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Ms. Buffalino
9AP The content you are being tested on is coming from: this packet, class
notes, quizzes, exams, assigned readings, homeworks and class projects. TBD Exam Format: 55 M.C., 3 SAQs, and an LEQ essay.
This review packet was created by Ms. Buffalino in order to prepare students for the AP World Final on _____________. Students are to use their AP Barron’s Review Book, Prentice Hall Review Book, Weekly Assignment Book, and Traditions and Encounters textbook/website while filling out this review packet.
Throughout the packet Ms. Buffalino has even referenced page numbers and the recommended reference source(s) for additional assistance! SAVE THIS FOR NEXT YEAR – THIS IS THE FIRST HALF OF NEXT YEAR’S
REVIEW PACKET. You will need this when studying for the AP Examination NEXT YEAR. Sections from this packet will be assigned throughout the remainder of the school year. The first half of this packet was
completed for midterms. The final, completed packet is due Tuesday May 14, 2019.
Students should also be studying sample essays and sample multiple choice questions on their own. Sample questions can be found under Ms. Buffalino’s “Useful links” on her website as well as in the
AP Barron’s Review Book/CD.
Student’s Name (Printed): __________Lea Veigl_____________________________
Student’s Signature: ______________________________________________
Parent’s Signature: ______________________________________________
Assigned Date: __________________
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 2
Geography Review
Category Russia India England China Japan Latin America Africa
Important Geographic Features
located in Europe and Asia. It lacks warm-water ports, and is rural and mountainous STRAIT OF DARDANELLES
located in Asia, it contains the Himalayas. there is the Deccan Plateau and West & Eastern Ghats
It's an island Located in Asia, China contains the Gobi Desert and the Himalayas.
Located in Asia, Japan It's an island with mountains.
Located in South America, Latin America contains the Andes Mts and rain forests. .
Mostly desert, but littered with small oasis-type lands by bodies of water (I.e. Egypt by the Nile)
Impact of Features Socially
limited cultural diffusion
little cultural diffusion
industrial features and a strong navy.
It is isolated, with monsoons
lacks natural resources.
It has a diverse population
Trade networks allotted for cultural diffusion, and the Bantu migrations also help spread cultures.
Impact of Features Politically
gained accesses to the Baltic and Black Sea.
it is a subcontinent, with wind storms with monsoons.
It trades, but does not have proper agricultural land.
Limited cultural diffusion, making it ethnocentric
it is isolated and vulnerable to invasion.
Deforestation was done for more farmland.
The African peoples’ political structure as a patriarchal kinship-based group that oversaw a much larger group.
Impact of Features Economically
Its large size stops a prosperous economy.
It is very isolated with fertile farmland.
VERY INDUSTRIAL
due to its large size, it doesn't have a prosperous economy.
Limited farming. FISHING
Terrace farming was used for agriculutre in the Andes Mnts.
Trade flourshed, especially regarding gold.
Barron’s 7th Edition
Prentice Hall, Pearson Revised Edition
Use class notes
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 3
AP World Regions
These are referenced for the MC and Essay Questions.
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 4
Technological and Environmental Transformations
10,000BCE to 600 BCE
What was the Paleolithic Era and why is it significant?
The Paleolithic era was the time before history was recorded. In this time, there were no settled civilizations, only bands of hunter-gatherers. These peoples were the earliest
humans.
What is the significance of hunting-foraging bands of humans gradually migrating from their origins in East Africa to Eurasia, Australia and the
Americas? The significance of their migrations is that humans eventually spread to every continent.
And shaped how different peoples would develop.
What was the Neolithic Revolution and why is it significant?
The Neolithic began farming, and paved the ways for settlements, permanent societies,
and eventually civilizations
Define: Pastoralism and give an example of where it was used:
_In which peoples were nomadic, raising cattle and other such animals. This was used in
Eurasia.
Neolithic
Revolution
How did agricultural
advancements impact society?
Created stationary
settlements Surplus of food
Paved the way for
increased population
Prentice Hall, page 3
5 Steps to a 5: Pages 70-71 Prentice Hall Unit 1: Sections 1 and 2
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 5
Ancient Civilizations Chart
Civilizations Geography Religion Government Contributions
Egypt
Egypt was a desert
Polytheistic (Horus, Isis,
Ra, etc.)
Monarchy (ruler=descendent
of Horus)
Improved science through
mummification, medicine and
mathematics.
Mesopotamia
(Sumer)
Grasslands (land between
two rivers)
polytheistic Monarchy Irrigation (water from villages near
the Tigris and
Euphrates rivers to farther away
and to stop flooding) math,
1st wheeled vehicles and plows
(pulled by oxen)
Indus River
Valley (Harappa and
Mohenjo-Daro)
Planes and
mountains
polytheistic monarchy 1st plumbing
systems
China
Mountains, jungles,
deserts and oceans
polytheistic Dynasties (ruling families)
Writing systems
Terms and Concepts Answer/Description
1. What is a nomad? Someone who does not have a definitive
home. They move from place to place.
2. Define irrigation: The movement of water to other areas to
stop flooding or water crops
3. Define: social stratification In which some people have more power
than others (elites held this power)
Prentice Hall, pages 4-8 5 Steps to a 5: 70-73, 76-80, 154
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 6
4. What role did women play in ancient civilizations?
Women were mothers, and were confined to the home. The cooked, cleaned and
bore children.
5. How did agriculture and pastoralism transform human society (social
structure/technology)?
Technologies (like the ox-pulled plow) were developed to make farming easier.
Women lost social standing, and became
mothers and wives.
6. How did improvements in agricultural production, trade and
transportation impact metallurgy?
As trade and transportation improved,
more ideas were spread, spreading new, better ways of metallurgy to areas of the
world. Also, the advancements of agricultural production called for better,
more advanced metallurgy.
7. Define: Compound bows and give an example of where they were
used.
They were bows made out of what was available (bone, wood, animal parts).
They were used by the Akkadian empire.
8. Define: Iron weapons and give an
example of where they were used.
These were made out of iron, a material stronger than bronze. They were used by
the Aryans.
9. Define: Chariot and give an
example of where they were used.
Chariots were a horse drawn mobility device often used in battle. These were
used by the Aryans.
10. Define: Quipu and include where it
was used.
Quipu is a record-keeping system used by Mesoamerican. It consisted of colored
cords being tied in knots.
11. What is the significance of the Vedic
religion during this periodization?
The Vedic religion served as a precursor and foundation to Hinduism
12. What is the significance of Zoroastrianism during this
periodization?
This religion preached the belief of one god, and it’s teachings can be seen across
Christianity, Judaism and Isla,
13. What is the significance of Hebrew monotheism during this
periodization?
It was the first monotheistic religion.
14. Why was China known as the
“Middle Kingdom?”
They thought they were in the center of the world, and the most civilized.
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 7
15. What is a dynasty? What was the mandate of heaven?
A dynasty is a ruling family, where the
rule is passed down via bloodline. The mandate of heaven is the god given right
to rule.
Trade expanded locally to regional and transregional:
Egypt and Nubia- They both traded gold, ivory, ebony and precious stones. However,
this trade also let each nation keep a close eye on each other. Mesopotamia and the Indus River Valley- The most important food crops and
domesticated animals came the Indus River Valley from Mesopotamia.
Describe illustrative forms of literature such as:
1. The Epic of Gilgamesh:
A famous Epic from Sumer about Gilgamesh, king of Uruk
2. The Rig Veda:
They were a collection of hymns and the Aryan’s sacred writings
3. The Book of the dead:
This was scripture included in Egyptian burials. It was said to help the soul on the
journey to the Duat, the Egyptian afterlife.
Explain the significance of the
trade that occurred between:
Egypt and NubiaMesopotamia and the
Indus River Valley
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 8
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 9
Organization and Reorganization of
Human Societies 600 BCE – 600 CE
Belief Systems (not organized by periodization)
Belief System
Approximate Date, Place of Origin
and/or Place Worshiped
Founder, Beliefs and Sacred
Text
Animism
-originated: in the Paleolithic era
-originated in: All over the world
-Place of worship: nature/everywhere
-Founder: no one true founder
-Beliefs: everything has a
spirit&ancestor worship
-Sacred Texts: oral storytelling
Shintoism
-originated: 500 BCE
-originated in: Japan
-Place of worship: Shrines
-Founder: Mix of tribal religions -Beliefs: everything has a spirit&Kami(gods)worship -Sacred Texts: Kakyi or Nikong
Prentice Hall, pages 21-27 Traditions and Encounters, Various Chapters
5 Steps to a 5: 92, 112
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 10
Taoism
-originated: 500 BCE
-originated in: China
-Place of worship: temples
-Founder: Laozi
-Beliefs: yin-yang&link to nature
-Sacred Texts: Tao te Ching
Hinduism
-originated: 1500-500 BC
-originated in: India
-Place of worship: temples
-Founder: Aryan Tribes
-Beliefs: caste system&widow
burning (sati)
-Sacred Texts: Vedas
Buddhism
-originated: 566-486 BC
-originated in: India
-Place of worship: everywhere (way of
life)
-Founder: Siddhartha Gautama
(Buddha)
-Beliefs:
reincarnation&karma/dharma
-Sacred Texts: Tripitaka
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 11
Judaism
-originated: 2000 BCE
-originated in: Middle East
-Place of worship: synagogues
-Founder: Abraham/Moses
-Beliefs: 10 commandments &
monotheism
-Sacred Texts: Torah and Talmud
Christianity
-originated: 300 CE
-originated in: Middle East
-Place of worship: churches
-Founder: Jesus Christ
-Beliefs: 10
commandments&monotheism
-Sacred Texts: Holy Bible
Islam
-originated: 600 CE
-originated in: Saudi Arabia
-Place of worship: mosques
-Founder: Muhammad
-Beliefs: 5 pillars of Islam
-Sacred Texts: Qur'an
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 12
Confucianism
-originated: 551 BCE
-originated in: China
-Place of worship: temples
-Founder: Confucius
-Beliefs: Jen (love&ideal
relationship between people) Yi
(righteousness&the principle of
setting things right and proper) Li
(rules of propriety)
-Sacred Texts: Analects
Zoroastrianism
T& E
Chapers 7-12
-originated: 3500 years ago
-originated in: Persia
-Place of worship: temples
-Founder: Zoroaster
-Beliefs: existence of angels,
demons and saviors
-Sacred Texts: Avesta
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 13
Sikhism
T& E
Chapers 7-12
-originated: early 1500's
-originated in: Modern-day Pakistan
-Place of worship: Gurdwara
-Founder: First Guru Nanak Devi
-Beliefs: monotheism
-Sacred Texts: Guru Granth Sahib
Baha’i
T& E
Chapers 7-12
-originated: 1844
-originated in: Modern-day Iran
-Place of worship: temples
-Founder: The Bab
-Beliefs: unity of god, religion
and humanity
-Sacred Texts: Aqdas
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 14
Legalism
T& E
Chapers 7-12
-originated: 475 BCE
-originated in: China
-Place of worship: none
Founder: Hanfeizi
-Beliefs: order above other's
concerns
-Sacred Texts: Book of Lord
Shangs Han Fei-Tzu
Jainism
T& E
Chapers 7-12
-originated: 7th century BCE
-originated in: Eastern India
-Place of worship: temples
-Founder: Mahavira
-Beliefs: non-violence
-Sacred Texts: Agam
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 15
Important
Concepts
Response
Why were the early faiths polytheistic? Explain.
Each god represented the unexplainable (rains, flooding, etc.)
List the polytheistic religions:
Egyptian, Hinduism, Shintoism...
List the monotheistic religions:
Islam, Christianity, Judaism
Give three examples of places in the world that practiced ancestor
veneration:
China, Japan, India
How did Buddhism change as it spread from India to China?
It became more patriarchal to co-exist with Confucianism
Who was Asoka and what faith did he help to spread?
Asoka was an emperor and conqueror, who turned to Buddhism after
witnessing the chaos of battle. He promoted the spread of Buddhism.
How did Daoism develop Chinese culture? Explain and provide
specific examples.
Daoism taught about the harmony and balance between ying ang yang.
The ying, the darkness and female power had to remain in harmony with
yang, the light and male power. It also taught yielding and acceptance.
Define filial piety:
In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and
respect for one's parents and ancestors.
Which two faiths are known for their Missionary work?
Christianity and Islam are both well known for their missionary work.
Is religion unifying or divisive? Explain.
Unifying-brings people together, promotes peace
Divisive-fights w/ other religions, wars over land (crusades)
Why is Jerusalem considered to be a turbulent city?
Holy land of Christianity, Judaism, and Islam
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 16
EMPIRE GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION/SIGNIFICANCE
Assyrians
Location-Mesopotamia Significance-used iron weapons to expand
their empire
Babylonians
Location- Significance-built one of the seven
wonders of the world, the gardens of babylon
The conquests of the Assyrians, Babylonians and Roman empires contributed to the
growth of Jewish diasporic communities around the Mediterranean and Middle East.
Parthian
Sassanid
First Persian
empire
Achaemenid
Describe the
significance of
the Persian
empires:
Traditions and Encounters, Various Chapters
they fought for
their freedom
from the
Secludes.
- They had a strong
"king of kings" who
provided central
leadership and rebuilt
an elaborate system of
administration and
founding or
refurbishing many
cities. They also
traded with places like
India and China.
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 17
Greece
Socrates Plato Aristotle
Socratic Method of
questioning as a learning
tool.
Wrote The Republic
Favored a strong,
controlling government
Developed ideas on
government
Favored the one strong and
wise rule as best form.
Considered to be first
western philosopher
Society has three classes:
Philosophers, Soldiers,
and Workers
Human Reason was the
key to learning
Athens Sparta
Prentice Hall, 9-17
-focused on the
mind (academics
and being smart)
-women could
take on any
financial
positions
-men were
expected to take
part in the
government
-focused on war
and military
-women had
more freedom
(could own land)
-men were
soldiers
-patriarchal
-in Greece
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 18
Rome
Terms and Concepts for Greece & Rome Answer/Description
1. Define a direct democracy: A form of government in which citizens rule directly
and not through representatives
2. Define a republic:
a state in which supreme power is held by the people
and their elected representatives, and which has an
elected or nominated president rather than a
monarch.
3. Define patricians and plebeians: Patricians-those part of the ruling class
Plebeians-those less wealthy (peasants and below
patricians)
4. Who was Pericles?
Leader of Athens during the Golden Age; promoted
democracy
5. What was the Peloponnesian War?
Wars between the Delian League (Athens) and the
Peloponnesian League (Sparta) started in 431 BC
because they feared each other. The Spartans
dominated on land while Athens did on water but a
plague struck killing people, making Athens to lose
and forced to surrender. It lasted almost 30 years
6. What was the Delian League? The name for Athens and it’s allies in the
Peloponnesian War
How did I, Julius Caesar
pave the way for the
Roman Empire?
he conquested to expand
the empire
I am considered to be
the first Roman
Emperor. Who am
I?
Augustus
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 19
What was Hellenistic culture? Who established it? What were the accomplishments?
-spread of Greek culture
-architecture flourished
-schools were built
-women gained more freedom
-advances in math and science
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 20
Accomplishments
During the
Pax Romana
What was the Pax Romana? When did it occur? Where did occur?
Who was the leader that began it?
It was a time of peace and prosperity during Roman history. It occurred in 27 BC - 180 AD. It occurred
in Rome. Augustus starting the Pax Romana.
Prentice Hall, 15-17 Modern
transportatio
n systems
peak land
area of the
empire
population
growth to 70
million
aqueducts
built
Pantheon
built
Colosseum
built
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 21
What lead to the fall of the Roman Empire? -Invasions by Germanic Tribes
-the economic and social policies of rulers failed -Money began to lose value
-labor shortages happened due to war -Social unrest
Why was Rome considered to be an administrative institution or centralized form of
government?
It ruled from one head figure, who maintained all the power. There was not any other ruler other than the one at
the head.
What did the fall of the Roman Empire pave the way for?
Prentice Hall, 18-20
The Byzantine empire's growth
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 22
Who was Shi Huangdhi?
the first emperor (legalist ruler during the Qin dynasty), and started a centralized rule
What dynasty is he from?
The Qin dynasty
Compare and contrast the rise and fall of the Han and Roman Empires:
Compare: Both lasted for aprox. 400 years; had populations of or over 50 million people; both
wanted territory expansion
Roman: -Existed from 27 BCE to about 400 CE. Conquered entire Mediterranean coast and
most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity
-an empire established by Augustus in 27 BC and divided in AD 395 into the Western Roman Empire
and the Eastern or Byzantine Empire
-an empire that, at its height, around 200 C.E., spanned the Mediterranean world and most of Europe
Han: imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time) from 206 BC to 221 and expanded its
boundaries and developed its bureaucracy;
-This dynasty continued the centralization of the Qin Dynasty, but focused on Confucianism and
education instead of Legalism; (202 BC - 220 AD) dynasty started by Lui Bang;
-a great and long-lasting rule, it discarded the harsh policies of the Qin dynasty and adopted Confucian
principles; Han rulers chose officials who passed the civil service exams rather than birth; it was a time
of prosperity
What is the significance of the Silk Road?
It spread religions (such as Buddhism), facilitated trade and cultural diffusion, and
would eventually spread the Black Death the Europe
Who was Han Wudi and why is he significant?
the second Han ruler who developed the Confucian education system, founded the silk
road, built a canal and ruled during the most celebrated time in Chinese history
Prentice Hall, 18-20
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 23 Geographic Study (This means study this )
The number of key states and empires grew dramatically by imposing political unity on areas where previously
there had been competing states.
Key States/Empires Approximate Location
Southwest Asia: Persian
Empires
(Achaemenid, Parthian and
Sassanid)
Persia = Iran today
East Asia: Qin and Han
Empires
South Asia: Maurya and Gupta
MesoAmerica: Teotihuacan
(Tenochtitlan), Maya city-states
Andean South America: Moche
Civilization from 100-700 CE
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 24
Briefly, yet thoroughly respond to the following:
1. Define: Corvée
Unpaid labor for a certain king or lord.
Describe the relationship between Han China and the Xiongu:
The Xiongnu raided villages or trading areas when peaceful trade couldn’t satisfy them. They were a
constant challenger to the Han.
2. Describe the relationship between the Guptas and the White Huns:
The White Huns were a nomadic people that invaded the Gupta’s and caused the empire to fall.
3. Define: paterfamilias
A Roman term in which a father is the head of the family, and controls those under him (I.e. wives and
daughters)
4. How did the emergence of yokes, saddles and stirrups alter world history?
They made traveling by horse easier, therefore facilitating trade and travel.
5. How did the domestication of horses, oxen, camels and llamas alter world history?
With their domestication, people were able to advance farming (I.e. oxen pulled plows) and get around
easier. Travel was faster due to horses. Camels and llamas would be used for trading, as they helped
people traverse deserts.
6. How did the inventions of the dhow and lateen sails alter maritime/world history?
They made traveling easier, facilitating trade and travel.
7. Define: qanat system
A system of underground canals which led to enhanced agricultural production and population growth.
Traditions and Encounters, Various Chapters
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 25
600BC – 600 CE
Climate and
Geographic Location: Typical goods traded:
Ethnicity of people
involved: Significance of trade route:
Eurasian Silk
Roads
Spread from China
to India, then across
Asia into Europe.
Horses, alfalfa,
grapes, melons
walnuts, silk,
oeaches, aoricots,
spices, pottery,
paper
Chinese, Indians,
Parthians, central
Asians, Romans
Spread chariot warfare, the
stirrup, music, Buddhism
and Christianity,
Trans-Saharan
Caravan Routes
Spread all across
Africa
Gold, wheat, olives,
manufactured goods,
salt
Ghana, Mali,
Songhay,
Berbers
Ghana flourished due to
the gold trade, and
eventually foreign peoples
started to trade for gold as
well.
Indian Ocean
Trade
This trade was
dictated by seasonal
monsoons from
India.
Pigments, pearls,
spices, bananas,
tropical fruits
Chinese, Indians,
Malays, Persians,
Arabs
Spread the lateen sail,
created a trading class with
mixture of cultures
Mediterranean
Trade
Traded in the
Mediterranean sea.
Olives, pottery,
glasswork, etc.
Egyptian,
Phoenicians,
Greeks, Romans,
etc.
Christianity spread to
Eastern and Western
Europe via this trade.
5 Steps to a 5: 92, 108, Traditions and Encounters
Various Chapters
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 26
Regional and Transregional
Interactions 600 CE – 1450 CE
Chose two of the following trade cities and explain the significance of the city during this
periodization: Novgorod, Timbuktu, Swahili City-States, Hangzhou, Calcut, Bagdad, Melada, Venice, Tenochtitlan, Cahokia
City #1 _____Venice_____
City #2 ___Tenochtitlan_____
Venice was the city in which the spirit of
inquiry sparked, leading to the Rennaissance a time of prosperity and the
rebirth of Greek and Roman thought
Tenochtitlan was a prosperous city run by
the Mexica. Structures rose from the lake it was located near, and it’s architectural
and economic beauty astounded the Spanish explorers when they found it.
Give an example of a civilization that used paper money: China
Explain how this process helped facilitate commercial infrastructure:
_It allowed for easier trade, as merchants didn’t have to carry heavy gold with
them as they traded in new areas.
5 Steps to a 5: 122, 142, Traditions and Encounters
Various Chapters
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 27
The Byzantine Empire is the eastern half of the Roman Empire that lasted until about
1453.
What was Justinian’s Code and who was
Justinian?
Justinian was one of the greatest Byzantine
emperors whose rule began in 527.
Justinian’s Code was a collection of laws that
Justinian had revised
and unified to make one, logical system of
laws.
Orthodox Christian Church
The Orthodox church was the church that
Constantine created when he declared that
the official religion of the roman empire be
Christianity.
Great Schism
The Great Schism marks the split
between the Eastern Orthodox Church and
the Roman Catholic Church (1054)
Cyrillic Alphabet
Alphabet named after Saint Cyril who used it
to help convert Slavs to
Orthodox Christianity. invented by Saint Cyril
(derived from Greek, used for Slavic
languages)
Orthodox Christianity
AKA "Byzantine
Church"; created in
1053, it stated that priests can marry
Autocratic Government
In which One person
holds all of the power
in a country
BYZANTINE EMPIRE
Effect On Russia
Prentice Hall, 44-47
Roman Empire Byzantine Empire
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 28
Caliphates
Geographic Location
Time Frame
Significance
Umayyad
caliphate
Capital: Damascus,
located in Syria
Located in Arabia, Northern Egypt,
Persia.
661-750 C.E Spanned large
areas of land that facilitated trade and
brought unity
Abbasid caliphate
Located in Arabia,
Northern Egypt, Syria, Persia and
stretched into Turkestan.
750-1258 C.E The principal source
of authority in the dar al-Islam
Delhi Sultanates
Located in Modern Pakistan and India
1206-1526 Centralized Indian empire of varying
extent, created by Muslim invaders
5 Steps to a 5: 120-121, Traditions and Encounters
Various Chapters
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 29
China
Sui Dynasty Accomplishments
Tang and Song Dynasties
1.
They built the Grand Canal
__________________________________
2.
facilitated trade between South and North China _________________________
3.
established an economic foundation for political and cultural unity. _____________________________
What were three accomplishments that occurred during the Tang and
Song dynasties?
The moveable type was created
Gunpowder was used for weapons
New agricultural techniques brought about
more harvests and a surplus of food.
Prentice Hall, 40-43
5 Steps to a 5: 127-128
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 30
Geographic Location/
Environmental Adaptation
Significance and notable
accomplishments:
Scandinavian Vikings
They established a colony in North America
The Vikings also engaged in trade and exploration in
northern Europe, the Mediterranean, and North
America. Independent farmers,
ruled by land-owning
chieftains.
Berbers
Original inhabitants of
North Africa. Desert and Mountain dwellers.
Adapted camels as a
means of transportation across the Sahara.
Bantu
Inhabited Sub-Saharan Africa (eastern part of
modern Nigeria and southern part of mod-day
Cameroon)
Created effective canoes, and their surplus food
suply from agriculture let their population grow.
The following groups developed diasporic communities:
Muslim merchant communities in the Indian Ocean
Chinese merchants in Southeast Asia Sogdian merchants throughout Central Asia
Jews in the Mediterranean, Indian Ocean basin and along the Silk Road
What is a diasporic community? Explain.
A diasporic community is formed when merchants introduced their own cultural
traditions into the indigenous culture where they were selling their goods.
5 Steps to a 5: 146-147, Traditions and Encounters, Various Chapters
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 31
Explain: Dar-al-Islam Translates to ‘House of Islam’. It is used when referring to the land under the Islamic empire.
What are the characteristics that make up a “Golden Age?
There must be relative peace, prosperity and achievement.
List 5 achievements that came out of the Golden Age of Islam: Translated Greek scholarly works into Arab, trade flourished, mat's and sciences improved, medicine got better,
art flourished.
How were the Muslim scholars influenced by Greek and Indian mathematics? They improved upon the mathematics, and added their own contributions to it.
Prentice Hall, 48-53
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 32
III. The Middle Ages
What years are considered the “Middle Ages”?
600-1450 periodization (476-1500s)
Feudalism Manoralism Catholic Church
How did feudalism operate?
How were manors self
sufficient?
All food was grown instead
of imported, and goods were crafted as well. There
was no need for outside interference with the
manors.
What was chivalry?
A code of bravery taken by the knights
The Catholic Church was
a unifying force in a time of political
instability after the fall of the Roman Empire.
How did the Church assert authority over
rulers?
Christianity was a major
part of feudalistic society, so the church stated that if
the rulers did as they said, they would be granted a
place in heaven.
POLITICAL ECONOMIC SOCIAL
Prentice Hall, 54-63
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 33
THE CRUSADES
Causes: Seljuk Turk’s taking control of the holy land, the church’s promise that anyone who
fought would go to heaven, nobles hoped to gain wealth and land, serfs ability to leave the fiefs excited them,
Effects: Growth of interest in learning, pope begam more powerful, feudal kings got more power,
paved the way for absolutism, trade flourished, religious tensions grew.
Why are the Crusades considered a successful failure? Explain.
While it spread ideas and facilitated trade, the church failed to reclaim the holy land.
During what years were the Crusades fought?
1095-1291
Prentice Hall, 60-63
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 34
ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION
ISLAM SPREAD TO
AFRICA
ASIA EUROPE
DIFFERENCES
SUNNIS SHIITES
Prentice Hall, 48-53 5 Steps to a 5: 121-122
Muslims belonging to branch of Islam
believing that the community should select its
own leadership. The majority religion in most
Islamic countries.
Muslims belonging to the branch of Islam
believing that God vests leadership of the
community in a descendant of Muhammad's
son-in-law Ali.
The Berbers were first
introduced to Islam, who
spread it across Africa.
Muslim forces
attacked Spain in the
700’s, spreading
beliefs.
Beliefs were spread
through trade routes
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 35
List two ways Japan was influenced by China or Korea:
1. Chinese Political systems were used in Japanese government
2. Buddhism was introduced to Japan via China
Geography
Shintoism
Uniquely Japanese religion that stresses love of nature
Shrines are located in places of natural beauty
Religion
Cultural Diffusion
Prentice Hall, 72-75
Describe Japan’s geography: It’s an island with mountains and lacks natural resources.
Impact of Japan’s geography on its people: Limited farming, but fishing is important.
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 36
Similar to Europe’s ‘Code of Chivalry’, it was a code that samurai
warriors swore to live by.
How did the Tokugawa Shogunate isolate Japan from the outside world?
He stopped trade from foreign countries via the ‘Closed Country Edict’
What was Heian Japan?
The last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. It is the period
in Japanese history when Buddhism, Taoism and other Chinese influences were at their height.
Japanese
Feudalism
Define Bushido
Prentice Hall, 72-75
A code of honor taken by Samurai (similar to the code of chivalry). It contained the idea of Seppuku,
which was the idea that dying in battle was far more honorable than being taken prisoner, so if a battle
was lost, men would commit suicide due to this idea.
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 37
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 38
Compare and Contrast
European Feudalism/ Japanese Feudalism
European- Church was at the head of the pyramid; Code of Bushido; women were not meant to be tough;
Japanese- Shintoism was at the head of the pyramid; Code of Chivalry; women were expected to be tough;
Similarities- religion was at the head of the pyramid; had codes of honor; had the same pyramid, but each class has a different names (knights=samurai)
Prentice Hall, 76-79 5 Steps to a 5: 134-135
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 39
Genghis Khan conquered the largest land empire ever in the history of
the world in one life time. The Mongols conquered areas of China, Persia and parts of Europe. His armies were made up of skilled
horsemen and bowmen. Kublai Khan, grandson of Genghis started the Yuan Dynasty in China.
1. Mongol’s provided trade links that made some towns rich
2. Protected Russia against enemies to the west.
Who was Genghis Khan? The founder of the Mongol empire
Who was Kublai Khan? The leader of the Mongols, founder of Yuan Dynasty,
conquered many civilizations of the Eastern Hemisphere.
Approximate dates: 1279-1368
The famous Chinese explorer Zheng He traveled to Southeast Asia, along the
coast of India, around the Arabian Peninsula and to the port cities of East Africa. After his explorations the Chinese decided that no other civilization was as superior as theirs. They decided to isolate themselves and limit foreign
contact with other.
Mongol’s lasting effect upon Russia
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 40
Be able to explain the significance of the following people, places or concepts:
1. Hanseatic League:
An organization of cities in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia for the
purpose of establishing a commercial alliance
2. Grand Canal:
Built by the Sui dynasty, is sparked trade between North and South China
3. Marco Polo:
Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a
firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.
4. Ibn Battuta:
Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote
a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western
Sudan.
5. Xuanzang:
He was a young Buddhist monk who decided to go to India and visit the holy sites
of Buddhism and learn about his faith.
6. Neoconfucianism:
The resurgence of Confucianism and the influence of Confucian scholars during the
Tang dynasty
7. Toltecs:
They were a people who invaded central Mexico and were ruled by a military class.
They had a capital city of Tula, influenced the Maya, with Quetzoquoatl as
their main god.
Barron’s Traditions and Encounters
Various Chapters
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 41
8. The significance of bananas in Africa:
It became a staple food, as well as a commonly traded good.
9. The significance of the spread of cotton, sugar and citrus throughout Dar al-Islam and the Mediterranean
basin:
They were a traded good.
10. Tributary system:
In which a conquered nation or people gives gifts in the form of goods or money to
their conquers as a sign of submissiveness and loyalty.
11. Waru waru agriculture:
An agricultural technique found in south america. It combines raised beds with irrigation channels to prevent erosion.
12. Ethiopian Christianity:
Reunited basic Christian theology and rituals but reflected the interests of the
African devotees.
13. Oligarchy:
A form of government in which a small number of upper class make decisions for everyone
14. Holy Roman Empire:
Created by German princes, it was said to be the Christian revival of the earlier
Roman empire.
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 42
The Bubonic Plague spread everywhere, because of trading and exploration.
Population Losses Economic Decline Social and Political Change
Confusion and Disorder
People began to fall
ill and die because of the disease. As
there was no cure, and the reason for
the disease had not been found yet,
thousands of people
died.
As population began
to decline, there were labor
shortages.
It weakened
political structures (I.e. it weakened
the Mongol regime in China)
No one knew what
caused the plague, and seeing as there
was no cure, there was widespread
panic.
Why is the rat the animal
chosen to represent the
Black Death?
B
L
A
C
K
P
L
A
G
U
E
EFFECTS OF THE PLAGUE
Prentice Hall, 82-83
Rats were the main spreader of the black death. The ticks that clung to their fur would jump off and bite humans, spreading the disease.
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 43
List two factors that led to the Commercial Revolution
More exploration to other lands sparked it
What is a guild?
A trade union
1
2
COMMERICIAL
REVOLUTION
LED
TO
Rise of towns
Prentice Hall, 84-85
Mercantilism was starting to be
used
Led to the economic growth and set the stage for
the industrial revolution
List 3 New
Businesses
1. Joint-Stock Company
2. insurance
3. Banking
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 44
Global Interactions 1450 - 1750
The Renaissance:
A Rebirth of Greek and Roman ideals that focused on Human ability,
potential, and achievement
During what years did the Renaissance occur? 1350-1600
Machiavelli
List Three
Artists
One work for
each
List Three
Writers
One work for
each
Leonardo
DaVinci
Mona Lisa
Shakespeare Hamlet
Michaelangelo
The Creation of Adam
Niccolo Machiaveli
The Mandrake
Sandro Botticelli
The Birth of
Venus
Petrarch
Africa (an epic
abt. The 2nd Punic War)
Who invented the printing press? Johannes Gutenberg
What are three effects of the printing press?
More people were literate, information was spread faster, people could interpret writen works for themselves
Define: Humanism
I wrote that
the end
justifies the
means.
Who am I?
Prentice Hall, 84-91
Prentice Hall, 88-90
The study and fascination of the human condition.
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 45
The Protestant Reformation and the
Counter Reformation
Long term:
1. Church’s sale of indulgences
2. Nepotism in the church
3. Simony in the church
Short term:
1. Monarchs resented the church/pope
2. Monarchs wanted more power
3. The printing press made people more literate, so people could interpret the Bible for themselves
4. Spirit of Inquiry
5. Martin Luther’s 95 theses was the SPARK
Martin Luther and John Calvin
Martin Luther and John Calvin
Long term: 1. Tension between Protestants and Catholics (30 years war)
2. Began the decline of the Holy Roman Empire
3. Eventually began the idea of religious tolerance
Short term:
1. Martin Luther was excommunicated
2. Huguenots called for reform in France (French protestants)
3. Counter-reformation was sparked
4. Introduced the idea that being good and loyal to god would get you into heaven (NO INDULGENCES)
5. Martin Luther’s theses were eventually put in place
CAUSES OF THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION
The Protestant Reformation had many leaders. Two of the most important were:
EFFECTS OF THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 46
What was the Counter Reformation? What was its purpose?
It was the movement in the 16th century within the Catholic church to reform itself as a
result of the Protestant Reformation
When did the Reformation occur: 1517
When did the Counter Reformation occur: 1545
West African Kingdoms (note this chart is includes multiple periodizations)
Ghana (800-1000) Mali (1200-1450) Songhai (1450 – 1600)
Controls trade in gold and
salt across West Africa.
Women work in business
and government.
King has Muslim advisors.
Mali conquers kingdom of
Ghana.
Mansa Musa becomes great
emperor.
Mali controls gold trade
routes.
Timbuktu becomes a great
trading city and center of
learning.
Songhai grows into largest
West African state.
Controls important trade
routes.
Emperor sets up Muslim
dynasty.
My Hajji is one of
the most famous in
history.
Prentice Hall, 92-96
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 47
Who was Mansa Musa and what were the major effects of his rule? King of the Mali empire, he
is known for his pilgrimage to Mecca and the promotion of peace and unity throughout Mali.
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 48
LATIN AMERICA (Mesoamerica)
OLMECS MAYAS AZTECS INCAS
WHERE FOUND
AND WHEN? (note this chart is
includes multiple periodizations)
Found in 1200
BCE in Modern day Veracruz
and Tabasco
Found in 300
BCE in
Southeast
Mexico and central
america
Found in 1300
(-1520) in
North Mexico
Found in 1300’s
(-1536) in
modern day
Peru
POLITICAL
STRUCTURE
(gov’t)
rulers hierarchy (kings)
monarchy monarchy
ROLE OF
RELIGION
sacrifices nature gods VERY
IMPORTANT; blood
sacrifices
closely tied
to everyday life
ACHIEVEMENTS
first ordered
religion in Mesoamerica
calendars
and astronomy
engineers;
powerful empire;
artists
architects
Prentice Hall, 106-11
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 49
CHINA
1. Why did China choose to isolate themselves from trade in 1433?
in 1433, China was a large country that didn't need resources from the outside world and their
technology was sophisticated enough for their needs.
2. How did geography contribute to Chinese isolation?
brutal deserts and the Himalayan Mts. blocked the movement of people to the west and
southwest. To the southeast, thick rain forests divided China from SE Asia. The Gobi desert in
the north and the north and the Pacific Ocean in the east also created natural barriers.
List the many ways China had influenced the following areas
KOREA WESTERN
EUROPE
JAPAN SOUTHEAST
ASIA
-Confucianism and Buddhism was spread -Korea paid tribute to China, but kings kept self-rule -made advances in agriculture and textiles -capital modeled the Tang -Chinese art influenced Korea’s -increases literacy rate because of printing from China
-women were still inferior as show in Chinese culture -legal code, central government -adopted feudalism, but the Shogun controlled the government
CHINA IMPACTS THE
WEST AND ASIA
Prentice Hall, 112-115
-introduced printing press and other technology -Chinese ideas influenced political and social development -civil service exam -alchemy and chemistry -agricultural methods -ideas shown in literature and political theories
-women could be active in politics and commerce but they still had limited education -civil service exams -fast ripening rice -introduction of Buddhism -adopted ancestor worship
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 50
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 51
Capital City: Constantinople (now
Istanbul)
Religion: Islam
Successful because of: A Highly
centralized government
Absolute Ruler SULEIMAN:
List two accomplishments:
1. Expanded the empire
2. Brought wealth and stability
How did the Ottomans treat
different ethnic and religious
groups? How did cultural diversity
and nationalism impact the
Ottoman Empire?
The Ottoman Empire was
religiously tolerant towards
Christians, Jews and Muslims.
Cultural diversity affected the laws
that were passed, as well as art and
architecture
How did Europe contribute to
Ottoman decline?
The European powers wanted to
expand into the Ottoman Empire.
THE OTTOMAN
EMPIRE
YEARS: 1301-1922
Define: janissary
The Ottoman infantry division
Define: devshrime
The system by which boys from
Christian communities were taken
by the Ottoman state to serve as
Janissaries
Prentice Hall 116-118
Traditions and Encounters
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 52
THE AGE OF EXPLORATION
What were the reasons for European exploration?
People wanted more trade, and wanted to spread Christianity.
Three advancements
1. Caravel
2. Triangular sails
3. Astrolabe
How they were useful for exploration
1. A sturdy, fast sailing ship
2. made it possible to sail against the wind
3. helped to determine location based on the stars
EXPLORERS
Vasco de Gama Christopher Columbus
Ferdinand Magellan
Prentice Hall 119-125
Portuguese
explorer. In 1497-
1498 he led the
first naval
expedition from
Europe to sail to
India, opening an
important
commercial sea
route.
Italian navigator
who discovered
the New World in
the service of
Spain while
looking for a
route to China
(1451-1506).
Portuguese navigator. While trying to
find a western route to Asia, he was killed
in the Philippines (1521). One of his ships
returned to Spain (1522), thereby
completing the first circumnavigation of
the globe.
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 53
Conquistadors: Who did he conquer? Reasons for Success?
HERNANDO CORTES
Aztecs He was equipped with better
weapons, and the Aztecs
quickly fell due to a disease.
FRANCISCO PIZARRO
Incas The Incas caught a European
disease, and fell quickly, like
the Aztecs
How did the colonization of the Americas lead to the spread of smallpox, the measles and
influenza? Explain.
Diseases like smallpox, measles and influenza spread from Europe to the Americas. Due to the
fact that the peoples already living in America were not used to these new, European diseases,
they were quickly spread.
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 54
Land Empires
Geographic Location Significance/Impact
Manchus
Northeast Asia Founded the Qing Empire
Mughals
India established the Muslim
Persianate dynasty
Traditions and Encounters 5 Steps to a 5: 167
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 55
Those born in Spain were at the top of the social pyramid, while those of non-European nationalities were in the
lower class.
Europeans born in Spain
European descent, born in the colonies
A mix of European and Native American or African
How does the hierarchy reflect eurocentrism?
Prentice Hall, 150-151
Peninsulares
:
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 56
THE SLAVE TRADE
Prentice Hall, 175-176 Traditions and Encounters
Causes: What did the
Europeans need? Effects: List two negatives
of the slave trade
1. Africans were
taken from their
homes and families
2. Wars were waged
over who could
control the slave
trade
Which country was the
last in the Americas to
abolish slavery and in
what year?
Brazil- in 1888
Laborers were needed for
agricultural use.
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 57
Goods from the Americas (be specific) Goods from Europe (be specific)
Foodstuffs (corn, potatoes, beans, cocoa)
Precious metals (gold and silver)
Tobacco
Foodstuffs (wheat, sugar, rice, coffee beans)
Livestock (horses, cows, pigs)
Define MERCANTILISM:
The concept that governments should regulate trade to in order to maximize their hoard of precious metals.
WHAT IS SENT TO THE PARENT COUNTRY?
Foodstuffs, precious metals and tobacco
WHAT IS SENT TO THE COLONY?
Foodstuffs and livestock
Prentice Hall, 125
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 58
Monarch Country Facts
Akbar the Great India
Most illustrious sultan of the
Mughal Empire in India. He
expanded the empire and pursued a
policy of conciliation with Hindus.
Charles V Spain
Holy Roman emperor and king of
Spain. He struggled to hold his
empire together against the growing
forces of Protestantism,
increasing Ottoman and French
pressure, and even hostility from
the pope. He eventually retired to a
monastery.
Philip II Spain
-King of Spain, 1556 - 1598
-married to Queen Mary I of
England; he was the most powerful
monarch in Europe until 1588
-controlled Spain, the Netherlands,
the Spanish colonies in the New
World, Portugal, Brazil, parts of
Africa, parts of India, and the East
Indies
Louis XIII France
King of France from 1610 to 1642
who relied heavily on the advice of
Cardinal Richelieu
Louis XIV “The Sun King” France
ruled with a sense of divine right,
caused many conflicts but a
stronger economy
The Age of Absolutism
Prentice Hall, 126-130, 146, 152-154
When was the Age of Absolutism?
1450-1750
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 59
Louis XVI France
He was executed during the French
Revolution, and really didn’t do
anything beforehand.
Peter the Great Russia
czar of Russia who introduced ideas
from western Europe to reform the
government
Catherine the Great Russia
the empress of Russia who
continued Peter the Great’s goal to
Westernizing Russia, created a new
law code, and greatly expanded
Russia
Henry VIII England
Founder of the Church of England
so he could divorce his wives
Elizabeth I England
Protestantism became dominant
under her throne. She intensified
the rivalry between England and
Spain, encouraged her English
buccaneers swarmed out to sea to
promote Protestantism
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 60
Suleiman the Magnificent Ottoman Empire
(Turkey)
The most distinguished sultan of the
Ottoman Empire; also known as
Suleiman Kanuni, "The Lawgiver".
1) What is the significance of the Glorious Revolution in England:
Turned England from absolutism to a Constitutional Monarchy
2) Define Limited Monarchy:
Aka, a Constitutional Monarchy, this is when a ruler shares power with a parliament.
3) What was the Magna Carta?
It established the principle that everyone is subject to the law, even the king, and guarantees the rights of
individuals, the right to justice and the right to a fair trial.
4) List 5 elements of the English Bill of Rights:
Limited power of the monarch
Guarantee of no standing army during peace time
Guarantee of free elections
Guarantee right of petitions
Parliamentary checks on power
1) How did the Renaissance spark the Scientific Revolution?
The spirit of inquiry start to make people question the world around
Them, leading to them using science to answer the questions.
Prentice Hall, 139-143
When was it? 1543
Prentice Hall, 129-130
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 61
2) Scientists and their accomplishments:
Copernicus: A Polish astronomer who proved that the Ptolemaic system was inaccurate, he proposed the
theory that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the solar system.
Galileo: Created modern experimental method. Formulated the law of inertia.
Newton: English mathematician and scientist who invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of
universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion.
3) How did the Scientific Revolution change the way Europeans looked at the world?
Instead of looking at the world and explaining phenomenon’s through religion, there were now scientific
and mathematical bases for them.
How did the Scientific Revolution lead to the Enlightenment?
Enlightenment Thinker Beliefs
John Locke
• Natural Rights
• Optimistic view on human nature
• Government has limited power
• If government does not help the people, people
can overthrow
Montesquieu
• legislature, executive and judicial
• Separation of power
• checks and balances
When was it? 1700’s
Prentice Hall, 142-145
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 62
Voltaire
• Satire
• Targeted corrupt officials, freedom of religion
and speech.
• Detested the slave trade and prejudice.
Rousseau
• People were born innocent and corrupted by
society.
• Giving up control to a government is good if
you are working for a common good
• Government is based on the consent of the
governed.
• Hatred of political and economic oppression
What are natural Rights?
Natural rights are the rights that are critical and apply to any
animal or person. In the U.S declaration of independence, those
rights are listed as ‘Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness’.
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 63
Focus points for essays:
1. Geography
2. River Valleys
3. Belief Systems
4. Classical Civilizations
5. Mesoamerica
6. African Kingdoms
7. Chinese Dynasties
8. Middle Ages
9. Renaissance
10. Crusades
11. Trade
12. Cross-Cultural Interactions
13. Patriarchal Societies
14. Past College Board Essays
Study: the intro cue card, essay guides, essay graphic organizers
and rubrics on the website.
GOOD LUCK!