M144/144G Turning Points in Western Music

• This course introduces the history and literatures of Western music from Medieval times to the early 21st century. You will study, discuss, and write about the people and the factors (artistic, intellectual, social, technical) that were and are Western music’s agents of change.

Peter Watts

p.watts@auckland.ac.nz

Listening - Naxos• Go to library webpage – LEARN Resources By Subject Creative Arts MusicDatabasesNaxosPlaylists144 Summer School

Research

• Topics that I can only touch on briefly in lectures

• I will list these on the listening sheets and publish them on Cecil

Set Text

Burkholder, P. Grout, D. and Palisca, C.A History of Western Music 8th ed. 2010

SUPPLEMENTARY LISTENING/VIEWING/DISCUSSION

• Wednesdays 12.00-1.00pm) • Thursdays 1.00-2.00pm), • commencing 19/20 January, • Both sessions each week will cover the

same material.

M144/144GTURNING POINTS

Lecture 9

Writing it down – getting it printed. How music notation has influenced composers

Amazing grace! How sweet the soundThat saved a wretch like me;I once was lost, but now am found;Was blind but now I see.

John Newman

MUSIC NOTATION

High and Low notesShort and long notes

Accented and unaccented notes

Adorate Deum - anonymous

9TH Century Song of the Muses

11th Century Winchester Troper

12th Century Italian breviary

Winchester Troper

1450 Chanson by Guillaume Dufay

1550 Mass by John Taverner

Guido d’Arezzo

• Benedictine monk• 991or2-after 1033• Music theorist• Teacher• “Micrologus”

Gregorian Chant

Pope Gregory the Great

• c540-604

O ignis spiritus – Hildegard of Bingen

Solfeggio

• Ut queant laxis• Resonare fibris• Mira gestorum• Famuli tuorum• Solve polluti• Labii reatum• Sancte Johannes!

The Guidonian Hand

• a mnemonic

• “I was extremely sorry for our singers who, though they should persevere a hundred years in the study of singing, can never perform even the tiniest antiphon on their own – always learning, as the apostle says, and never arriving at knowledge of the truth. Desiring therefore to set forth my own so useful method of study for the general benefit, I summarized as briefly as I could, out of the copious musical theorizing which with God’s help I have at various times collected, certain things that I believed would help singers.”

Domine labia mea aperies

• Solo• Response• Solo• Response• Solo• Response• Solo• Organum – rich harmony

O primus homo coruit

Benedicamus Domino

• 4.41

L’homme arme

Missa - L’homme arme

• Guillaume Dufay• Kyrie (Lord have mercy)

Missa - L’homme arme

• Guillaume Dufay• Agnus Dei (Lamb of God who takes away

the sins of the world, have mercy on us)

M144/144GTURNING POINTS

Lecture 10

Writing it down – getting it printed. How music notation has influenced composers

Part 2

• The most important thing is to get the sounds of this wonderful music into your ears. Do as much listening as you can because next time we move on to something else.

How to listen to music

Try to hear something objective• Rhythm – even or uneven• Melody – wide or narrow range – singable or

not• Dynamic – loud or soft or varied• Timbre – what instruments or voices• Form – are there recognisable patterns to the

music – are sections repeated• Style – which period of music history

How to listen to music

Try to hear something objective• How did you react to it?• Did it effect the way you felt?• Did it make you laugh?• Did it make you feel any particular

emotion?You could keep a listening diary

Reading

1. Keep up to date with reading from A History of Western Music – details on Cecil Resources – “Preparation for the Course”

2. Read the additional reading for each Unit that is also on Cecil “Reading for Lecture 9-10”

Tutorials

Start today in the Music TheatreEITHER

Wednesday 12.00-1.00OR

Thursday 1.00-2.00

Library Assignment

Sign up for Tutorials for help with this.

Speak to one of the librarians in the Music Library

SARUM

Salisbury England

Salvator mundi

from the

Sarum Rite

Salvator mundi, Domine,

Lord and saviour of the world

Qui nos salvasti hodie,Who brought salvation

to us todayIn hac nocte nos

protegeProtect us this nightEt salva omni tempore.And preserve us

always.

A solus ortus cardine

from the

Sarum Rite

A solus ortus cardine,From dawn’s far

horizonEt usque terrae

limitemTo earth’s furthest endChristum canamus

PrincipemWe sing of Christ our

king,Natum Maria virgine.Born of the virgin

Mary.

St Ambrose

337/340 – 397) Bishop of Milan

Features of Gregorian and Ambrosian Chant

UnisonA capella

Men’s voices

Beneventan Chant

From Italian Town of BeneventoCombined Latin and Greek texts

Proskinumen/Adoramus

Proskinumen ton stauron sou, kai ton tipon tou stauron sou, kai to staurothentos tin dinamin.

Adoramus crucem tuam et signum de cruce tua et qui crucifixus est virtutem

We adore thy cross and the sign of thy cross and the power of him who is crucified.

Psalm 22

Deus Deus meus respice in me: quare me dereliquisti? Longe a salute mea verba delictorum meorum.

O Theos mou, kekraxomai imeras, kai ouk isakousi, kai niktos, kai ouk is anoian emoi.

My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me?Why art thou so far from helping me, and from

the words of my moaning?

Edi beo Þu hevene queen

Edi beo Þu hevene queenBlessed be thou Queen of heavenFolks frovre and engles blis,Comfort of men and bliss of angelsModer unwemmed and maiden cleneUnblemished mother and pure virginSwich in world non oÞer nis.Such as no other is in the world

Edi beo Þu hevene queen - cntd

On Þe hit is wel eÞ seneAs for thee, it is most readily seenOf alle wimmen Þu havest Þet prisThat of all women thou hast that prizeMi swete levedi, her mi beneMy sweet lady, hear my prayerAnd reu of me zif Þi wille is.And have pity on me, if thou wilt.

Gaude virgo – 13th Century

Edi beo Þu hevene queen

OfficiumHilliard Ensemble Jan Garbarek

OfficiumVirgo flagellator

OfficiumBeata viscera

ByMagister Perotinus(Perotin the expert)

Hodie

What voice can you hear?

Guillaume de Machaut 1300-1377

Guillaume de Machaut

The first complete setting of the music of the mass

Kyrie Lord have mercy

Guillaume de Machaut

• The first complete setting of the music of the mass

• Gloria Glory to God in the highest

OfficiumHilliard Ensemble Jan Garbarek