Mr. MaoMr. MaoDr. JungDr. Jung

Mrs. LeeMrs. Lee

A Visual Reference of The Immune A Visual Reference of The Immune SystemSystem

Major Functions of the Major Functions of the Immune SystemImmune System

• Fights off invading Fights off invading

pathogens and prevents pathogens and prevents

the growth of cancerthe growth of cancer• Distinguishes between Distinguishes between

healthy cells and tissue from healthy cells and tissue from

harmful agentsharmful agents• The most important part of the The most important part of the

immune system is the skin because it is immune system is the skin because it is a natural barrier against pathogensa natural barrier against pathogens

White Blood CellsWhite Blood Cells

• They are made They are made in the red bone in the red bone marrow, lymph marrow, lymph nodes, and the nodes, and the spleen. spleen.

• White blood White blood cells are made cells are made when stem cells when stem cells divide in bone divide in bone marrow.marrow.

Pathogen PreventionPathogen Prevention• Non-specific defenses-Non-specific defenses- protects the protects the

body against any pathogen, regardless body against any pathogen, regardless of its identityof its identity

• SkinSkin- tough keratin shield that serves - tough keratin shield that serves as physical barrier to pathogenas physical barrier to pathogen

• Sweat/oils/waxesSweat/oils/waxes- contain - contain enzymes that has toxic enzymes that has toxic chemicals to destroy bacteriachemicals to destroy bacteria• Mucous membraneMucous membrane- protects - protects interior surface of body, and interior surface of body, and secretes mucussecretes mucus

Non-specific Immune ResponsesNon-specific Immune Responses

• Inflammation- Helps remove Inflammation- Helps remove the hurtful stimuli and startsthe hurtful stimuli and starts healing process of tissuehealing process of tissue• Fever- Body temperature Fever- Body temperature increased, enhancing immune reactionsincreased, enhancing immune reactions• Allergies- Activates inflammatory Allergies- Activates inflammatory

response due to hypersensitivity to response due to hypersensitivity to certain things certain things

• These are all non-specific because they These are all non-specific because they can happen for a variety of causes, not can happen for a variety of causes, not only one specific cause.only one specific cause.

Specific Immune ResponsesSpecific Immune Responses• Cell-Mediated Immune Cell-Mediated Immune ResponseResponse• -Macrophage releases -Macrophage releases interleukin-1, stimulates interleukin-1, stimulates helper T cellhelper T cell -helper T cell release interleukin-2, -helper T cell release interleukin-2,

cytotoxic T cells and suppressor T cells cytotoxic T cells and suppressor T cells begin to dividebegin to divide

-suppressor T cells divide slowly and -suppressor T cells divide slowly and shut down the immune responseshut down the immune response

-cytotoxic T cells destroy infected cells-cytotoxic T cells destroy infected cells

Specific Immune Responses cont.Specific Immune Responses cont.

• Humoral Immune ResponseHumoral Immune Response -helper T cell encounters -helper T cell encounters

macrophage and releases macrophage and releases interleukin-2, stimulates rapid interleukin-2, stimulates rapid division by B cellsdivision by B cells

-mature B cells differentiate into -mature B cells differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cellsantibody-secreting plasma cells

-antibodies bind to free antigen -antibodies bind to free antigen pieces and causes bacteria, viruses, pieces and causes bacteria, viruses, and other antigens to clumpand other antigens to clump

Long Term ProtectionLong Term Protection

• Long-term Immune ResponseLong-term Immune Response

-after an infection, most of the -after an infection, most of the

cells that fought die, but some cells that fought die, but some

B and T cells remain to serve B and T cells remain to serve

as memory cellsas memory cells

-in the 2-in the 2ndnd infection of the same infection of the same pathogen, the memory cells produces pathogen, the memory cells produces more antibodies to deal with the more antibodies to deal with the same kind of disease from infecting same kind of disease from infecting the whole bodythe whole body

VaccinationsVaccinations

• VaccinesVaccines – releases weak – releases weak form of a disease into form of a disease into body to create body to create antibodiesantibodies

• Can prevent the flu Can prevent the flu (influenza), varicella (influenza), varicella (chicken pox), and (chicken pox), and Polio.Polio.

• Vaccines can be given Vaccines can be given together, such as the together, such as the MMR.MMR.

Immune System Working with Immune System Working with OthersOthers

• Lymphatic System-Lymphatic System- • one-way system that returns one-way system that returns

fluids collected in the tissues fluids collected in the tissues back to the bloodstreamback to the bloodstream

• lymph nodes, that filter the lymph nodes, that filter the lymph as it passes, stores lymph as it passes, stores lymphocytes, white blood cells lymphocytes, white blood cells that are specialized to fight that are specialized to fight diseasedisease

Immune System Immune System Working with Working with Others cont.Others cont.• Integumentary System-Integumentary System-

• the skin, made of dead cells to protect the the skin, made of dead cells to protect the body from disease, is a nonspecific body from disease, is a nonspecific defensedefense

• Prevents any pathogen or bacteria to Prevents any pathogen or bacteria to enter the bodyenter the body

• Circulatory System-Circulatory System-• Circulates blood to all parts of the bodyCirculates blood to all parts of the body• If there is a cut revealing the body to If there is a cut revealing the body to

disease and pathogen, inflammatory disease and pathogen, inflammatory response acts and clots the cut leaving response acts and clots the cut leaving scabs as evidencescabs as evidence