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7/27/2019 muslimcontributiontoscience-110327122918-phpapp02

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MUSLIM

CONTRIBUTION TOSCIENCE


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In the year 650, the

literature of Egyptian

alchemy was translated into

the Arabic language.

It had long been thought that the

hieroglyphics were first deciphered

in 1822. Now it has been found out

that Muslims were the first ones to

translate Eyptian Hieroglyphics.


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In 763, The House of Wisdomwas founded and the translationmovement was started by theAbbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid.

The caliph would pay its weightin gold for every translated book.

Through the translation movement, Muslims

traveled to all parts of the world to find and

translate knowledge from other civilizations. They

translated ancient Egyptian, Hebrew, Persian,Greek, and Roman knowledge into Arabic. This

way they became transmitters of knowledge that

was almost lost and forgotten. After they had

finished gathering and learning all the knowledge


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In 763, the first Bimaristan(hospital) opened in Baghdad

during the Caliphate of Harunal-Rashid.


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In 780, Jabir ibn Hayyan, a Muslim chemist who is

considered by many to be the father of chemistry,

introduced the experimental scientific method for

chemistry, as well as laboratory apparatus such asthe alembic, still and retort, and chemical

processes such as pure distillation, liquefaction,

crystallisation, and filtration.

He also invented more than

twenty types of laboratory

apparatus, leading to the

discovery of many chemical

substances. He also developed

recipes for stained glass and

described lustre-painting on

glass.


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Muhammad bin Musa al-Khwarizmi founded the

algorithm. Without

algorithms we would nothave had computers.


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In 796, the first

brass astrolabewas built by

Muhammad al-

Fazari.The astrolabe was acomplicated astronomical

devise that served manypurposes like telling time,

finding the direction of the


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In 800, Tin-opacifiedglazing was developed by

Islamic potters.

Tin-glazing is the process of giving ceramic

items a tin-based glaze which is white, shiny

and opaque.


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The first insane asylum

(Psychiatric hospital)

in Egypt was erected by

Muslim physicians in Cairo.


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In the 9thcentury, the firstpractical windmill,the vertical axlewindmill, wasinvented ineastern Persia.


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In 810, Abbas Ibn Firnas was born. He

was the first to make glass from stones

(quartz).He made the earliest recordedattempt at controlled flight, devised

means of manufacturing colorless glass,

and developed a process for cutting

rock crystal.

Another invention was an

artificial weather

simulation room, in whichspectators were astonished

by artificial thunder and

lightning.


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In 820, Amr ibn Bahr al-Jahiz wrote a number of

works on zoology, Arabic grammar, rhetoric, and

lexicography. His most famous work is the Book

of Animals, in which he first discussed food

chains.


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In 820, Muhammad ibn Musa al-

Khwarizmi wrote The

Compendious Book onCalculation by Completion and

Balancing, more briefly referred

toal-jabr, or algebra.Algebra gave mathematics a

whole new development path

so much broader in concept to

that which had existed before,

and provided a vehicle for

future development of the

subject.


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In 850, the Banu Musa brothers wrote the Book ofIngenious Devices, in which they describe some of their

inventions: the valve, float valve, feedback controller,

float chamber, automatic control, Automatic flute

player, Programmable machine, Trick drinking vessels,gas mask, grab, clamshell grab, fail-safe system,

hurricane lamp, self-feeding oil lamp, self-trimming oil

lamp, mechanical musical instrument, and

hydropowered organ.


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In 850, madrasahs, the forebears

of modern universities were

established. They wereinstitutions of higher education

and research which issued

academic degrees at all levels

(bachelor, master and doctorate).

The first universities in Europe were influenced in many

ways by the madrasahs in Islamic Spain and the Emirateof Sicily at the time, and in the Middle East during the

Crusades.


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In 850, the basic water

turbine was invented by

Muslim engineers in the

Islamic world.


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In 850 Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi invented the

quadrant, the mural instrument,the sine quadrant(also

known as the "Sinecal Quadrant"; the Arabic term for it

is "Rubul Mujayyab") which was used for solving

trigonometric problems and making astronomical

observations. He also invented the alidade.

THE BASIC ALIDADE

THE MURAL INSTRUMENT

Ulugh Beg's mural sextant,

constructed in Samarkand,

Uzbekistan during the 15th

century.


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It is recognized by the GuinnessBook of World Records as theoldest academic degree-grantinguniversity in the world..

In 859 The University of Al

Karaouine in Fes, Moroccowas founded by Princess

Fatima al-Fihri.


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He also classified natural andderivative (artificial) chemicalsubstances which was the earlyform of the periodic table ofelements.

In 865 Muhammad

ibn Zakariya Razi

was born. In hisSecretum

secretorum, he

described a variety

of tools for melting

substances and

the preparation of

drugs.


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In 875 Abbas IbnFirnas reportedly

successfully employedan ornithopter for

manned flight.


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In 880, Al-Dinawari, the founder of Arabic botany,

wrote the Book of Plants, which describes at least 637

plants; it discusses the phases of plant growth and

the production of flowers and fruit.


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In 900, the first public

library and lendinglibrary were built in

the Islamic world. Thelibrary catalog wasalso invented in

Islamic libraries.


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In the 10th century ,the first reference to

an "observation tube" is found in the

work of Al-Battani, and the first exact

description of the observation tube was

given by al-Biruni. Though these early

observation tubes did not have lenses,they "enabled an observer to focus on a

part of the sky by eliminating light

interference." These observation tubes

were later adopted in Latin-speakingEurope, where they may have influenced

the development of the telescope.


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In 900, the first wind

powered gristmills and sugar

refineries appeared in

Afghanistan, Pakistan and

Iran. The first geared

gristmills and the on/offswitch were also invented by

Muslim engineers.


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In 925, Kerosene was

produced from thedistillation of petroleum and

was first described by al-Razi

in Baghdad. He alsodescribed the first kerosene

lamps (naffatah) used for

heating and lighting in his

Kitab al-Asrar(Book of

Secrets).


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In 930, the cartographic grid

was invented in Baghdad.

Graph paper was alsoinvented in the Islamic world.


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The earliest historical record of a

reservoir fountain pen dates

back to 953, whenMa'd

al-Mu'izz, the caliph of Egypt,

demanded a pen which would

not stain his hands or clothes,

and was provided with a penwhich held ink in a reservoir and

delivered it to the nib via gravity

and capillary action, as recorded

by Qadi al-Nu'man al-Tamimi (d.

974) in his Kitab al-Majalis wa'l-

musayardt.


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In 964, Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi wrote

the Book of Fixed Stars, a star

catalogue thoroughly illustrated withobservations and descriptions of the

stars, their positions, their apparent

magnitudes and their colour. He

identified the Large Magellanic

Cloud, which is visible from Yemen,

though not from Isfahan; it was not

seen by Europeans until Magellan's

voyage in the 16th century. He also

made earliest recorded observationof the Andromeda Galaxy in 964 AD;

describing it as a "small cloud".[


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In 1000, Ammar ibn Ali of Mosul

wrote the Choice of Eye Diseases,

a landmark text on ophthalmologyin medieval Islam. In cataract

surgery, he attempted the earliest

extraction of cataracts using

suction. He invented a hollowmetallic syringe hypodermic

needle, which he applied through

the sclerotic and successfully

extracted the cataracts through

suction.


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In 1000 Al-Karaji wrote a book

containing the first known proofs

by mathematical induction. Hewho used it to prove the binomial

theorem, Pascal's triangle, and

the sum of integral cubes.


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In 1000 in Al-Andalus, Ibn Khalaf

al-Muradi invented complex

gearing, Epicyclic gearing,segmental gearing, and the

geared mechanical clock. Muslim

engineers also invented the

Weight-driven mechanical clock.


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In 1000 Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi

published his 30-volume medical

encyclopedia, theAl-Tasrif, whichremained a standard textbook in

Muslim and European universities

until the 16th century.

The book first introduced many

surgical instruments and a variety of

other instruments. He also inventedthe plaster cast cotton dressing,oral

anaesthesia, inhalational anaesthetic,

and anaesthetic sponge.


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In 1010, Al-Sijzi

invented theZuraqi, a unique

astrolabe designed

for a heliocentricplanetary model in

which the Earth ismoving rather than

the sky.


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In 1010, Abu al-Rayhan al-

Biruni hypothesized that

India was once covered by

the Indian Ocean while

observing rock formations

at the mouths of rivers,

introduced techniques tomeasure the Earth and

distances on it using

triangulation, and

measured the radius of theEarth as 6339.6 km, the

most accurate up until the

16th century.

Ibn al-Haytham proved that light travels
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Classical_spectacular_laser_effects.jpg


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Ibn al Haytham proved that light travels

in straight lines using the scientific

method by carrying out various

experiments with lenses, mirrors,

refraction, and reflection in his Book ofOptics (1021). He was considered the

father of optics and pioneer of scientific

method.

His Book of Optics correctly explains light and vision, andintroduces experimental scientific method, laying the

foundations for experimental physics.

Ibn al-Haytham also gave the first

clear description and correct analysisof the camera obscura and pinhole

camera and built the world's first

camera obscura.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Classical_spectacular_laser_effects.jpg


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In 1025 Avicenna publishedhis 14-volume encyclopedia,

The Canon of Medicine, whichremained a standard text at

European universities until the17th century.

Its contributions include the

discovery of contagious disease, and

introduction of experimental

medicine,clinical trials,and clinicalpharmacology.It also discusses

neuropsychiatry,the idea of a

syndrome,and early cancer therapy.


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In 1030, Abu Rayhan al-Biruni stated that

light has a finite speed, and he was thefirst to theorize that the speed of light is

much faster than the speed of sound.


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In the 12th century,, Muhammad al-Idrisi

produced a world map and the first known

globe. His Tabula Rogeriana was the mostaccurate world map in his time and was used

extensively for several centuries through to

the explorations during the European Age of

Discovery.


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In 1110, Ibn Tufayl was born. He

wrote Hayy ibn Yaqzan, a

philosophical novel which has a

strong influence on the ScientificRevolution.


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In 1206, Al-Jazari published TheBook of Knowledge of Ingenious

Mechanical Devices, in which he

describes fifty inventions,including mechanical clocks, theelephant clock, camshaft,

crankshaft, suction pipe,

reciprocating piston motion,

programmable humanoid robotand castle clock, automatic gate,paper models, sand casting,crank-driven chain pump, water-powered saqiya chain pump, andwater-powered astronomicalclocks.


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In 1259 The Maragheh

observatory was founded by

Nasir al-Din al-Tusi. It was thefirst example of the

observatory as a research

institute.

In 1260, the first portable


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In 1260, the first portable

hand cannons (midfa)

loaded with explosive

gunpowder, the firstexample of a handgun

and portable firearm,

were used by the

Egyptians to repel theMongols at the Battle of

Ain Jalut. The cannons

had an explosive

gunpowder compositionalmost identical to the

ideal compositions for

modern explosive

un owder. The were


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In 1285, The largest hospital of theMiddle Ages and pre-modern era

was built in Cairo, Egypt, by

Sultan Qalaun al-Mansur.Treatment was given for free to

patients of all backgrounds,regardless of gender, ethnicity or

income.


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In 1300, when the Black

Death bubonic plaguereached al-Andalus, IbnKhatima discovered thatinfectious diseases arecaused by microorganismswhich enter the humanbody.


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In 1577, Taqi al-Din built the Istanbul

observatory of Taqi al-Din, the

largest astronomical observatory inits time, with the patronage of the

Ottoman Sultan Murad III. He

produced a zij (titled Unbored Pearl)

and astronomical catalogues more

accurate than those of Tycho Brahe

and Nicolaus Copernicus. Taqi al-Din

was able to achieve this with his

invention of the "observational

clock", a mechanical astronomicalclock that can measure time in

seconds.


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In 1720, the Ottoman dockyard architect

Ibrahim Efendi invented a submarine

called the tahtelbahir. The Ottoman

writer Seyyid Vehbi, in his Surname-i-Humayun, compared this submarine to

an alligator.


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The sciences of the Arabic-Islamic worldunderwent remarkable development during

the 8th to 13th centuries C.E., a flowering of

knowledge and intellect that later spreadthroughout Europe and greatly influenced

both medical practice and education.


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Muslims have had such a great

contribution to science that if it

werent for them neither the

Reneissance nor the Scientific

Revolution would have been possible.Despite this, due to a concious act of

ignorance and neglect their names and

great inventions have been written outof science and history books.


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Fortunately, now in the 21stcentury the West and the Muslims

are starting to rediscover this

golden age of Islamic Science andmany documentaries and books

are being produced on this subject.


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Some of those documentaries are:

BBC- Science and Islam:The language of science

BBC- Science and Islam:The Empire of ReasonBBC- Science and Islam:The Power of Doubt

BBC- What the anciens did for us:The Islamic World

BBC-An Islamic History of Europe

Channel 4- When the Moors ruled in Europe


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Some sites you can visit:www.muslimheritage.com

www.1001inventions.com

www.wikipedia.org

-List of Muslim scientists

-List of inventions in medieval Islam

-Alchemy and chemistry in medieval Islam

-History of scientific method

-Islamic contributions to Medieval Europe

-Timeline of science and engineering in the Islamic world

-Medicine in medieval Islam

-Medieval Islamic sociology-Arab Agricultural Revolution

-Islamic Golden Age

-Latin translations of the 12th century

-Astronomy in medieval Islam

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