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M.S. BARODA UNIVERSITY
FIRST SEMESTER B.Pharm-I
PHR 114 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
THEORY: 4 hrs/week:
Marks : 100 INTRODUCTION:
Scope of anatomy and physiology.
Study of cell and elementary tissues of the body.
SKELETAL MUSCLE:
Gross anatomy and physiology of muscle contraction.
Physiological properties of skeletal muscle.
HAEMATOPOETIC SYSTEM:
Composition and functions of blood.
Blood groups and their significance.
Mechanism of bleed coagulation.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The Alimentary tract and its secretory functions.
Digestion and absorption in G.I.tract.
Functions of liver.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
The respiratory tract and pulmonary ventilation.
Diffusion and transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Regulation of Respiration.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM:
Basic anatomy and physiology of Heart.
Specialized conducting system of Heart.
Basic understanding of Heart sounds, Cardiac cycle and ECG.
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Circulation of blood. Blood pressure and its regulation.
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM:
Basic Physiology and functions of spleen.
Composition and circulation of lymph.
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Development and organization of nervous system.
Neuron, synapse and transmitter substance.
the cerebellum and overall motor control.
The cerebral cortex and functions of specific cortical areas.
Limbic system, hypothalamus and spinal reflexes.
Cerebral blood flow, membranes, CSF and Brain metabolism.
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
General organizations of ANS.
Basic characteristics of sympathetic and parasympathetic function and adrenal medulla.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Introduction to endocrinology, the pituitary hormones and their control by hypothalamus.
Thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, their hormone and functions.
EXCRETORY SYSTEM:
Structure and functions of kidney.
Physiology of urine formation.
Regulation of Acid base balance.
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
Male and female reproductive system and their hormones and function.
SENSE ORGANS
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Basic anatomy and physiology of eye, ear , taste, buds, nose and skin.
Practicals:
1. Study of Microscope and Preparation of blood smear and identification of different cells.
2. Estimation of haemoglobin in blood.
3. Diffenent WBC count.
4. Total RBC and total WBC count.
5. Determination of bleeding time and clotting time.
6. Study of Human skeleton.
7. Study of different systems with the help of models.
8. Blood pressure Recording.
9. Microscopic study of different tissues and organs.
10. Physiological experiments on Nerve-Muscle preparation.
11. Effect of osmotic pressure on RBC.
12. Identification of Blood group.
ACH 112 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - I
Theory4 hrs/week
100 marks
1. Structure and Properties : Atomic structure, Atomic orbitals, Molecular orbital theory, wave equation,
Molecular orbitals, Bonding and Antibonding orbitals, Covalent bond, Hybrid orbitals, Intramolecular forces, Bond dissociation energy, Polarity of bonds, Polarity of molecules, structure and physical properties, Intermolecular
forces, Acids and bases.
2. Stereochemistry : Isomerism and nomenclature and associated physicochemical properties, optical activity,
stereoisomerism, specification of configuration, Reactions involving stereoisomers, chirality, chiral reagents
conformations.
3. Structure, nomenclature, Preparation and Reactions of : Alkanes, Alkenes, Akynes, Cycloalkanes, Dienes,
Benzene, Polynuclear aromatic compounds, Arenes, Alkyl halides, Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides, Amines, Phenols,
Aldehydes and ketones, Carboxylic acids, Functional derivatives of carboxylic acids, Reactive intermediates -
carbocations, carbanions, carbenes, nitrene and nitrenium ions.
Practicals
Marks 50
3 hrs/week
1. The student should be introduced to the various laboratory techniques through demonstrations involving synthesis of selected organic compounds (e.g. aspirin, p-bromoacetanilide, anthraquinone from anthracine, reduction of
nitrobenzene etc.).
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2. Identification of organic compounds and their derivatisaton.
3. Introduction to the use of stereomodels.
ACH 111 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
Theory 4 hrs/week
Marks 100
1. Behavior of Gases : Kinetic theory of gases, deviation from behaviours and explanation.
2. The Liquid State : Physical properties (surface tension, viscosity, refractive index, optical rotation, dipole movements and chemical constituents).
3. Solutions : Ideal and real solutions, solutions of gases in liquids, colligative properties, partition coefficient,
conductance and its measurement, Debye Huckel theory.
4. Thermodynamics : First, second, and third laws, zeroth law, absolute temperature scale, thermochemical equations, phase equilibria and phase rule.
5. Adsorption : Fredlich and Gibbs adsorption, isotherms, Langmuir theory of adsorption.
6. Photochemistry : Consequences of light absorption, Jablenski diagram, Lambert-Beer Law, Quantum efficiency.
7. Chemical Kinetics : Zero, first and second order reactions, complex reactions, theories of reaction kinetics,
characteristics of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, acid base and enzyme catalysis.
8. Quantum Mechanics : Postulates of quantum mechanics, operators in quantum mechanics, the Schrodinger wave
equation.
Practicals
1. To determine molar mass by Rast method and cryoscopic method.
2. To determine refractive index of given liquids and find out the contribution of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in
molar refraction of a compound.
3. To determine molar mass of volatile liquids by Victor-Meyer method.
4. To determine the specific rotation of sucrose at various concentrations and determine the intrinsic rotation.
5. To determine the heat of solution, heat of hydration and heat of neutralization.
6. To determine the cell constant, verify Ostwald dilution law and perform conductometric titration.
7. To determine rate constant of simple reaction.
MATHEMATICS
Theory 4 hrs/week
Marks 100
MATHEMATICS
UNIT - 1 Ordinary Differential Equations :
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Reorientation. Modeling of Engineering system pertaining to first order differential equations (Pharmaceutical applications), Exact
differential equations, Integrating factors, Unified approach to first order ordinary differential equation, equations of
first order and higher degree.
UNIT - 2 Linear Differential Equations of Higher Order With Constant Co-efficient and with Variable Coefficients : Homogeneous linear equation first method of solution only), Simultaneous differential equations
which are linear and of the first order, Pharmaceutical applications.
UNIT - 3 Laplace Transforms : Laplace Transforms of elementary functions, Inverse Laplace Transforms, Linearity property, First and Second
shifting theorem. Laplace Transforms of derivative and integrals, Application of Laplace Transform in solving
ordinary and simultaneous
differential equations.
STATISTICS
UNIT -4 Probability Theory Review of Elementary concept in Probability, Random variable and discrete and continuous probability distributions; Mean and variance of a distribution; Binomial and Poisson distribution and their properties; Normal
distribution curves and properties Kurtosis and skewness, sums of Independent normal random variables,
t-distribution and related results.
UNIT - 5 Statistical Inference : Random and non-random sampling; sample size, data organization, diagrammatic representation of sample data, bar,
pie, 2-D, and 3-D diagrams, measures of central tendency, measures of dispersion, standard deviation, Standard
error of means, coefficient of variation, Parameter estimation, Testing of hypothesis, Null hypothesis and kind of
alternatives, Types of errors in tests, Tests in the case of the normal distribution (For mean with known & unknown
variance, for variance) comparison of means and variances of two normal distributions.
UNIT - 6 Correlation and Regression : Linear Coefficient of correlation, Methods of least-square, Regression of Yon X and X on Y, correlation and
regression analysis, elements of ANOVA, Applications in Pharmaceutical Sciences.
ENGINEERING DRAWING
Practicals 3 hrs/week
Marks 50
Elementary Knowledge of Engineering Drawing :
Concept of orthographic and isometric views of elevation and third angle projection. Notation and abbreviation used
in Engineering Drawing
Basic Engineering Drawing Practice :
Bolts, nuts, riveted fronts, screws, worn screws as per specification.
Drawing of simple pharmaceutical machinery parts.
SECOND SEMESTER
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B.Pharm-I
PHR 121 PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-I
THEORY: 4-Hrs/Week
Marks:100
An outline of methods of preparation, uses, sources of impurities, tests for purity and identity, including limit tests
for iron, arsenic, lead, heavy metals, chloride, sulphate and special tests if any, of the following classes of inorganic
pharmaceuticals included in Indian Pharmacopoeia.
1.Acids and Bases: Buffers, Water
2.Gastrointestinal Agents: Acidifying agents, Antacids, Protective and Adsorbents, Cathartics
3.Major Intra and Extra-Cellular Electrolytes: Physiological ions, Electrolytes used for replacement therapy, acid-base balance and combination therapy
4.Essential and Trace Elements: Transition elements and their compound of pharmaceutical, importance: Iron and
haematinics, mineral supplements.
5.Cationic and anionic components of inorganic drugs useful for systemic effects
6.Tropical Agents: Protectives, Astringents and Anti-infectives.
7.Gases and Vapours: Oxygen, Anesthetics and Respiratory Stimulants
8.Dental Products: Dentifrices, Anti-caries agents.
9.Complexing and chelating agents used in therapy 10.Miscellaneous Agents: Sclerosing agents, expectorants, emetics, poison and antidotes, sedatives etc.
Pharmaceutical aids used in pharmaceutical industry. Anti-oxidants, preservatives ,filter aids, diluents, excipients,
suspending agents, colorants etc. 11.Inorganic radio Pharmaceutical: Nuclear radio pharmaceuticals, Reactions, Nomenclature, Methods obtaining
their standards and units of activity, measurement of activity, clinical applications and dosage, hazards and
precautions.
PRACTICALS: 3-Hrs./Week
Marks:50
The background and systematic qualitative analysis of inorganic mixture of up to four radicals. Six Mixtures to be
analyzed, preferably by semi-microns methods. All identification tests for pharmacaopoeal inorganic
pharmaceuticals and qualitative tests for cations & anions should be covered.
PHR 123 PHARMACOGNOSY-I Plant Taxonomy: Methods of classification of Plants. Study of the following families with special reference to
medicinally important plants –Apocynacae, Solanceae, Rutaceae, Umbelliferae, Leguminosae, Rubiaceae, Liliceae,
Graminae, Labiatae, Cruciferae, Papaveraceae.
Definition, history, scope and development of Pharmacognosy. Sources of Crude drugs and methods of their
classification.
Cultivation, collection, processing and storage of crude drugs: Factors affecting cultivation like climate, soils,
fertilizers & manures. Plant hormones and their applications. Influence of Polyploidy, mutation and hybridization
with reference to medicinal plants. Pest control and natural pest-control agents.
Quality control of crude drugs: Different types of Adulterations and their evaluation using various methods including quantitative microscopic determinations, using camera lucida and micrometers.
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Systematic pharmacognostic study of following drugs and pharmaceutical aids:
Agar, Guargam, Acaia, Honey, Isabgol, Pectin, Starch, Sorbtil, Sterculia, Tragacanth, Cellulose products, Sodium
Alginate, Talc and Bentonite.
Study of plant fibres used in surgical dressing and related products.
Study of traditional drugs like:
Amala, kantikari, Satavari, Guduchi, Giloya, Punarnava, Chitrak, Apamarg, Gokhru, Skankpushpi, Adusa, Arjuna,
Ashoka, Brahmi, Satavari, Methi, Lasun, Guggula, Nagarmotha, neem, Shilajit.
PRACTICAL: 3 Hrs/week
Marks:50
Morphological characteristics of plant families mentioned in theory
Evaluation of crude drugs mentioned in theory. Chemical tests for general and specific constituents.
Microscopic measurements of cells and cells content. Determination of leaf constants.
Preparation of Herbarium sheets.
PHR 124 PHARMACEUTICS-I (Dispensing & Community Pharmacy)
Theory: 4 Hrs./Week
Marks: 100
Dispensing pharmacy: 1.Definition, scope and Ethics of dispensing practice.
2.Prescription, handling of Prescription, care required in dispensing prescription.
3. General dispensing procedure including packing labeling of dispensed products.
4. Pharmaceutical calculations: Calculation of doses, enlarging and reducing recipes, percentage solutions, alligation, alcohol dilution, proof spirit, isotonic solutions and displacement values.
5. Principle involved and procedures adopted in dispensing of prescriptions belonging to – mixture, Solutions,
emulsions, Creams, Ointments, Powders, Capsules, Pastes, Jellies, Suspension, Ophthalmic, Pastilles, Lozenges,
Pills, Liniments, Inhalations, Paints, Sprays and Tablet triturates.
6. Incompatibilities : Physical and chemical incompatibilities. General methods of handling incompatible
prescriptions with examples. 7. Posology : Dose of commonly used drugs, alone and in combinations. Calculation of
pediatric and Geridriatic dose.
Community Pharmacy:
Retail Pharmacy management: Organization and structure of retail pharmacy. Layout of retail pharmacy and
other legal aspects for establishment and running of retail pharmacy. Dispensing of Proprietary products.
Community Pharmacy: Study of community health care system with special references to the areas like Nutrition, Family Welfare, First Aid, Communicable Diseases, Immunization and Disinfections.
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Patient counseling.
Practical: 3- Hrs./Week
Marks: 50
Dispensing of prescriptions falling under the following categories:
Mixtures
Powders
Emulsions
Liniments
Suppositories
Ointments
Creams
Eye drops
Eye lotions
Ear drops
Incompatible mixtures
ACH 123 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-II Theory3 hrs/week
100 marks
Nucleophillic aromatic substitution : alpha, beta- unsaturated carbonyl compounds ; Conservation of orbital
symmetry and rules. Electrocyclic, Cycloaddition and sigmatropic reactions; Neighbouring group effects, Catalysis
by transition metal complexes, Stereoselective and stereospecific reactions.
Heterocyclic Compounds : Chemistry, preparations and properties of some important heterocycles containing
3,4,5,6 & 7 atoms with one or two heteroatoms like O, N. S, fused ring heterocyles (Quinoline,iso Quinoline,
Indole).
Practicals
50 marks
3 hrs/week
At least five exercises in synthesis involving various heterocyclic ring system. An exercise involving stereoselective
synthesis of a compound. Resolution of recemic D,L-alanine or any other example. Workshop on molecular
modelling of primary, secondary and tertiary structures of proteins, molecular modelling on double helical structure
of nucleic acid showing hydrogen bonding.
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER APPLICATION Theory : 100
pr/Tw/Viva : 50 marks
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Total : 150 marks
1. Introduction to Computers :
History of Computer development, computer classification, Calculator, computers and Human burin, Computer
organization, RAM, ROM, Virtual memory, I/O devices, Hardware & Software, Computer Languages, Low level &
High level Languages, Concept of operating systems, Basic commands in MS-DOS, UNIX and windows, Computer
Networks.
2. Introduction to PC Software :
MS-Word, Excel, Power Point etc. (More stress in practical)
3. C Programming Language:
1. Data types, Operators, Expressions.
2. Control flow statements : If-Else, Else-if, Switch, While, for and do while statements.
3. Pointers, Arrays.
4. Functions : Built in functions, User-defined functions, I/O functions;
5. Computer applications in pharmaceutical and clinical studies.
Practical :
1. DOS, UNIX and windows (Basic commands)
2. Study of PC software packages like MS-Word, Excel, Power Point etc.
3. Simple programs in 'C'.
THIRD SEMESTER B.Pharm-I
PHR 231 PHARMACEUTICS-II(PHYSICAL PHARMACY)
Theory: 4 hrs/week
Marks : 100
1.Solubility and Distribution Phenomena :
Definitions, expressions, solute-solvent interactions, solubility of gases, liquids and solids - factors affecting their solubility, Distribution law, coefficient, pharmaceutical applications of partition coefficient.
2.Micrometrics :
Particle size and distribution, average particle size, particle size distribution, number and weight distribution, particle number, methods for determining particle size, optical microscopy, sieving, sedimentation, particle volume
measurement, particle shape, specific surface, methods for determining surface area, permeability method,
absorption method; Derived properties of powders-porosity-packing arrangement- densities bulkless-flow
properties.
3.Surface and Interfacial phenomena :
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Liquid interfaces, surface and interfacial tensions, surface free energy, measurement of surface and interfacial
tensions, spreading coefficient, adsorption at liquid interfaces, surface active agents-HLB
classification-solubilization-detergency, adsorption at solid interfaces, solid-gas and solid-liquid interfaces, complex
films, Electrical properties if interfaces.
4.Viscosity and Rheology :
Newtonian systems- Low of flow, kinematic viscosity, effect of temperature, non-Newtonian systems- psuedoplastic
dilatant, plastic-thixotropy, measurement thixotropy, thixotropy in formulation, determination of viscosity-capillary,
calling ball-rotational viscometers.
5.Disperse Systems :
(a)Colloidal Dispersions- pharmaceutical applications, types- lyophobic, lyophilic, association colloids, properties of
colloids.
(b)Coarse dispersion- Suspensions and Emulsions:
Interfacial properties of suspended particles, settling in suspensions- theory of sedimentation- effect of Brownian
movement- sedimentation of flocculated particles, sedimentation parameters, wetting of particles, controlled
flocculations. Emulsions- types- theories- physical stability.
6.Complexation :
Classification, methods of preparation and analysis, Applications.
7.Kinetics of reactions :
General consideration and concepts, orders of reaction, half life determination, influence of temperature, light,
solvent, catalytic species and other factors.
8.Buffers :
Buffer equation and buffer capacity, buffers in pharmaceutical systems, preparation, stability. Buffer isotonic
solutions, measurements and adjustment of tonicity.
Practicals :
3 hrs./week
Marks : 50
Experiments devised to determine complexation and complex stability, kinetics, and orders of reaction, average particle size distribution, particle surface areas, bulk density of powders, flow properties of powders, solubility of
solids, partitioning of solutes in immiscible solvents, surface and interfacial tensions, HLB values, adsorption of
solutes on solids, viscosity, rheological properties of liquids, optical and electrical properties of colloids, gelling
property, sedimentation rates of non-flocculated systems, creaming and cracking of emulsions etc., and other
experiments of illustrate the topics covered in theory.
PHR 232 PHARMACEUTICAL JURISPRUDENCE
Theory : 4hrs/week
Marks:100
1. Introduction :
(a)Evolution of drugs, Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Industry
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(b)Drug legislation in India
(c)Overview of Pharmaceutical Education.
2.Elaborate study of :
(a) Pharmaceutical ethics
(b) Pharmacy Act 1948
(c) Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940 and Rules 1945.
(d) Medicinal and Toilet preparations (Excise Duties)Act 1954.
(e) Essential Commodities Act and price Control Order.
(f) Narcrotic and Psychotropic substances Act 1985 and rules.
3.Brief study of :
(a) Dangerous Drugs Acts and Rules.
(b) Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisement ) Act 1954.
(c) Poisons Act 1919 and Rules.
(d) State shops and Establishment Act & Rules
(e) Patents Act 1968 As amended bill 1998 rules.
(f) Factories Act 1948
(g) Air Act 1988
(h) Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act 1970 and Rules 1975.
(i) Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1960.
(j) Water Act 1968.
(k) Solid waste management act.
4. A brief study of various Prescription/Non-Prescription products, Medical / Surgical Accessories
Diagnostic aids, appliances available in market.
PHR 233 PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS -I
Theory
4hrs./week
Marks : 100
1. Significance of quantitative analysis in quality control, different techniques of analysis, preliminaries and
definitions, significant figures, rules for retaining significant digits, types of errors, mean deviation, std. deviation, statistical treatment small data tests, selection of sample, precision and accuracy. Fundamentals of volumetric
analysis, methods of expressing concentration, primary and secondary standards.
2. Acid Base Titrations : Acid base concepts, Role of solvents, relative strengths of acid and bases, ionization, law of
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mass action, common ion effect, ionic product of water, pH, hydrolysis of salts, Henderson-Hesselbach equation,
buffer solutions, neutralization curves, acid-base indicators, theory of indicators, choice of indicators, mixed
indicators, polyprotic system, polyamine and amino acid systems, amino acid titration, applications in assay of
H3PO4, NaOH, CaCO3 etc.
3. Oxidation Reduction Titration:
Concepts of oxidation and reduction, Redox reactions, Strengths and equivalent weights of oxidizing and reducing
agents, Theory of redox titrations, Redox indicators, Cell representations, Measurement of electrode potential,
Oxidation-reduction curves, Iodimetry and Iodometry, TItration involving ceric sulphate, potassium iodate,
potassium buomate, potassium permanganate; titanous chloride and Sodium 2,6-dicholrophenol.
4. Precipitation Titrations:
Precipitation reactions, Solubility products, Effect of acids, temperature and solvent upon the solubility of a
precipitate. Argentometric titraions and titrations involving ammonium or potassium thiocyanate, mercuric nitarate,
and barium sulphate, indicators, Gay-Iussac method; Mohr's method, Volhard's method and Fajan's method.
5. Gravimetric Analysis:
Precipitaion techniques, Solubility products; The colloidal state, Supersaturation coprecipitation, Post-precipitation,
Digestional washing of the precipitate, Filtration, Filter papers and crucibles, Ignition, Thermogravimetric curves,
Specific examples like barium sulphate, aluminium as aluminium oxide, calcium as calcium oxalate and magnesium
as magnesium pyrophosphate, Organic precipitants.
Practicals :
The students should be introduced to the main analytical tools through demonstrations. they should have a clear
understanding of a typical analytical balance, the requirements of a good balance, weights, care and use of balance, methods of weighing and errors in weighing. the students should also be acquainted with the general apparatus
required in variious analytical procedures.
1. Standardization of analytical weights and calibration of volumetric apparatus.
2. Acid Base Titrations : Preparation and standardization of acids and bases; some exercises related with determination of acids and bases separately or in mixture form, some official assay procedures e.g. boric acid should
also be covered.
3. Oxidation Reduction Titrations : Preparation and standardization of some redox titrants e.g. potassium
permanganate, potassium dichromate, iodine, sodium thiosulphate, etc. Some exercises related to determination of
oxidizing and reducing agents in the sample shall be covered. Exercises involving potassium iodate, potassium
buomate, iodine solution, titanous chloride, sodium 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol, and ceric ammonium sulphate.
4. Precipitation titrations : Preparation and standardization of titrants like silver nitrate and, ammonium
thiocyanate. Titration acording to Mohr's, Volhard's and Fajan's methods.
5. Gravimetric Analysis : Preparation of gooch crucible for filtration and sintered glass crucible, determination of
water of hydration, Some exercises related to gravimetric analysis should be covered.
PHR 234 PHARMACOGNOSY-II
Theory:
3 hrs/week
Marks 100
Classification and chemistry of carbohydrates, lipids and terpenoides including structure elucidation of some
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important compounds of these classes
Introduction of glycosides, resins and related compounds
Systematic pharmacognostic study of following crude drugs:
Dill, fennel, caraway, clove cinnamon, nutmeg, musk, palmrosa, gaultheria, valerian, peppermint, eucalyptus,
sandalwood, podophyllum, ginger, capsicum, benzoin, turmeric, nutgall, catechu, digitalis, rhubarb, solanum spp,
cascara, scilla, liquorice, senna, aloes, wild cherry bark, bitter almond, citrus, beeswax, castor oil, olive oil, cocoa butter, chaulmogra oil, lard, shark-liver oil, codliver oil, woolfat, spermacetiwax.
Plant bitters and sweeteners
Practicals:
3 hrs/week
Marks 50
Evaluation of crude drugs listed in theory using morphology, microscopy and physico-chemical studies.
Experiments of isolation and evaluation of lipids, volatile oils.
ChE 231PHARM ENGINEERING-I
Theory 3hours/week
Marks : 100
1. Unit Operations : Introduction, basic laws.
2. Fluid Flow : Types of flow, Reynold's number, Viscosity, Concept of boundary layer, basic equations of fluid
flow, valves, flow meters, manometers and measurement of flow and pressure.
3. Material Handling Systems :
(a) Liquid handling - Different types of pumps.
(b) Gas handling - Various types of fans, blowers and compressors.
(c) Solid handling - Bins, Bunkers, Conveyers, Air transport.
4. Filtration and Centrifugation : Theory of filtration, filter aids, filter media, industrial filters including filter
press, rotary filter, edge filter, etc. Factors affecting filtration, mathematical problems on filtration, optimum cleaning cycle in batch filters. Principles of centrifugation, industrial centrifugal filters, and centrifugal sedimenters.
5. Crystallization : Characteristics of crystals like-purity, size, shape, geometry, habit, forms size and factors
affecting them, Solubility curves and calculation of yields. Material and heat balances around Swenson Walker
Crystallizer. Supersaturation theory and its limitations, Nucleation mechanism, crystal growth. Study of various
types of Crystallizer, tanks, agitated batch, Swenson Walker, Single vacuum, circulating magma and crystal
Crystallizer, Caking of crystals and its prevention. Numerical problems on yields.
6. Dehumidification and Humidity Control : Basic concepts and definition, wet bulb and adiabatic saturation
temperatures, Psychrometric chart and measurement of humidity, application of humidity measurement in
pharmacy, equipments for dehumidification operations.
7. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning : Principles and applications of refrigeration and air conditioning.
8. Material of Construction : General study of composition, corrosion, resistance, Properties and applications of
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the materials of construction with special reference to stainless steel and glass.
9. Industrial Hazards and Safety Precautions : Mechanical, Chemical, Electrical, fire and dust hazards. Industrial dermatitis, Accident records etc
FOURTH SEMESTER B.Pharm-I
PHR 241 PHARMACOLOGY – I (Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology)
Theory
4 hrs/week
Marks 100
Introduction:
Development and scope of pharmacology
Modern and other systems of medicine.
Definition, sources and routes of administration of drugs
Drug Absorption:
Mechanism of drug absorption
Absorption from vascular and non-vascular sites
Factors affecting drug absorption
Drug Distribution:
Factors affecting drug distribution
Binding of drugs to blood and tissue components
Protein binding and factors affecting protein binding
Physiological barrier to drug distribution
Volume of distribution and its significance
Drug Biotransformation:
Chemical pathway of drug biotransformation
Microsomal and non microsomal enzyme system
Factor affecting biotransformation
Prodrug and its application
Drug Excretion:
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Renal drug excretion and concept of clearance
Factors affecting renal excretion
Non-renal route of drug excretion
Entero-hepatic cycling of drug.
Principles of Pharmacokinetics:
Basic concept and rate and order of reaction
Plasma concentration-time profile and urinary excretion data
Bioavailability and bioequivalence and their clinical significance
Application of pharmacokinetic principles
Prolonged release medication
Mechanism of action of drugs:
Types of receptors, receptor proteins and drug receptor interaction
Molecular aspect of drug action
Factors modifying the effects of drug in individuals
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interactions
Toxicology:
Adverse drug reactions
Preclinical evaluation of drugs
New drug development and clinical trials
Poisons and the treatment of poisoning
Non therapeutic toxicants including heavy metals and heavy metal antagonists
PHR 242 PHARMACEUTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
Theory
4 hrs/week
Marks 100
Biochemical organization of the cell and transport processes across cell membrane
The concept of free energy, determination of change in free energy for equilibrium constant and reduction
potential, bioenergetics, production of ATP and its biological significance
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Enzymes: Nomenclature, enzyme kinetics and its mechanism of action, mechanism of inhibition , enzymes and
iso-enzymes in clinical diagnosis.
Co-enzymes: Vitamins as co-enzymes and their significance, metals as co-enzymes and their significance
Carbohydrate Metabolism: Conversion of polysaccharide to glucose-1-phosphate, glycolysis and
fermentation and their regulations, gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, metabolism of galactose and
galactosemia, role of sugar nucleotides in biosynthesis and pentosephosphate pathway.
Citric Acid Cycle: Significance, reactions and energetic of the cycle, amphibolic role of the cycle, and glyoxalic acid cycle
Lipids Metabolism: Oxidation of fatty acids, beta-oxidation and energetic alpha-oxidation of fatty acids,
w-oxidation. Biosynthesis of ketone bodies and their utilization, biosynthesis of saturated and unsaturated
fatty acids, control of lipid metabolism, essential fatty acids and eicosanoids, phospholipids and
spshingolipids.
Biological Oxidation: Redox-potential, enzymes and co-enzymes involved in oxidation-reduction and its
control. The respiratory chain, its role in energy capture and its control. Energies of oxidative
phosphorylation, inhibitors of respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation, mechanism of oxidative
phosphorylation.
Nitrogen and Sulphur Cycle: Nitrogen fixation, ammonia assimilation, nitrification and nitrate assimilation,
sulphate activation, sulphate reduction, incorporation of sulphur in organic compounds, release of sulphur from organic compounds.
Metabolism of Ammonia and Nitrogen containing Monomers: Nitrogen balance, biosynthesis of amine
acids, catabolism of amino acids, conversion of amino acids to specialized products. Assimilation of
ammonia, urea cycle, metabolic disorders of urea cycle, metabolism of sulphur containing amino acids,
porphyrin biosynthesis, formation of bile pigments, hyperbilirubinemia, purine biosynthesis, purine
nucleotides interconversion, pyrimidine biosynthesis, and formation of deoxyribonucleotides.
Biosynthesis of Nucleic acids: Brief introduction of genetic organization of the mammalian genome, alteration
and rearrangements of genetic material, biosynthesis of DNA and its replication, mutation, physical and
chemical mutagenesis / carcinogenesis, DNA repair mechanism, biosynthesis of RNA.
Genetic Code and Protein synthesis: Genetic code components of protein synthesis, brief account of genetic
engineering and polymerase chain reactions.
Regulations of gene - expression.
Practicals:
3 hrs/week
Marks 50
Practical based on theory will be conducted.
PHR 244 MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY – I
Theory
3 hrs/week
Marks 100
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Strategies for synthesizing the medicinally active drug molecules to be dealt in detail taking selected examples
and utilizing the knowledge gained from earlier papers of organic chemistry
Newer organic reagents used in drug synthesis
Chemistry of amino acids and nucleic acids covering the polypeptide drugs.
PHR 245 PHARM ENGINEERING - II
Theory
3 hrs/week
Marks : 100
1. Stoichiometry : Unit processes material and energy balances, molecular units, mole fraction, tie substance, gas
laws, mole volume, primary and secondary quantities, equilibrium state, rate process, steady and unsteady states,
dimensionless equations, dimensionless foumulae, dimensionless formulae, dimensionless groups, different types of
graphic representation, mathematical problems.
2. Heat Transfer : Source of heat, heat transfer, steam and electricity as heating media, determination of
requirement of amount of steam/electrical energy, steam pressure, Boiler capacity, Mathematical problems on heat
transfer.
3. Evaporation : Basic concept of phase equilibria, factor affecting evaporation, evaporators, film evaporators,
single effect and multiple effect evaporators, Mathemical problems on evaporation.
4. Distillation : Raoult's law, phase diagrams, volatility; simple steam and flash distillations, principals of
rectification, Mc. Cabe Thiele method for calculations of number of theoretical plates, Azeotropic and extractive
distillation. Mathematical problems on distillation.
5. Drying : Moisture content and mechanism of drying calculations; classification and types of dryers, dryers used in pharmaceutical industries and special drying methods. Mathematical problems on drying.
6. Size Reduction and Size Separation : Definition, objectives of size reduction, factors affection size reduction,
laws governing energy and power requirements of a mills including abll mill, hammer mill, fluid energy mill etc.
7. Mixing : Theory of mixing, solid-solid, solid-liquid and liquid-liquid mixing equipments.
8. Automated Process Control Systems : Process variables, temperature, pressure, flow, level and their
measurements. Elements of automatic process control and introduction to automatic process control systems.
Elements of computer aided manufacturing (CAM).
9. Reactors and fundamentals of reactors design for chemical reactions.
Practicals:
4hrs/week
1. Determination of overall heat transfer coefficient.
2. Determination of rate of evaporation.
3. Experiments based on steam, extractive and azeotropic distillations.
4. Determination of rate of drying, free moisture content and bound moisture content.
5. Experiments to illustrate the influence of various parameters on the rate of drying.
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6. Experiments to illustrate principles of size reduction, Laws governing energy and power requirements of size
Reduction.
7. Experiments to illustrate solid-solid mixing, determination of mixing efficiency using different types of mixers.
Other Subjects (Taught by other Departments)
PHR 243 Industrial Management - Commerce Faculty
FIFTH SEMESTER B.Pharm-I
PHR 351 PHARMACEUTICS- III (Pharmaceutical Packaging)
Theory 3 hrs/week Marks : 100.
Introduction:
Importance of packaging, Types of packs-primary, secondary and tertiary packs; Packaging raw materials and their
quality control:
Glass:
Structure of different types of glasses and their properties. Problems with glasses in fabrication and usage. Special
treatments for glass-Sulphation and siliconization.
Rubber:
Types of rubber used for closures, Their properties and usage.
Metals:
Metals used in packing and their limitations. Iron, Lead, Tin and Aluminium.
Polymers:
Types of polymers and their properties, advantages and disadvantages, polymer Films, laminates and their standards, Commercially used laminates in Pharmaceutical packaging.
Papers:
Types, Natural and synthetic papers-their properties. Sheets and Boards including corrugated boards, their standards.
Gelatin:
Types and their properties. Gelatin capsules and their standards.
Secondary Packing:
Necessity for secondary packs: Selection of secondary packing materials-Designs of various types of cartons, types
of user friendly materials like medical literature, droppers, dosers cutters etc.
Tertiary or commercial packs:
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Types of corrugated boards and their evaluations. Designs of corrugated boxes and their evaluation. Shrink packs
and their advantages.
Elementary knowledge of printing on packages and problems involved in it.
Packaging lines:
Types, Their design and maintenance. Management of packaging section with special reference to methods to avoid
cross mixing, GMP in packaging process.
PHR 352 PHARMACEUTICS-IV ( Pharm. Technology-1)
Theory 4 hrs/week
Marks : 100
Liquid Dosage Forms:
Introduction, type, additives used in formulations, vehicles, stabilizers, preservatives, suspending agents,
emulsifying agents, solubilizers, colours, flavours and others. Manufacturing, packing and evaluation of clear
liquids, suspensions and emulsions for oral and topical administration. Liquid preparation official in Pharmacopoeia.
Semisolid dosage forms:
Definitions, types, mechanism of drug penetration through skin, factors influencing penetration. Semisolid bases and
their selection.
Suppositories:
Ideal requirements, bases manufacturing procedure, packaging and evaluation.
Extraction and Galenical products:
a. Principle and methods of extraction, preparation of Infusions, Tinctures, dry , soft and liquid Extracts.
b. Allergenic Extracts-classification, preparation and standardization.
Pharmaceutical Aerosols:
Definitions, propellants, formulation, manufacturing and packaging, evaluation and applications.
Cosmeticology and Cosmetics:
Fundamentals of cosmeticology, structure and functions of skin, hair, preparation and packing of cosmetics for skin,
hair, dentrifrices, manicure preparations, nailpolish, lipsticks, eyecometics, baby care products etc.
Practicals 6 hrs/week
Marks : 100
1. To study the effect of factors affecting filtration.
2. To study the influence of emulsifier, HLB and formulation method on the stability of emulsions.
3. To prepone various liquid orals like solutions, syrups, elixirs, gels, mixtures, suspensions, emulsions.
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4. To prepare various topical formulations like lotions, liniments, glycerites, paints, applications etc.
5. To prepare various semisolid preparations like ointments, pastes, jellies, poultices etc.
6. To prepare tinctures, extracts and other galenicals.
7. To prepare suppositories.
8. To prepare various cosmetics like coldcreams, vanishing cream, hair cream, shampoo, deodorants, nail polish, eye
shadow, mascara, tooth paste, tooth powers, mouth was, lipsticks, shampoo, face powder, shaving cream, after shave
lotion etc.
9. Other practicals covering the theory.
PHR 353 MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY-II
Theory 3 hrs/week
Marks : 100
1. Basic principles of Medicinal Chemistry :
Physico-chemical aspects (Optical, geometric and bioisosterism) of drug molecules and biological action, Drug-receptor interaction including transduction mechanisms.
2. Principles of Drug Design ( Theoretical Aspects):
Traditional analog (QSAR) and mechanism bases approaches ( Introduction to graph theory), applications of
quantum mechanics, Computer aided drug designing (CADD) and molecular modeling.
3. Synthetic procedures of selected drugs, mode of action, uses, structure activity relationship including
physicochemical properties of the following classes of drugs:
A. Drugs acting at synaptic and neuro-effector junction sites:
1. Cholinergics and Anticholinesterases.
2. Adrenergic drugs.
3. Antispasmodic and anti ulcer drugs.
4. Neuromuscular blocking agents.
B. Autocoids:
1. Anti histamines.
2. Eicosanoids.
3. Analgesic-antipy5etics, anti-inflammatory (non-steroidal) agents.
C. Drugs affection uttering motility:
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Oxytocics (including oxytocin, ergot alkaloids and prostagladins)
Biochemical approaches in drug designing wherever applicable should be discussed.
Practicals:
1. Exercises based of QSAR: Hansch & Free-Wilson methods.
2. Synthesis of selected drugs from the course content.
3. Spectral analysis of the drugs synthesized.
4. Establishing the pharmacopoeial standards of the drugs synthesized.
5. Determination of partition, coefficient, dissociation constant and molar refractivity of compounds for QSAR
analysis.
PHR 354 PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY
Theory 4hrs/week
Marks : 100
1. Introduction to the scope of microbiology.
2. Bacterial cell cytology.
3. Classification of microbes and their taxonomy; bacteria, fungi.
4. Identification of Microbes : Stains and types of staining techniques, electron microscopy.
5. Nutrition, cultivation, isolation and enumeration of bacteria, fungi, viruses, etc.
6. Microbial genetics and variation.
7. Control of microbes by physical and chemical methods.
a. Disinfection, factors influencing disinfection; dynamics of disinfection, disinfectants and antiseptics and their
evaluation.
b. Sterilization, different methods, validation of sterilization methods & equipments.
8. Sterility testing of all pharmaceutical products.
9. Immunity, primary and secondary, defensive mechanisms of body, microbial resistance, interferon.
10. microbial assays of Antibiotics, Vitamins and amino acids.
Practicals: 4 hrs/week
Marks : 100
Experiments devised to prepare various types of culture media, subculturing of common aerobic and anaerobic
bacteria, fungus and yeast, various staining methods, various methods of isolation and identification of microbes,
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sterilization techniques and their validation evaluation of antiseptics and disinfectants, testing the sterility of
pharmaceutical products as per I.P. requirements, microbial counts in raw materials and pharmaceutical
preparations.
. PHR 355 PHARMACOLOGY-II (Pharmacological Studies of Chemical Mediators)
Theory 4hours/week
Marks : 100
Chemical Mediators and Autonomic Nervous System:
Introduction.
Some general principles of chemical transmission.
Mechanism of transmitter release.
Basic steps in neurochemical transmission site of drug action.
Cholinergic Transmission:
5. Muscarinic and nicotinic actions of cholinergic agonists.
Effects of drugs on cholinergic transmission ( anti-cholinesterases).
Drugs affection autonomic ganglion.
Drugs affecting muscarnic receptors (anti musarnic agents).
Neuromuscular-blocking drugs.
Noradrenergic Transmission:
Classification of adrenoceptors.
Drugs acting on adrenoceptors.
Drugs affection adrenoceptors (a and b blockers)
Drugs that affect adrenergic neurons.
Other Peripheral Mediators:
5-hydroxytryptamine & the treatment of migraine.
Purines.
Peptides and Proteins as Mediators:
General Principals of peptide pharmacology.
Biosynthesis and regulation of peptides.
Peptide antagonists.
Protein and peptide as drugs.
Nitric Oxide:
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Biosynthesis of nitric oxide and control.
Effect of nitric oxide.
Therapeutic use of nitric oxide and nitric oxide donors.
Clinical condition in which nitric oxide may play a part.
Local Hormones, Inflammation and allergy:
The acute inflammatory reaction and immune response.
Outcome of inflammatory response.
Mediators of inflammation and allergy (Prostaglandins, histamine etc.)
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
Antirheumatoid drugs.
Drugs used in gout.
Antagonist of histamine.
Immunosuppressant drugs & immunomodulators.
SIXTH SEMESTER B.Pharm-I
PHR 361 PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS- II Theory 4hrs/week Marks : 100
Theoretical considerations, and application in drug analysis and quality control of the following analytical
technique:
Non-aqueous titrations.
Complexometric titrations.
Miscellaneous Methods of Analysis: Diazotisation titrations, Kejeldahl method of nitrogen estimation, Karl-Fisher titration, Oxygen flask combustion, gasometry.
Chromatography : The following techniques will be discussed with relevant examples of
Pharmacopoeial products. TLC, HPLC, GLC, HPTLC, Paper Chomatography and Column
Chomatography.
Extraction procedures including separation of drugs from excipients.
Potentiometry.
Conductometry.
Coulometry.
Polarography
Amperometry.
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Practicals 3hrs/week Marks : 100
Non aqueous Titrations : Preparation and standardization of perchloric acid and sodium/potassium/lithium/methoxides solutions; Estimations of some pharmacopoeial products.
Complexometric Titrations : Preparations and standardization of EDTA solution, some exercises related to
pharmacopoeial assays by complexometric titraions.
Micellanous Determinations : Exercises involving diazotisation, Kjeldahl, Karl-Fischer, Oxygen flask combustion and gasometry methods. Determination of alcohol content in liquid galenicals, procedure
(BPC) shall be covered.
Experiments involving separation of drugs from excipients.
Chomatographic analysis of some pharmaceutical products.
Exercises based of acid base titration aqueous and non-aqueous media, oxidation-reduction titrations using
potentiometric technique. Determination of acid-base disassociation constants and plotting of titration
curves using pH meter.
Exercise involving polarimetry.
Exercises involving conductometric an polarographic techniques.
PHR 362 PHARMACOGNOSY- III B. PHARM.3
Theory 3hrs/week
Marks : 100
General techniques of biosynthetic studies and basic metabolic pathways. Introduction to biosynthesis of secondary metabolites of pharmaceutical importance. Radio-tracer techniques utilization in biogenetic
studies.
Phytochemical screening : Preparation of extracts, different methods used in screening the extracts for the
presence of phytoconstituents. Concept of stereoisomerisms taking examples of natural products. Nature,
distribution, Classification, general methods of isolation and properties of Alkaloids.
Chemistry including, biogenesis and pharmacological activity of atropine, reserpine, ephedrine, ergometrine,
quinine, morphine, digitoxin, sennosieds, diosgenin, carotenoides, flavanoides related compounds.
Systematic pharmacognostic study of drugs like : Tobacco, Belladonna, Hyoscyamus, Datura, Coca, Withania,
Cinchona, Ipecac, Opium, Ergot, Rauwolfia, Vinca, Nuxvomica, Physostigma, Pilocarpus, Veretrum,
Krurchi, Epedra, Solanum, Tea, Colchicum.
Practical 4hrs/week Marks : 50
Evaluation of drugs mentioned in theory using morphologic, microscopic and chemical methods.
PHR 363 PHARMACEUTICS-V (Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics)
Theory 4hrs/week
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Marks : 100
Introduction to Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, various terms used and their role in related discipline.
Bio-pharmaceutics:
Definition, physico-chemical factors altering biological performance of drugs with special emphasis on pH, partition
hypothesis, dissolution rate. Physiological considerations including membrane, gastro-intestinal physiology and
environment like presence of food, motility etc. : Influence of formulation factors on absorption of drugs.
Bio-availability and bio-equivalence; concept and significance; Methods of determination of bio-availability using
blood level and urinary excretion data. Parameters used to evaluate bio-equivalence.
Pharmaco-kinetics:
Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs, protein binding, pharmacokinetic parameters,
determinations and their significance.
Compartment Kinetics: One and two compartment models, pharmacokinetics of single dose administration as
applied to intravenous bolus and oral administration. Pharmacokinetic basis for sustained release
formulations. Michaelis-Menten elimination kinetics.
Two compartmental model: elimination kinetics, pharmacokinetics of single, multiple and sustained release
formulations. Wagner-Nelson methods of estimation. Curve fitting, method of residuals as applied to
plasma concentraion profile for two compartment model. Area under the curve estimations.
Brief introduction to non-linear pharmacokinetics: Concepts and applications.
Kinetics of multiple dosing and dosage regimen.
Urinary excretion, computation of pharmacokinetic parameters from urine data. Dosage regimen adjustment in
patients with and without renal failure.
Practicals 3hrs/week Marks : 50
Experiments designed to determine bioavailability, bioequivalence of selected drugs by urinary/salivary
excretion or blood level data.
Experiments designed to determine pharmacokinetic parameters of selected drugs from blood level/urinary
excretion data.
Mathematical modeling, curve fitting, area under the curve determination etc.
PHR 364 PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY (Biological Pharmacy and Fermentation) Theory 4hrs/week
Marks : 100
Immunology & Immunological preparations :
Immune systems, cellular, humoral immunity, antigens, antibody, antigen-antibody reactions and their applications;
hypersensitivity, active and passive immunization, vaccines-their preparation, standardization and storage.
Hybridoma technology; monoclonal antibody production & application.
Genetic recombination:
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Transformation, transduction, conjugation, protoplast fusion, gene cloning and its applications.
Fermentation:
Types, design of fermentor, nutrients, sterilization of media and equipments, Production and recovery of Penicillin,
citric acid, vitamins and enzymes etc.
Microbial Transformation :
Introduction, types of reactions mediated by microorganisms, design of biotransformation processes, selection of
organisms, biotransformation process and its improvements with special reference to steroids.
Enzymes :
Study of enzymes; hyaluronidase, penicillinase, streptokinase, streptodornase, streptokinase, streptodornase,
amylses, proteases etc.
PHR 365 PHARMACOLOGY- III (Clinical & Pharmacological Study of Major organ systems)
Theory 4hrs/week
Marks : 100
The Heart:
Pathophysiology of C.C.F.
Drugs used in C.C.F.
Pathophysiology of cardiac arrhythmia.
Anti arrhythmic drugs.
The Vascular System:
Pathophysiology of hypertension.
Anti-hypertensive drugs.
Pathophysiology of ischemic heart disease.
Drugs used in the treatment of angina and myocardial infarction.
Pathophysiology of atherosclerosis.
Lipoprotein transport in the blood & lipid lowering drugs.
The Haemopoietic system:
Disorders of blood coagulation.
Anti-platelet and thrombolytic agents.
Iron, folic acid and vitamin B-12
Haemopoietic growth factors.
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4. The respiratory system:
Disorders of respiratory function.
Drugs used in bronchial asthma and other respiratory disorders.
The kidney:
Diuretics and their clinical application.
The Gastrointestinal system:
Pathophysiology of peptic ulcer.
Drugs used in the treatment of acid-peptic disorders.
Drugs used in vomiting.
Drugs affecting the gastrointestinal motility & biliary system.
Drugs for the chronic inflammatory bowel disease.
The Central Nervors system:
Neurotransmitters of central nervous system.
Neurodegenarative disorders and their treatment.
General and local anaesthetic drugs.
Pharmacotherapy of anxiety and insomnia.
Pathophysiology and management of schizophrenia.
The nature of affective disorders and antidepressant drugs.
Different forms of epileptic disorders and the management of epilepsy.
Opioids and other analgesics.
Respiratory stimulants, psychomotor stimulants and psychomimetic drugs.
Alcohol, Drugs dependence and drug abuse.
Practicals : 3hrs/week
Marks : 50
Introduction to experimental pharmacology.
Study of concentration response curve of acetyladine of Frog rectus abdominis muscle preparation.
Modification of responses to acotnjcraline of Frog rectus abdominis muscle preparation.
Modification of responses to acetyladine Histamine and BaCl2 by atropine and antihistaminic on
smooth preparation.
Estimation of concentration of acetyladine Histamine and Adrenaline using suitable biological
preparation from Frog, Rat, Guineapig and Rabbit by log dose or matching method.
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Study of competitive and non-competitive antagonism.
calculation of EC50 and PA2 values and its significance.
Study of Mydriatics and miotics on Rabbit eye.
Study of Inotropic and chronotropic dffects of drugs on perfused Frog heart and its modification by
Atropine and propranolol.
SEVENTH SEMESTER B.Pharm-I
PHR 471 PHARMACEUTICS VI (Pharmaceutical Technology II)
Theory 4hrs/week,
Marks 100
Capsules: Formulation, production and evaluation of hard and soft capsules including quality control, stability testing and storage.
Tablets:
Formulation of different types of tablets, Granulation technology of production of granules on large scale by various techniques. Physics of tablets making, tablet compression machinery of different types of tablets.
Coating of Tablets: Types of coating, film formers, formulation of coating solution, coating equipments, coating process, evaluation of coated tablets.
Parenterals (Sterile Products):
Preformulation factors, routes of administration
Vehicle: Water for injection, pyrogenicity, non aqueous vehicles.
Formulation details
Containers, closures, their selection, prefilling treatment, washing of containers and closures
Preparation and filling of solutions, suspensions, ampoules, vials, infusion fluids, sterile and lyophilized powders, equipment for large scale manufacture.
Evaluation of sterile products.
Aseptic techniques-sources of contamination, methods of prevention, design of aseptic area, laminar flow bench services and maintenance.
Ophthalmic preparations: Requirement, formulation, methods of preparation, containers, evaluation
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Sustained and Controlled Release Products:
Design, development and evaluation of oral and injectable sustained release products.
Introduction to Novel and controlled Drug Delivery Systems like Implants and Insets for Ophthalmic Intravaginal, Intrauterine, subcutaneous administration.
Microencapsulation – Importance, techniques, application
Practicals:
Preparation and evaluation of various types of –
Capsules
Tablets, conventional, sugar coated, film coated, dispersible, etc.
Parenterals – small volume injectables, large volume parenterals, aqueous and oily based injections
Ophthalmic products – eye drops and eye ointments
Sustained and controlled release formulations of various types
Microcapsules by various techniques
Novel drug delivery systems like implants, inserts, etc
PHR 472 PHARMACOLOGY - IV
(Clinical & Pharmacological Study of Hormones, Neoplastic & infectious diseases)
Theory 4hrs/week
Marks 100
Hormones :
Hormones of hypothalamus
Pharmacology of anterior and posterior pituitary hormones.
Pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus.
Insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents.
Adrenocorticosteroids and synthetic analogs.
Female sex hormones and oral contraceptives.
Anti-estrogens and anti-progestins.
Androgens and anabolic steroids.
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Oxytocics and uterine relaxants.
Thyroid and anti-thyroid drugs.
Calcitonin, parathyroid hormone and the treatment of osteoporosis.
Chemotherapy of Malignant Diseases :
Basic principal of chemotherapy
The biology of cancer.
Drugs used in cancer chemotherapy.
Chemotherapy of Infectious diseases:
Antimicrobial agents which interfere with synthesis of folate.
Beta-lactam antibiotics
Antimicrobial affecting bacterial protein synthesis.
Antimicrobial affecting topoisomerase II.
Miscellaneous antibacterial and leprosy.
Chemotherapy of tuberculosis and leprosy.
Antiviral drugs.
Treatment of AIDS.
Antifungal drugs.
Antiprotozol drugs.
Anthelminthic drugs.
Vitamins & Minerals
Vitamin deficiency diseases and their management.
Role of minerals in health & diseases.
Practicals 1) Estimation of the concentration of Oxytocin, 5HT and Histamine using suitable biological preparation by log dose or three point assay method.
2) Estimation of concentration of pancuronium using Frog rectus abdomens preparation by percentage
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inhibition method.
3) Demonstration of the effect of various drugs on cad blood pressure and its modification by antagonists.
4) Study of anticonvulsant effect of phenytoin against maximal electroshock induced convulsions in mice.
5) Study of anti-inflammatory effect of NSAID’S against hind paw edema in rat. 6) Study of ant psychotic effect of phenothiazine in rats using Cook’s pole climbing apparatus. 7) Study of muscarinic and nicotinic actions of acetylcholine on cat blood pressure. 8) Study of analgesic effect in mice using tail flick or acetic acid induced writhing. 9) Study of drug affecting locomotor activity using actophotometer. 10)Basic consideration and procedure involved in pyrogen testing.
PHR 473 PHARMACOGNOSY - IV
Theory 4 hrs/week
Marks 100
Introduction :
Importance and status of herbal medicines and cosmetics. Brief account of plant based Industry and Institutions involved in work on medicinal and aromatic plants in India.
Phyto Pharmaceuticals :
Detailed methods of estimation of the following in plant extracts and formulations : Atropine, Quinine, Ephedrine, Cardiac glycosides, Ca-Sennosides, Diosgenin, Glycerrhizin, Citrus Bioflavanoids, Rutin, Andrographolides, Phyllanthin, Guggul lipids, Gymnemic acid, Asiaticoside, Withanoloides, Wedelolactone.
Herbal formulations :
Basic principles involved in alternative system of medicine lide
Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, Chinese Medicine and Homeopathy. Basic principles involved in the preparation of
formulation in Ayurveda like Aristaas, Asava, Ghutika, Talia, Churna, Leha and Bhasma. Role of herbs in cosmetics
study of the following herbs :
Shampoos : Soapnut, Amla, Henna, Hybiscus, Tea
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Hair Darkners : Amla, Henna
Skin Care : Aloevera, Glyckyrrhizin, Turmeric, Sandalwood.
Standardization :
Importance of standardization of raw materials, extracts snf gotmulstiond with examples.
WHO guidelines for the assessment of Crude Drugs, Extracts and medicines.
Study of different methods used for the standardization of Crude Drugs including newer analytical techniques with special reference to industrial methods with suitable examples (HPLC, HPTLC)
Standardization of Extracts.
Study of methods used to detect and estimate the amount of heavy metals in Herbal Preparations (Mg, Cu, Zn, As etc.)
Determination of alcohol content in Aristas and Asavas.
Patenting of Natural Products.
Plant Biotechnology : Plant genetics (Poloploidy, Mutation and Hybridization), Tissue Culture :
Callus and Suspension cultures.
Production of Secondary metabolites.
Biotransformation, immobilization of cells and enzymes. Genes transfer in plants using vectors and physical delivery methods. Applications of plant biotechnology.
Enzyme Biotechnology :
Introduction, General methods of isolation and purification of enzymes, enzyme reactors, applications of immobilized enzymes in drug manufacture and drug analysis.
Source, method of preparation, chemical nature and uses of Papine, Bromelaine.
Manufacture and applications of Streptokinasee, Urokinase and Asparaginase.
Practicals 4 hrs./week Marks : 50
Isolation of some phyto constituents mentioned on theory and theory and their estimation in natural sources using chromatographics of other recommended methods. Determination of heavy metals in crude drugs. Some experiments on plant tissue culture. Evaluation of herbal drug preparation using thin layer and paper chromatography.
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PHR 474 MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY- III
Theory 4 hrs/week
Marks 100
Synthetic procedures of selected drugs, mode of action, uses, structure activity relationship including Physico-chemical properties of the following classes of drugs:
Steroids and related drugs : Steroidal nomenclature and stereochemistry, androgens and anabolic agents, estrogens, and pregestational agents, adrenocorticoids.
Drugs acting on the CNS : General Anesthetics, Local Anesthetics, Hypnotics and Sedatives, Opioid analgesics, antitussives, anticonvulsants, anti parkinsonism drugs, CNS stimulants, psychopharmacological agents (neuroleptics, antidepressants, anxiolytics)
Diuretics, Cardiovascular drugs, anticoagulant and anti platelet drugs.
Biochemical approaches in drug designing wherever applicable should be discussed
EIGHTH SEMESTER B.Pharm-I
PHR 481 PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS - III
Theory
4 hrs/week
Marks 100
A. QUALITY ASSURANCE:
GLP, ISO 9000, TQM, Quality Review and Quality Documentation
Regulatory control, regulatory drug analysis, interpretation of analytical data.
Validation, quality audit: Quality of equipment, validation of equipment, validation of analytical procedures.
B. The theoretical aspects, basic instrumentation, elements of interpretation of spectra, and applications of the following analytical techniques should be discussed.
Ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry
Fluorimetry
Infrared spectrophotometry
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy including 13c NMR.
Mass spectrometry
Flame Photometry
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Emission Spectroscopy
Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
X-ray Diffraction
Radio immunoassay
Practicals
Quantitative estimation of atleast ten formulation containing single drug or more than one drug, using
instrumental techniques.
Estimation of Na+, K+ and Ca++ ions using flame photometry
IR of samples with different functional groups
Workshop to interpret the structure of simple organic compounds using UV, IR, NMR AND MS.
PHR 482 MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY - IV
Theory
4 hrs/week
Marks 100
Drug metabolism and concepts of prodrugs
Synthetic procedures of selected drugs, mode of action, uses, structure activity relationship (including
physiochemical aspects) of the following classes of drugs:
(a) Antimetabolites
(b) Chemotherapeutic agents used in Protozoal, parasitic and other infection
(c) Antineoplastic agents
(d) Anti viral including anti-HIV agents
(e) Immunosuppressive and immunostimulants
Amino acids, peptide, nucleotides and related drugs:
(a) Thyroid and anti thyroid drugs
(b) Insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents.
(c) Peptidomimetics and nucleotidomimetics
(d) Diagnostic agents
(e) Pharmaceutical aids
Practicals:
Workshop on stereomodel use of some selected drugs
Synthesis of selected drugs from the course content involving two or more steps and their spectral analysis
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Establishing the Pharmacopoeial standards of the drugs synthesized.
PHR 483 PHARMACEUTICS - VII (Hospital Pharmacy)
Organisation and Structure: Organisation and structure of Hospital and Hospital Pharmacy, responsibilities of
a Hospital Pharmacist, Pharmacy and therapeutic committee.
Drug Distribution systems in Hospitals: Inpatient and out patient drug distribution, dispensing of narcotic and
other controlled substances, ancillary substances and articles. Changing policy and systems for hospital supplies and drugs
Drug Store management: Budget preparation and implementation, store purchase and inventory control,
purchase procedures and organisation and maintenance.
Manufacture of Hospital products and sterile extemporaneous preparations:
(a) Intra venous fluids, facility requirements, formulation, preparation and packing
(b) Special electrolytes
(c) Blood products and plasma expanders.
(d) Surgical dressings: Ligature and sutures
(e) Glandular products
Handling and administration of sterile products: Injections - IM/IV, Catheters, IV Infusions, Volume control
sets, Over the needle Catheters (ONC), Intermittent IV therapy, Complications in IV therapy. Other
parenteral and implantable devices. Parenteral admixtures and incompatibilities.
Hospital formulary and other hospital publications.
Drug Information Services: Sources of information and procurement, computerization of services like
prescription filling, drug profile, patient medification profile, drug interaction and adverse reaction,
idiosyncratic cases, etc.
Medification errors, documentation and preventive measures.
Central sterile supply unit and its management
Nuclear Pharmacy: Introduction to radiopharmaceuticals, preparation of radiopharmaceuticals in hospital and their standardization. Radiation dosimetry radiation hazards and their prevention. Specifications for radio
isotope laboratory.
PHR 484 PHARMACEUTICS - VIII (Formulation Design and Development)
Theory
4 hrs/week
Marks 100
Preformulation studies: Detailed study of the following pre-formulation parameters -
(a)Physical properties of drugs like physical form, particle size, shape, density, wetting solubility, dielectric
constant, dissolution and organoleptic properties.
(b) Chemical properties of drugs - hydrolysis, oxidation, reduction, racemization, polymerization, etc and their influence on the stability.
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(c) Study of prodrugs, complexes and conjugates of drugs in solving problems related to stability, bio-availability,
and elegance of the products
Design, development and process validation for pharmaceutical operations involved in the production of solid and liquid dosage forms.
Stabilization and stability testing procedure for various pharmaceutical products. Calculation of shelf life and
expiry date, overage addition.
Performance evaluation methods for pharmaceutical products:
(a) In-vivo dissolution studies - methods and interpretation of results
(b) Bio-availability studies- protocols and procedures. Result interpretations.
(c) In-vivo studies - methods and statistical methods in the interpretation of results.
Practicals:
Experiments devised to study the preformulation of dosage forms, stability testing, formulation of dosage forms, process validation, dissolution and bioavailability testing, and others to illustrate the topics mentioned in theory.
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