terminate
Episode MR CRM C M C T
1 12 17%2
83%10
27%3
45%5
27%3
32 78%25
22%7
2 7 33% 2
67%4
0%0
80%4
20%1
21 81%17
19%4
3 10 40%4
60%6
37%3
62%5
0%0
36 78%28
22%8
4 16 69%11
31%5
60%9
27%4
13%2
29 72%21
28%8
Results
M: Mother C: Child T: Together - MR: Mother Response CR: Child Response
Dyads
Response types
Teaching Facilitating Participating Other
25 48%12
20%5
16%4
16%4
21 38%8
24%5
38%8
0%0
28 61%17
25%7
14%4
0%0
21 57%12
14%3
19%4
14%3
Dyads MI-CA MI-CR MF-CA MF-CR MP-CA MP-CR CR-MA CR-MR
1 75%9
25%3
80%4
20%1
50%2
50%2
100%7
0%0
2 62%5
37%3
67%4
33%2
62%5
37%3
75%3
25%1
3 67%12
33%6
57%4
43%3
50%2
50%2
78%7
22%2
4 67%8
33%4
67%2
33%1
0%0
100%4
37%3
62%5
MI-CA: Mother Instruction-Child Accept MF: Mother Facilitate Mother Participate Child Response-Mother Accept
MI-CR: Mother Instruction-Child Refuse Child Response-Mother Refuse
Results: Mothers` teaching Vocabulary is definetely an issue. Moms’ questioning follows the
route: What is it? What kind of ...? Do you eat fish,what kind? Mothers provide info on different types of objects or animals.
They make descriptions and explanations. When child describe the construct in a general term, mother specify it.
For children, content, familiarity, interest and knowledge on vocabulary are important. Child is responsive answering color questions when she knows the colors but not vehicles
Results: Mothers` playing
Pretend but limited. Enlargement/widening of themes: No storyline or
adding new toys to make the theme richer Character creating/adding Decontextualization (time/space) Organization and distributing the roles.
Results
Consistency, Harmony, and Variety Zone of confidence and comfort Cues during play and background information
….For example, two children who are playing outside develop a game of chase. One child has a stick and is running, encouraging another child to join in. The child who has the stick has control over the game and keeps changing his pace to keep the other child engaged and to make him think he has a chance of catching him and retrieving the stick. As the first child starts to get tired (or get bored) , he changes the game so that the stick becomes unimportant and the two boys go off and play with the push carts…., to change the game before the other boy lost complete interest and went to play with someone else. (Canning, 2007) (italics added)
Do not offer shark figures to children to play!
