EdkifiHjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf tajccHpum;ajym

jrefrmo'g

(q&mq&mrrsm;ESifh ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;twGuf)

a'gufwmudkav; (Ph.D)

jyKpkonf/

2

10? 9? 2004 wGif pwifjyKpkonf/

15? 7? 2005 wGif a&;om;jyKpk NyD;pD;onf/

EdkifiHjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf tajccHpum;ajym

jrefrmo'g

(q&mq&mrrsm;ESifh ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;twGuf)

a'gufwmudkav; (Ph.D)

jyKpkonf/

3

ed'gef;

EdkifiHjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;onf jrefrmpmESifh bmompum;udk oif,lMu&mü wuúodkvf

tqifh a&mufrSom oif,lMuonfudk trsm;qkH; awGU&ygonf/ xdkYaMumifh jrefrm

o'gudk EdkifiHjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf jyKpk&mü todOmPf &ifhusufNyD;aom

ausmif;om; t½G,frsm;twGufom txl;&nf½G,fí jyKpkxm;jcif; jzpfaMumif; OD;pGm

azmfjyvdkygonf/ pmoifjyolwpfOD;taejzifh rdrd\ tawGUtBuKHt& ajym&ygu

EkdifiHjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;onf jrefrmbmompum;xuf jrefrmhordkif;ESifh jrefrmEdkifiH

taMumif;udk odcsifolu trsm;pk jzpfonfudk awGU&ygonf/ odkYtwGufaMumifh ,if;

ausmif;olausmif;om; trsm;pkonf jrefrmo'gudk wul;wu oif,l&ef 0efav;

wwfMuonfudk awGU&onf/ o'g[lonf oif,l&onfh bmom&yfrsm;wGif oif,l&ef

ysif;&dzG,f&m taumif;qkH;vnf; jzpfaewwfjyef&m jrefrmo'gudk oif,l&rnfh

EdkifiHjcm;ausmif;om;tzdkY ydkí yif pdwfyg0ifpm;rI enf;aewwfonfudk awGY&ygonf/

jrefrmbmompum;onf Oa&myrS t*Fvdyfbmompum;? jyifopfbmom

pum;? pydefbmompum;? *smrefbmompum; ponfwdkYavmuf vnf;aumif;? tm&SrS

*syefbmompum;? w½kwfbmompum;? udk&D;,m;bmompum; ponfwdkYavmuf

vnf;aumif; vkyfief;tokH;jyKrI rsm;jym;jcif; r&Sday&m jrefrmo'gudk oif,l vdkaom

EdkifiHjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;rSm enf;oxuf enf;aeayawmhonf/ bmomaA'udk pdwf0if

pm;aom ausmif;om;tcsKdUomvQif jrefrmo'gudk pepfwus avhvmMuonfudk awGU&

ygonf/

odkYjzpf&m þ jrefrmo'gpmtkyfi,fwGif jrefrmo'gudk trsm; em;vnfvG,f

atmif ynm&SifwdkY avhvmykHrsKd; r[kwfbJ? jrefrmbmompum;udk oif,l&if; c&D;oGm;

[efvGJ owdjyKoifhonfwdkYudk o½kyfazmfxm;onfh o'gqdkif&mtcsuftvufrsm; yg0if

aeonf[k ajymxm;cJhcsifygonf/

4

tcef; 1

jrefrmo&rsm;

1? 1/ jrefrmbmompum;wGif tajccHo& 7 vkH; &Sdonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm

tD ( -D )

at (a- )

t,f ( -,f )

tm ( -m )

atmf ( a-mf )

tdk ( -dk )

tl ( -l )

wdkY jzpfygonf/

1? 2/ ,if;tajccHo& 7vkH;udk wufusoH 3 oH (oH&Snf (-)? oHwdk ( -h ^ -d )? oHav;

(-; ^ -J ^ a-m )) jzifh ½Gwfqdkygu wpfrsKd;vQif okH;oHpD jzpfvmum pkpkaygif;

tajccHo&oH 21 oH &onf/ ,if;wdkYudk atmufygtwdkif; jyEdkifonf/

tD ( -D )^þ td ( -d ) ^\^£ tD; ( -D; )

at ( a- )^ { ath ( a-h ) at; ( a-; )

t,f ( -,f ) t,fh tJh ( -,fh -Jh ) tJ ( -J )

tm ( -m ) tmh t ( -mh ^ - ) tm; ( -m; )

atmf ( a-mf ) ^aMomf atmh ( a-mh ) atm ( a-m )^ Mo

tdk ( -dk ) tdkY ( -dkY ) tdk; ( -dk; )

tl ( -l )^ OD tk ( -k )^ O tl; ( -l; )^ OD;

5

1? 3/ tD? tm? tl o& 3 vkH;udk ESmoHjzifh ½Gwfqdkygu tif? tef? tGef [lí

ESmoHygo&rsm; jzpfvmonf/ jrefrmpum;vkH;rsm;udk pmvkH; aygif;&mwGif

tif ^ tOf

tef ^ trf ^ tH

tGef ^ tGrf ^ tGH

[lí a&;xm;aom pmvkH;aygif;rsm;onf tqdkyg ESmoHygo&rsm; jzpfonf/ ,if;wdkYudk

vnf; oH&Snf? oHwdk? oHav;[laom wufusoH 3 oHjzifh ½Gwfqdkygu ESmoHygo&½dk;½dk;

9 oH &onf/ ,if;wdkYudk atmufygtwdkif;jyEdkifonf/

tif tOf (-if^ -Of ) tifh^tOfh ( -if ^ -Ofh ) tif;^ tOf; ( -if;^ -Of;)

tef trf ^ tH (-ef ^

-rf ^ -H )

tefY ^ trfh ^ tHh (-efY ^

-rfh ^ -Hh )

tef; ^ trf; (-ef; ^-rf; )

tGef ^ tGrf ^ tGH ( -Gef ^

-Grf ^ -GH )

tGefY ( -GefY )

tGef; ^ tGrf; ( -Gef; ^

-Grf; )

1? 4/ ESmoHygo&ESifh tjcm;o& ESpfckudk wGJpyfí ½Gwfqdk&aom ESmoHygo&wGJ 4 ck

&Sdonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm atmufygtwdkif; jrefrmpmvkH; aygif;xm;aom ta&;ykHpHrsm; jzpf

onf/

(a- + -if) = tdef ^ tdrf ^ tð ( -def ^ -drf ^ - ð )

( -dk + -Gef ) = tkef ^ tkrf ^ tkH ( -kef ^ -krf ^ -kH )

( -m + -if ) = tdkif ( -dkif )

( -m + -Gef ) = atmif ( a-mif )

,if;wdkYudkvnf; oH&Snf? oHwdk? oHav;[laom wufusoH 3 oHjzifh ½Gwfqdkygu

ESmoHygo&wGJ 12 oH &onf/

tdef ^ tdrf ^ tð ( -def ^

-drf ^ - ð )

tdefY ^ tdrfh ( -defY ^ -drfh )

tdef; ^ tdrf; ( -def; ^

-drf; )

tkef ^ tkrf ^ tkH ( -kef ^

-krf ^ -kH )

tkefY ^ tkrfh ^ tkHY ( -kefY ^

-krfh ^ -kHY )

tkef; ^ tkrf; ^ tkH; ( -kef;

^ -krf; ^ -kH; )

6

tdkif ( -dkif ) tdkifh ( -dkifh ) tdkif; ( -dkif; )

atmif ( a-mif ) atmifh ( a-mifh ) atmif; ( a-mif; )

1? 5/ tD? t,f? tm? tl o& 4 vkH;udk vnfacsmif;twGif; &yfí ½Gwfqdkygu &yfoH

o&rsm; jzpfvmonf/ jrefrmpmvkH; aygif;&mwGif

tpf ( -pf )

tuf ( -uf )

twf ( -wf )

tGwf ^ tG#f ^ tGyf ( -Gwf ^ -G#f ^ -Gyf )

[lí a&;xm;aom pmvkH;aygif;rsm;onf tqdkyg &yfoHo&rsm; jzpfonf/ ,if;wdkYudk

wufusoH 3 oHjzifh ½Gwfqdkí r&ay/

1? 6/ &yfoHo&ESifh tjcm;o& ESpfckudk wGJpyfí ½Gwfqdk&aom &yfoHo&wGJ 4 ck

&Sdonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm atmufygtwdkif; jrefrmpmvkH;aygif;xm;aom ta&;ykHpHrsm; jzpf

onf/

(a- + -pf ) = tdwf ( -dwf )

( -dk + -Gwf ^ -G#f ^-Gyf ) = tkwf ^ tk#f ^ tkyf ( -kwf ^ -k#f ^ -kyf )

( -m + -pf ) = tdkuf ( -dkuf )

( -m + -Gwf ^ -G#f ^-Gyf) = atmuf ( a-muf )

avhusifh&ef

1/ atmufygwdkYudk ½Gwfqdkyg/

tD? at? tm? atmf? tdk? t,f? tl/

t? at;? tk? atm? tdkY? tm;? td/

atmh? tm? tD;? tdk;? tmh? t,fh? tJ/

7

2/ atmufygwdkYudk oH&Snf? oHwdk? oHav; tpOftwdkif; jznfhí ½Gwfqdkyg/

---? td? tD;

atmf? atmh? ---

t,f? ---? tJ

tdef? ---? tdef;

---? ---? tkH;

3/ atmufyg &yfoHo&rsm;udk ½Gwfqdkyg/

tpf? tdwf? tdkuf? tGwf? tkyf/

4/ atmufyg ESmoHygo&rsm;udk ½Gwfqdkyg/

tif? tdef? tkH? atmif? tefY? tdkif;/

8

tcef; 2

jrefrmAsnf;rsm;

2? 1/ jrefrmAsnf;rsm;wGif ta&;tu©&mtm;jzifh 33 vkH; &Sdonf/ ,if;wdkYudk atmufyg

twdkif; Z,m;jzifh jyEdkifonf/

u c * C i

p q Z ps n

# X ! ¡ P

w x ' " e

y z A b r

, & v 0 o

[ V t

2? 2/ toHtm;jzifhrl jrefrmAsnf;rsm;udk wl&m pkí jyEdkifonf/ ,if;udk Z,m;jzifh

jyygu atmufygtwdkif; 21 oH jzpfonf/

u c * ^ C i

p q Z ^ ps n

# ^ w X ^ x ! ^ ¡^ ' ^ " P^ e

y z A ^ b r

, ^ &

Ä

v ^ V o

[ t

Ä

(rSwfcsuf/ / (1) &

Ä

^r^ oHudk EdkifiHjcm;bmompum;rsm;rS pum;vkH;rsm;udk arG;pm;

onfhtcg rl&if;oHwGif ^r^oH yg ygu jrefrmpum;wGifvnf; &

Ä

^r^ oHjzifh ajymavh

&Sdygonf/

(2) t

Ä

- ]t} udk ta&;wGif vG,fulap&eftwGufomvQif Asnf;[k

azmfjyxm;jcif; jzpfonf/ pifppf ]t} onf o&om jzpfonf/)

9

2? 3/ ta&;ü Asnf;wGJjzifh a&;aomfvnf; tajymwGif Asnf;wpfckwnf; toHxGufaom

Asnf;rsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf/

iS ( i + -S )

n§ ( n + -S )

ES ( e + -S )

rS ( r + -S )

vS ( v + -S )

,S ( , + -S ^ & + -S )

us ( u + -s ^ u + M - )

cs ( c + -s ^ c + M - )

*s ( * + -s ^ * + M - )

tqdkygAsnf;wdkYtjyif o^θ^ Asnf; \ oHjyif;Asnf; jzpfaom oS ^ vnf; &Sdonf/

odkY&mwGif ta&;ü o jzifhom a&;onf/

2? 4/ jrefrmpm ta&;ü awGU&aom Asnf;wGJrsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; Z,m;jzifh jyEdkif

onf/

us cs *s ws Es ys zs

As rs ,s vs Mu jc j*

ji Mw j' jy jz jA jr

uG cG *G iG pG qG ZG

ñ G wG xG 'G "G EG yG

10

zG AG bG rG ,G ½G vG

oG [G tG iS O§ ñ S ES

rS ,S &S vS 0S V§ uR

cR *R <u >c >y >r rQ

jr§ vQ oQ ET rT &T vT

jrT

,if;wdkYudk toHxGuf wl&mpkí jy&aomf atmufygtwdkif; jyí &onf/

us ^ Mu cs ^ jc *s ^ j* ws Es ys ^ jy zs ^ jz

As ^ jA rs ^ jr ,s vs ji Mw j'

uG cG *G iG pG qG ZG

ñ G wG xG 'G ^ "G EG yG zG

AG ^ bG rG ,G ^ ½G vG oG [G ^ 0S tG

iS O§ ^ ñ S ES rS

,S ^ &S

^oQ ^

vQ

vS ^ V§

uR ^

<u

cR ^ >c *R >y >r rQ ^ jr§ vQ ET

rT &T vT jrT

11

txufyg Asnf;wGJrsm;udk aocsmpGm avhvmNyD; avhusifhygu jrefrmpm ta&;twGuf

vkHavmufygonf/

12

tcef; 3

jrefrmpmta&;pepf tac:ta0:rsm;

3? 1/ jrefrmpmta&;pepfwGif a&;om;onfh tu©&mwdkY\ vu©Pmudk ac:a0: onfh

tac:ta0:rsm;&Sdonf/ a&S;OD;pGm o&ta&;vu©Pmrsm;\ tac:ta0:rsm;udk

wifjyygrnf/

vu©Pm^ykHoP²mef toHxGuf tac:^½GwfqdkykH

- t^ tmh a&;

-m tm a&;cs

-m; tm; a&;cs 0pöESpfvkH;ayguf

-d^ £ td vkH;BuD;wif

-D^ þ tD vkH;BuD;wif qHcwf

-D; tD; vkH;BuD;wif qHcwf 0pöESpfvkH;ayguf

-k^ O tk wpfacsmif;iif

-l^ OD tl ESpfacsmif;iif

-l;^ OD; tl; ESpfacsmif;iif0pöESpfvkH;ayguf

a-^ { at oa0xdk;

a-h ath oa0xdk; atmufujrpf

a-; at; oa0xdk; 0pöESpfvkH;ayguf

-J tJ aemufypf

-Jh tJh aemufypf atmufujrpf

a-m^ Mo atm oa0xdk; a&;cs

a-mh atmh oa0xdk; a&;cs atmufujrpf

13

a-mf aMomf atmf oa0xdk; a&;cs a&SUxdk;

-H tH ao;ao;wif

-Hh tHh ao;ao;wif atmufujrpf

-dk tdk vkH;(BuD;)wif acsmif;iif

-dkY tdkY vkH;(BuD;)wif acsmif;iif atmufujrpf

-dk; tdk; vkH;(BuD;)wif acsmif;iif 0pöESpfvkH;ayguf

3? 2/ qufvufí jrefrmoifykef;BuD; oif½dk;Asnf; tu©&m 33 vkH;wdkY\ tac:ta0:

rsm;udk azmfjy xm;ygonf/

vu©Pm^ykHoP²mef toHxGuf trnf trnf½GwfqdkykH

u umh uBuD; umh*sD;

c cgh cacG; cgha*G;

* *gh *i,f *ghi,f

C *gh *BuD; *gh*sD;

i igh i igh

p pmh pvkH; pmhvkH;

q qmh qvdrf qmhvdrf

Z Zmh ZuGJ Zmh*GJ

ps Zmh psrsOf;qGJ ZmhjrifZGJ

n Omh n Omh

O Omh Ouav; Omhav;

# wmh #oefvsif;csdwf wmhwvif;csdwf

X xmh X0rf;bJ xmh0efbJ

! 'gh !&ifaumuf 'gh,ifa*guf

14

¡ 'gh ¡a&rIwf 'gh,rIwf

P emh PBuD; emh*sD;

w wmh w0rf;yl wmh0ef;Al

x xmh xqifxl; xmhqif'l;

' 'gh 'a'G; 'gha'G;

" 'gh "atmufcsKdifh 'gh0csKduf

e emh ei,f emhi,f

y ygh yapmuf yghaZmuf

z zmh zOD;xkyf zmh0xkwf

A Amh AxufcsKdifh AmhvcsKduf

b Amh bukef; Amh*kef;

r rmh r rmh

, ,mh ,yufvuf ,mhyvuf

& ,mh &aumuf ,mha*guf

v vmh v vmh

0 0gh 0(vkH;) 0gh(vkkH;)

o omh o omh

[ [mh [ [mh

V vmh VBuD; vmh*sD;

t tmh t tmh

3? 3/ þ tcef;wGif jrefrmta&;pepfü tygt0ifjzpfaom towfrsm;udkvnf;

jynfhpkHrI &Sdatmif wpfygwnf; xnfhoGif;ay;vdkufygonf/ towfrsm;udk azmfjy&mü

ta&;udk zwfwwfap&ef Oyrmrsm;jzifh jyxm;ygonf/

15

jrefrmta&;wGif txufyg jrefrmoifykef;BuD; oif½dk;o& trsm;pkrSm towf

jzpfEdkifonf/ towf ykHoP²mefESifh towf ac:a0:ykHrsm;udk atmufwGif azmfjyxm;

ygonf/

towfykHoP²mef trnf½GwfqdkykH

uf umh*sD;owf^umhowf

cf cgha*G;owf^cghowf

*f *ghi,fowf^*ghowf

Cf *gh*sD;owf

if ighowf

pf pmhvkH;owf^pmhowf

Zf Zmh*GJowf^ Zmhowf

nf Omhowf

Of Omhav;owf

#f wmhwvif;csdwfowf

!f 'gh,ifa*gufowf

Pf emh*sD;owf

wf wmh0ef;Alowf^wmhowf

'f 'gha'G;owf^'ghowf

ef emhi,fowf^ emhowf

yf yghaZmufowf^ yghowf

Af AmhvcsKdufowf

bf Amh*kef;owf Amhowf

rf rmhowf

,f ,mhyvufowf^ ,mhowf

16

&f ,mha*gufowf

vf vmhowf

0f 0gh(vkkH;)owf

of omhowf

[f [mhowf

Vf vmh*sD;owf

tf tmhowf

tokH;rsm;aom towfrsm;rSm ]]uf? if? pf? Of? nf? Pf? wf? ef? yf? rf? ,f}} wdkY jzpfonf/

useftowfrsm;rSm txl;ojzifh arG;pm;pum;vkH;rsm; (Oyrm? ygVd? ouúw? rGef?

t*Fvdyf)udk a&;om;&müom wpfcgwpf&H awGU&rnf/

ta&;wGif (o&+Asnf;+towf)wGJí pmvkH;aygif;½GwfqdkykHudk Oyrmrsm;jzifh

atmufwGif azmfjyxm;onf/

om"u-

ta&;ykHoP²mef pmvkH;aygif;½GwfqdkykH

uuf umh*sD;a&;umhowf uuf

aumuf oa0xdk; umh*sD;a&;csumhowf aumuf

udkuf umh*sD;vkH;wifacsmif;iifumhowf udkuf

uif umh*sD;a&;ighowf uif

aumif oa0xdk; umh*sD;a&;csighowf aumif

udkif umh*sD;vkH;wifacsmif;iifighowf udkif

{nfh tu©&m{a&;Omhowft,f atmufujrpf tJh

onf omha&;Omhowf oD

17

wkwf wmh0ef;Alwpfacsmif;iif wmhowf wkwf

rdef; rmhhvkH;wifemhowfrdef 0pöESpfvkH;ayguf rdef;

vdrfh vmhvkH;wifrmhowfvdef atmufujrpf vdefY

3? 4/ jrefrmpmta&;wGif awGU&rnf jzpfaom Asnf;wGJwdkY\ oauFwESifh tac:

ta0:wdkYudkvnf; wpfqufwnf; azmfjyvdkufygonf/

vu©Pm^ykHoP²mef trnf ½GwfqdkykH

-s ,yifh ,mhyifh

M - &&pf ,mh,pf

-G 0qGJ 0ghqGJ

-S [xdk; [mhxdk;

-R ,yifh 0qGJ ,mhyifh 0ghqGJ

>- ^ < - &&pf 0qGJ ,mh,pf 0ghqGJ

-Q ,yifh [xdk; ,mhyifh [mhxdk;

M -§ &&pf [xdk; ,mh,pf [mhxdk;

-T 0qGJ [xdk; 0ghqGJ [mhxdk;

-Ts ,yifh 0qGJ [xdk; ,mhyifh 0ghqGJ [mhxdk;

< -§ &&pf 0qGJ [xdk; ,mh,pf 0ghqGJ [mhxdk;

18

3? 5/ atmufyg pmvkH;aygif;rsm;udk avhusifh ½GwfqdkMunfhyg/

ouf? vGwf? vyf? ppf? 'Pf? rkef;? cspf? &Spf? ½Iyf? wkefY? armif;? oD;? awG;? jrifh?

ausmif;? oGef? aoG;? BudKuf? arT;? &rf;? pef;? wdwf? rSuf? rId? rsKd;? ysuf? a[h? zGHU/

19

tcef; 4

jrefrm pum;oHrsm;

4? 1/ jrefrmpum;oHrsm;qdkonfrSm jrefrmAsnf;ESifh o&rsm;udk aygif;í ½Gwfqdkaom

toHrsm;udk qdkvdkygonf/ o&csnf;oufoufvnf; toH jzpfEdkifygonf/ odkY&mwGif

o&rsm;\ tac:ESifh ½GwfqdkykHwGif azmfjyNyD; jzpf&m þ ae&mwGif xyfrH razmfjy

awmhyg/

4? 2/ OD;pGm ½dk;½dk;o& 22 vkH;ESifh Asnf;rsm;udk aygif;pyfxm;onfh pum;oHrsm;udk jyrnf/

Asnf;

o&

pum;oH

u - u^ umh

u -m um

u -m; um;

r -d rd

r -D rD

r -D; rD;

y -k yk

y -l yl

y -l; yl;

0 a- a0

0 a-h a0h

0 a-; a0;

v -J vJ

v -Jh vJh

20

w a-m awm

w a-mh awmh

w a-mf awmf

n -H nH

n -Hh nHh

z -dk zdk

z -dkY zdkY

z -dk; zdk;

4? 2/ atmufyg pum;oHrsm;udk ½Gwfqdk avhusifh Munfhyg/

jym? usm;? aomf? rdk;? ½Gm? ZGJ? zGJU? aEG? axG;? BudK;? ysHU? wH? arsm? wD;? usL;/

4? 3/ qufvufí (Asnf;+o&+towf) aygif;pyfxm;onfh pum;oHrsm;udk jyrnf/

Asnf;

o&

towf 0PÖoHoauFw a&;xkH;^pum;oH

u - uf uuf

u a-m uf aumuf

u -dk uf udkuf

r -k cf rkcf ^rkwf^

r - *f r*f ^ruf^

y -k *f yk*f ^ykwf^

r -dk Cf -; rdkCf; ^rdk;^

r - if rif

r - if -h rifh

r - if -; rif;

21

r - Zf rZf ^rpf^

o - pf opf

p - Of pOf ^pif^

p - Of -h pOfh ^pifh

p - Of -; pOf; ^pif;^

w - nf wnf ^wD^

w - nf -h wnfh ^wd^

w - nf -; wnf; ^wD;^

0 - #f 0#f ^0wf^

" -d #f "d#f ^'dwf^

o a- #f ao#f ^opf^

0 - Pf 0Pf ^0ef^

w - wf wwf

c a- wf acwf ^cpf^

u - 'f u'f ^uwf^

y -k 'f yk'f ^ykwf^

w - ef wef

w - ef -h wefY

w - ef -; wef;

r -d ef rdef

r -d ef -h rdefY

r -d ef -; rdef;

w -k ef wkef

w -k ef -h wkefY

w -k ef -; wkef;

u - yf uyf ^uwf^

22

t -d yf pdyf ^pdwf^

u -k yf ukyf ^ukwf^

' -d Af 'dAf ^'dwf^

v -m bf vmbf ^vwf^

u - rf urf ^uef

u - rf -h urfh ^uefY^

u - rf -; urf; ^uef;^

v -d rf vdrf ^vdef^

v -d rf -h vdrfh ^vdefY

v -d rf -; vdrf; ^vdef;^

u -k rf ukrf ^ukef^

v - -Hk vkH ^vkef^

v - -kH -h vkHY ^vkefY

v - -kH -; vkH; ^vkef;^

w - -ð wð ^wdef^

r - ,f r,f

r - ,f -h r,fh ^rJh^

x a- &f ax&f ^ax^

* -dk &f *dk&f ^*dk^

z - vf zvf ^zef^

O - vf Ovf ^tkef^

o a-mf 0f aomf0f ^aomf^

y - of yof ^ywf^

jA - [f jA[f ^jAef^

23

rSwfcsuf/ / txufyg towfrsm;ESifh wGJvsufpum;oHrsm;udk avhusifh ½GwfqdkEdkif

ygu jrefrmtu©&mjzifh a&;xm;aom jrefrmpmtm;vkH;udk zwf&Iedkifygvdrfhrnf/ xyfrH

avhusifh&eftwGuf Asnf;rsm;udk tpmxdk; ½Gwfqdkjcif; jyKvkyfEdkifygonf/

24

tcef; 5

jrefrm emrfpum;vkH;rsm;

5? 1/ jrefrm emrfpum;vkH;rsm;udk azmfjy&mü tokH;rsm;aom emrfpum;vkH;rsm;udkom

a½G;cs,fxm;ygonf/ ,if;odkYa½G;cs,f&mü avhvmolwdkY tcef;csif; qufpyfrI&Sdatmif

o&csnf;&Sdaeaom emrfpum;vkH;rsm;? o&ESifh Asnf; wGJaeaom emrfpum;vkH;rsm;[lí

cGJjcm; pkpnf;xm;ygonf/

5? 2/ o&csnf;om &Sdaom emrfpum;vkH;rsm;udk pkpnf;xm;ygonf/

jrefrmemrfpum;vkH; t"dyÜm,f

tt

ttdk

tm

tD;

O

tl

OD;

tH

tdk;

5? 3/ qufvufí jrefrmpum;&Sd o&ESifh Asnf; wGJaeaom emrfpum;vkH;rsm;udk

pkpnf;&mü toHwpfoHom &Sdaom emrfpum;vkH;rsm;ESifh toHwpfoHxuf ydkaom emrf

pum;vkH;rsm;[lí cGJjcm; pkpnf;jyxm;ygonf/

25

5? 3? 1/ atmufwGif azmfjypkpnf;xm;aom emrfpum;vkH;rsm;rSm toHwpfoHom &Sd

aom emrfpum;vkH;rsm; jzpfygonf/

om"u-

um; aumf uH uif; udkif;

uef ukef urf; usm; ausmuf

ausmif; usrf; Muuf aMumif <uuf

cg; cdk acgif; acwf ckH

csKd csuf acsmif; csKdif; Csnf

ajc jcif acG; acR; *dk;

*kPf *dwf *sif *sKwf *sKH

ig ig; ief; aiG iSuf

pm pl; puf pif ppf

pnf; pdef pGef qm; qD

ql; aq; qif aqmif; qdwf

qef Zm Zuf Zpf ZkH

ZGJ ZGef ZGef; aps; OmPf

n nD wD wl wJ

awm wdkuf wif awmif awmif;

wdkif wdkif; wpf wkwf wdrf

wGif; xD xD; xif; axmif

axmifh xef; xkH; xGef 'l;

a': a'guf a'gif; 'dkif 'dkif;

'Pf 'ef 'ef; "m; em;

ae aeY EdkY aemuf eif

enf; ewf eef; emrf e,f

EGm; EG,f ESD; ESif; ESpf

26

ESyf ESrf; yg; ay yJ

ydk; ydkuf aygif ydwf yef;

ysm; ysL ysOf ajymif ajymif;

jynf ayG; yGJ zm; zJ

zif azmif zef zsm Zsif

jzL jzKwf zGJ zGwf AkH

Adkvf Asm AsKdif; Asnf; aAG

AGuf bD; bl; ab; bJ

bdkY bif bPf bdwf bdef;

bkH b,f bGJU rD; rdk;

rif; armif armif; rnf; rdwf

rkwf rmef rkefY arsmuf jr

jrm; jrL ajr ajr; NrdKU

jruf ajrmuf jrif; ajrmif; jrnf;

Nrdwf rSJU rId rSef a>r

arQmh rQpf ,dk ,if ,mOf

,kef ,Gef; a& &J &uf

&if &ef ½kyf ½kH ½Gm

½Guf a&S; &SH &Sif &Sifh

&Spf &SOfU &Srf; a&T v

vm; vl vl; av av;

vJ vuf avmuf vif vdif

vdkif; vdkPf vdyf vmbf vrf;

v,f vGef avS vSH vQm

vT 0 0g 0g; 0J

0uf 0if; 0#f 0ef 0rf;

27

a0S; o om; ol oJ

aomh oH odk; ouf odkuf

oif aomif aomif; opf okwf

oef oef; odef; oyf odrf;

okHU okH; oGm; aoG; oGyf

aoQmif [ [if; [ef [Gef;

5? 3? 2/ þ ae&mwGif toHESpfoHESifhtxuf &Sdaom jrefrmemrfpum;vkH;rsm;udk azmfjy

&ef &Sdaomfvnf; jyKpkaom pmtkyf\ tqifhtwef;udk vdkufí tqdkyg emrfpum;vkH;

rsKd;rsm;udk odom½kHrQom azmfjyvdkufawmhrnf/ txufazmfjyyg toHpepf? ta&;pepf?

½GwfqdkykHpepfwdkYudk uRrf;usifygu tbd"mefpmtkyfrsm;wGif &SmazG avhusifhí jrefrm

pum;vkH;rsm; wdk;yGm;atmif rdrdudk,fwdkif avhvm oif,lEdkifygonf/

om"u-

tudk (tpfudk) tusKd; tBuH taMumif; tMurf;

tck tcsKd tcsOf tcsdef tjcm;

tajctae tNidrf;pm; tpdrf; tqdyf tnpftaMu;

twdkaumuf twdkuftcH twdkif; tawG;tac: taxmuftxm;

teD tay: taysmfwrf; tysKd tjym

tjyif trdIuf trSwf tem*wf t"dyÜm,f

tusÐ t*Faw t*Fg tif*sif tpfr(tr)

tkef;oD; ucsif ujym; umwGef; aumZmouú&mZf

aumfzD udkvdkeD udwfrkefY ukwftusÐ aus;Zl;

MuufoGefeD MuufoGefjzL uGefu&pf c&rf;oD; ckepf

cJwH cJtdk acgif;aqmif acsmuvuf csKdcsOf

csefyD,H ajcaxmuf acR;r *VKef *Dwm

28

*D,m a*:zDxkyf *smuif *sufav,mOf N*dK[fom;

iaMumif i&J pum; pum;vkH; pMu0Vm

Apwem apwD puúL puúefY ppfom;

pE&m; pGyfjyKwf pG,fawmf q&m q&mr

qvkH qD;oD; aq;½kH qHyif qdkufum;

aqmif;&moD q,fhESpf&moD qG,fwm Z,m; Zm*em

Zmwd ZD0aA' Zefe0g&D ndKUousnf; wwd,

wa,m wHqdyfacgif; wHwm; wHawG; wdk[l;

wuúpD wdkufzdGKuf wdkufcef; wifyg; wdkif;jynf

wapä w,fvDzkef; xrif; xdkif;vlrsKd; 'g,um

'g,dumr 'D*&D 'DZifbmv 'DZdkif; 'DZ,f

'Dyvdkrm 'Dyg0gvD 'Drdkua&pD 'l;&if;oD; a'go

a':vm 'ku© 'dkifvlBuD; '@m&D 'ó eduaA'

',ftdk; "edyif "Ek "mwkaA' "mwfqD

"mwfrD; "mwfavSum; eyef; ezl; erlem

em&D em;uyf em;Muyf ed*kH; ed'gef;

eDwd aeYcif;(aeYv,f) aeYpm; aeYpOfrSwfwrf; aeYxl;aeYjrwf

eHjym; Edk0ifbmv aemufausm aemufaph aemufqufwGJ

EdkifvGef ewfuawmf ewfyGJ ewforD; ewfom;

eef;awmf edAÁmef aEG&moD ESvkH; ESmacgif;

ESif;qD ESif;yef; ESpfopful; ESpfa[mif; EIwfcrf;

yckH; ynm y#dyu© y#doaE yxr

yx0D yaxG; y&dowf y&DrD,H yavmif

ygarmu© ygVd yg;pyf ykcuf yk½Gufqdwf

ykvJykwD; ydk;u&if ydkufqH ypönf; ykpäm

jymodkv za,mif;wdkif zdeyf zufqpf0g' azmufonf

29

azmifwdef zGm;at Arm Av Avm

Ak'bmom Ak'[l;aeY jA[®m bm*sm bmom

bmompum; bk&m; bk&if bwfpum; bdef;rkefY

bkef;BuD; reuf r,m; rdausmif; rkqdk;

rlBudK rl;,pfaq; ar;cGef; rdk;BudK; rif;wkyf

rdwåL refusnf;oD; rdef;uav; rdef;r rkefnif;½Guf

rkefYwD rkefY[if;cg; rsKd;cspfpdwf rsufcrf; rsufckH;

rsufpd rsufESm jrefrm jrefrmvlrsKd; ,rrif;

a,m*D a,musfm; a,mu©r a,mufz a,mufr

,EÅ&m; &cdkif &xm; &mwef ½lyaA'

a&usufat; a&a>r a&'D,dk a&m*g a&mrtu©&m

&ufpGJ a&mfbm ½ku©aA' &ifbwf &nf;pm;

½SL;zdeyf a&SmufoD; a&Tcsnfxdk; vuG,f vc

vpm vjynfh vlBuD; vli,f vlpm;

vl&Tifawmf vufaumuf vufcv,f vufpGyf vufn§Kd;

vufr vufol<u,f vufoef; vufzuf&nf vu©Pm

vif;EdkY vif;ydkif vnfyif; vdyfpm vdyfjym

vkyfief; vrf;nTef vrf;jy vdar®mfoD; vkHcsnf

vGifjyif vGrf;olUyef;acG avSum; vSnf;,mOf vQmcif

0gus 0goem 0dbwf 0HomEk&u©dw 0pöayguf

0w¬K oydwf obmywd orD; oruf

ordkif; o,HZmw oa0xdk; omoem odMum;

oli,fwef; olaX; oHa,mZOf oHa0* oHo,

oBuFef oabFm odkif;orm; opfukvm;tkwf owfykH

oef;acgif aoG;eDO aoG;jyefaMum aoG;jzLO [v0g

[mo [dr0EÅm a[mfrkef; [dkw,f [if;&nf

30

5? 4/ avhusifh&ef/

txufyg vkHcsif;emrf (toHwpfoHwnf;&Sdaomemrf) ? vHk;wGJemrf (toHwpfoH

xuf ydkaomemrf)rsm;udk tokH;jyKí ]]emrf+yg}} ykHpHudk avhusifhEdkifonf/ ,if;ykHpH

onf ]]'g bmvJ}} [laom tar;udk ajzqdkonfh tajzykHpHwpfck jzpfonf/

om"u-

ar;/ 'g bmvJ/

'g oabFmyg/

'g bmvJ/

'g zm;yg/

'g bmvJ/

'g opfyifyg/

'g bmvJ/

'g pmtkyfyg/

'g bmvJ/

'g w,fvDzkef;yg/

'g bmvJ/

'g pmtdwfyg/

31

'g bmvJ/

'g bwfpum;yg/

'g bmvJ/

'g qdkzmyg/

'g bmvJ/

'g ½GufavSyg/

'g bmvJ/

'g aygifrkefYyg/

32

tcef; 6

jrefrm Bud,mpum;vkH;rsm;

6? 1/ Bud,mpum;vkH;rsm;udkrl emrfpum;vkH;rsm;uJhodkY trsKd;tpm; cGJjcm; rjyawmhyg/

tbd"meftu©&mpOftwdkif;om tokH;rsm;&m aeYpOfokH; Bud,mrsm;udk a½G;cs,fpkpnf;

wifjyxm;ygonf/ jrefrmBud,mpum;vkH;rsm;rSm rsm;aomtm;jzifh pum;oH wpfoHom

&Sdaom pum;vkH;u trsm;pk jzpfonf/ pum;oHwpfoH pum;vkH;wpfvkH;xuf ydkaom

Bud,mrsm;rSm aygif;pyfxm;aom Bud,mrsm; jzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh Bud,mtjzpf

tokH;jyKaom Bud,mpum;okH;rsm; jzpfMuonf/

om"u-

u uvd uvl uvJhpm;acs uavm

um um; uJ uJh&JU aum

aumh aumf udk;um; udk;uG,f aumuf

udkuf ukwf uef uefY uef;

ukef ukefqkH; ukef;acsm ukef;ydk; uyf

uyfap;ESJ uyfqdkuf ukyf urf; urf;vSrf;

ukHvkH udk,fcsif;pm udk,fvufESD;aESm udk,fvGwf½kef; udk,f0efaqmif

us uscH auseyf ausaysmuf ausat;

aus;Zl;wif ausm ausmh ausmf ausmfwuf

ausmfvTm; usuf usufpm; usufrd ausmufcs

33

ausmuf(uef~) usKdufusKdufql usif(em~) usif (uRrf;~) usifvnf

usifh (usifh~) usif;y ausmif;qif; ausmif;wuf ausmif;xGuf

ausmif;ae ausmif;ysuf ausmif;NyD; ausmif;ajy; ausmif;vTwf

usOf; usdef; (tdyf) usyf usyfpnf; usyfwdkuf

(tom;? ig;)

usrf;udkif usrf;usdef usrf;½Guf usrf;aus usrf;pl;

usrf;jyK usKH; us,f Mum Mum;

BuD; BuD;us,f BuD;Muyf BuD;pdk; BuD;yGm;

BuD;rSL; MuL; aMu aMuuGJ aMunm

aMu;eef;½dkuf aMu;cRwf aMu;wGef; aMu;xl aMumf

aMumfjim BuH BuHpnf BuHzef BuHUcdkif

BudK BudKqdk BudKUxdk; BudK;udkif BudK;qGJ

BudK;qGJcs BudK;ay; BudK;pm; Muuf Muufajccwf

Muufawmif½dkuf Muuf½dk;xdk; MuufoD;arG;nif;x Muufaoao aMumuf

BudKuf Muifem aMumif aMumifawmifEdIuf aMumifhMu

aMumif;ay; aMumif;vrf; MuOf Munf MunfndK

MunfEl; MunfjzL Munfh Muwf (aeMuwf?

vMuwf)

Budwf

BudwfrSdwf MuefYMum Muyf Muyfrwf Murf;

Budrf;armif; BuKH BuHKBudKuf uG uGm

34

uGm½Sif; uGmwm;cs auGU auG; uGJJ

uGJuGm uGuf uGif;qif; uGefY uGyf

uGyfuJ uG,f auR; auR;arG; uRH

uRufuRufql uRwf uRwfwrf;0if uRwfvGwf uRrf;usif

uRrf;xdk; uRrf;jyef uRrf;0if <u <u½G

<um; a<u a<u;us a<u;cs a<u;aMumf

<uif; <uif;usef <uyf <uyfqwf <u,f0

ceJY c&m c&D;a&muf c&D;vGef cavmufqef

cg cgcs cg; cg;apmif;wif cg;pnf;cH

ck ckcH ckESdrf ckepfoHcsD[pf cl;

cl;qGwf cJ acg acgpmypf cH

cHpm; cH,l cdk cdkvIH cdk;

cdk;&mvdkuf cufcJ cufxef acguf cif

cifrif cif; cif;usif; acgif;udkuf acgif;cs

acgif;aqmif acgif;NrD;NcKH cdkifcHh cdkifNrJ cdkifrm

cdkif; cdkif;EIdif; cwf ckwf acwfukef

acwfqef acwfajymif; cefY cefYrSef; ckef

ckefayguf ckefysH cyf ckyf ckHzGJU

cs csrSwf csD csL acsrIef;

acsm acsmpm; acsmqGJ acsmh acsmharmh

35

acsmfvJ csKd csKd<u csKdaoG; csKdUwJh

csKd; csKd;zJh csuf acsmufcsm; csifhcsdef

csif;eif;0ifa&muf acsmif acsmifus acsmifcdk acsmif;

acsmif;qdk; acsmif;[efY csKdif cspf csOf

csnf csnfaESmif csdwf csef csdef

csdefq csdefom;udkuf csdef; csKyf csrf;

csKHU csKH; csKH;csKH;us jcm; ajcukef

ajcus ajccsKyfrd ajcxdk; ajcykef;ckwf ajcrT

NcHcwf NcH&H NcKd;NcH ajcmufvSefY? jcrf;

Ncdrf;ajcmuf NcKH cGus cGm acG

cGJ cGJjcm; cGHU cGuf cGif

acRwm acR;us acR;xkwf acR;xGuf acR;jyef

acR;atmif; cRJ cRJusd cRwf a>c

emrNidrf *,ufx *½kpdkuf *gxmpkwf *gxm½Gwf

*g&0jyK a*: *dk;oGif;^ *dk;&SL; *kPfi,f *kPfwuf

*kPfwif *kPfjyK *kPfNydKif *dkPf;cGJ *dkPf;oifh

*E¬0ifajrmuf *sifajcvnf *syfckwf N*dK[fus N*dK[fqdk;0if

N*dK[farT i&JBuD; ig;yuf ig;rQm; ai;

iJh aig aigh aiguf idkuf

iif (qGJ~) iwf ikyf irf; ikH

36

ikHY i,f Nid NiD; jiLpl

NidKjiif NidK; jiif; Nidrf Nidrfh

Nidrf; Nidrf;csrf; aiG&Tif iS (a0 ~) iSm;

iSJU iSufzsm;wuf Nid§rf; p pum;rsm;

pcef;cs paw; pwnf;cs pmcs pmcsKd;

pmpD pmem pm; pm;NrHKUjyef pdppf

pD pDpOf pDrH pD; pD;jzef;

pk pkpnf; pkaqmif; pkvsm;&pfywf pl

pl; apcdkif; aph aphpyf apm

apmaMum apm'uwuf apmfum; pHcsdefwif pHcsdefcsKd;

pdkY pdk;&drf pufqkyf apmuf pdkuf

pif apmif apmifh apmif; apmif;ajrmif;

pdkif; pdkif;jyif; ppf ppfwdkuf ppfaq;

pnf pnf; pnf;½kH; pnf;vkH; pdwf

pdwful; pkwf pefY pyf prf;

pdrf pdrfh pdrf; pkH pGm

apG pGJ pGJvrf; pGH pGufzuf

pGwf pGefYpm; pGrf;aqmif qm qDowf

qD;BudK ql qlyl aq; qJ

aqmh qHh qdk qdkY qdk;

37

quf aqmuf qifajcwuf qifh qif;

qif;&J aqmif aqmifh qpf qnf

qnf;yl; qwf qdwf qkwf qef

qefY qef; qyf qkyf qdrfh

qkH qkH; qkH;r q,f q,fvDaus

qG aqGUaqGUckef aqG; aqG;aEG; qGHUt

qGwf qGrf;uyf qGrf;auR; qG,f Z,m;aus

Z,m;cs Zmxdk; Zmwfodrf; aps;upm; aps;uGJ

aps;yGJ psmef0ifpm; OmPfaumif; OmPfqif nm

nd nDnm nDnGwf nDwl nD;

nK nHh nHhzsif; ndK nuf

nufanm nifom anmif; npf npfywf

nnf;nL ndwf (acgif;~) nGwf n§m n§mwm

n§d n§dEIdif; n§D an§mf n§dKU

n§uf n§if; n§if;yef; n§yf nTwf

nTef nTefMum; Xmyem w (wrf; ~) wref;EId;

w&m; w&m;pGJ w&m;qdkif w&m;xdkif w&m;rQw

wm wm&Snf wm&SnfcH wdus wDxGif

wD; wky wlnD aw awmajcmuf

awmxdkif awmxGuf awmvdkuf awmh awmf

38

wdk wdkxGm wdkY wdk; wdk;wuf

wuf wdkuf wdkufqdkif wdkufwGef; wdkufydwf

wif wif; wif;wdrf awmif awmifh

awmif; awmif;yef awmif;&rf; wdkif wdkifyif

wpf wnfh wnf; wnf;cdk wwf

wdwf wdwfqdwf wef wef; wef;pD

wyf wyfruf wkyf wrf;w wdrf

wdrfaum wdrf; (~ nGwf) wkHYjyef wkH; wkH;ausmf

awG awGU awGUqkH wGJ wGuf

wGif wGifus,f wGef wGefU wG,f

x xm; xd xdcdkuf xda&muf

xD xD;wif xD;jzLaqmif; xk xkacs

xkcGJ xl xlaxmif xl; xl;cwf

ax axh ax; axm xdk;

xdk;ppfqif xdk;ESuf xdk;tyf xuf axmuf

axmufcH axmufxm; axmufjy xdkuf xdkufwef

xif xif[yf xifh xif; axmif

axmifxm; axmifh axmifhaph axmif; xdkif

xdkifpm; xdkif; xpf xpfaigh xnfh

xdwfvefY xkwf xkwfjyef xkwfa0 xdef

39

xdef; xdef;csKyf xdef;odrf; xyf xkyfydk;

xrf; xrf;aqmif xdrfcsef xkH xkH;

x,fxdk; xGm xGm; axG axG;

xGuf xGif xGwf xGef xGef;

'umcH 'D*&Dwuf 'l;wdkufaqG;aEG; 'l;axmuf 'ku©a&muf

a'gufjzKwf a'gifcsmpdkif; a'gif;odk;yifh 'dkifcH 'Pfay;

'kef;pD; 'kef;pdkif; 'kef;ajy; 'kH;cH 'kH;wdkuf

'kH;a0; 'GefwGJ "mwful; "mwfuif "mwfus

"mwfcGJ "mwfEkwf "mwf½dkuf "mwfvdkuf e

eyef;vkH; ezm;BudK;xdk; em;axmif em;ayguf em;azguf

em;vnf em;tl edrdwfzwf Ek El

El;nHh aeaumif; aeus aeausmf aeapmif;

aejrifh aeavmif ae0if aeYoefY eJY

aemaus aemh eH eHESdyf eHESdrf

EdkYpdkY EdkYjywf EdkYjzwf Edk;Mum; euf½Idif;

aemuf aemufus aemufqkwf aemufa,mifcH eif

eifh eif; Edkif epf epfem

ed|dwH ewf½GmpH eefY eyf (yg; ~) eef;qGJ

erf; EkHY EkH; e,f e,fuRH

e,fcsJU e,fESif aEG; EGJU EG,f

40

ESmacgif;½IHU ESmap; ESmESwf ESD;aESm ESL;

aES; ESJ aESm ESHUpyf EId;

EId;aqmf ESuf aESmuf EIduf ESif

ESif;tyf aESmifh,Suf aESmif; EIdif;cdkif; EIdif;,SOf

ESpf ESpful; ESpfouf ESpfodrfh ESwfaumuf

ESwfausmf EIwfusKd; EIwfcrf;pl EIwfapmifh EIwfav;

EIwfoGuf ESefY ESyf ESyfcs ESdyf

ESdyfuGyf ESrf;jzL; ESdrf ESdrfeif; ESdrfh

ESdrfhcs ETm aET; ETJ ETif

ET,f y yaysmuf yvyf yvTm;

yo ynmay; ynmoif ynwf ywwf&yf

yeHpm; yeH& yrmPjyK yvJyeHoifh yvkwfusif;

yg yg0if yg;eyf yk yl

ylyif ylaZmf yl; ay ay;

ay;pm; yJh aygh ayghq ay:

ydk ydk; ydk;us yuf yufpuf

ydkuf yifh yifhaqmif yifhzdwf yif;

aygif (~ ESH) aygif; aygif;azmf aygif;oif; ydkif

ydkifqdkif ydkif; ydkif;jzwf ypf ydwf

ydwfyif ykwfcwf yef; ydef ydef;

41

ydef;½dkuf ykef; yyf ykyf ykHpHxdkif

ykHESdyf ykHrSm;½dkuf ykH (pk ~) y,f y,fcs

y,fzsuf ysm ysLiSm aysmf ysH

ysHU ysKdU ysKd; ysuf aysmuf

ysif; aysmif; ysOf;wGJ jy jym

jym; NyD; jyK jyKjyif jyL(xGuf)

jyL; ajy ajy; ajy;qGJ ajym

NydK jyuf jyif jyif;(xef) ajymifajrmuf

ajymifvuf ajymif(avSmif) ajymif;(a&TU) NydKif(qdkif) jywf

jywfpJ jywfvyf jyKwf jyef jyefY

jyKef; NyKH; yGm; ayG ayGU

yGJ yGJawmif; yGuf yGifh yGwf

yGef; >ywf z zvS,f zm;

zd zdpD; zdESdyf zDqef zD;

zk zl; az;r zJ½dkuf zJao

zJh azm azmh azmf zdk

zdkY zuf zufpyf azmuf azmufjyef

zifaygh zifNrJ zifav; azmif azmif;

azmif;yG zwf zdwfMum; zdwfpOf zkwf

zefqif; zefwD; zkH; zkH;zd zkH;tkyf

42

z,f z,f&Sm; zsm; azsmh zsuf

zsufodrf; azsmuf azsmufzsuf zsif zsif;

azsmif;zs zspf zsOf zsefajz zsef;

jzm jzm;a,mif; NzD; jzL jzL;

ajz ajzazsmf ajz&Sif; ajzodrfh NzJ

ajzm NzdK ajzmif ajzmifh ajzmifhjzL;

ajzmifhrwf jzpf jzpfajrmuf jznfh jzwf

jzwfoef; jzKwf jzefY jzefYcsd jzef;

jzKef; NzKH zGm zGm; zGJ

zGJU zGHUNzdK; zGifh zGyf zG,f

Avuúm&jyK Aavmifql Aavmifqef Al;rIwf aA'ifMunfh

aA'ifwGuf AdkufBuD; Adkufem Adkufatmifh Aef;jy

Akef; Adkvfus Asmrsm; ajAmifwdkuf ajAmif;qef

aAGqdk; aAGazmuf aAG,l b0em b0arh

b0ifus b0ifjrifh bmomjyef bdodufajr§muf bDvl;pD;

bkus bk&m;zl; bk&m;&Sdcdk; bl;uG,f bl;cH

ab;csif;wdkuf ab;csdwf ab;rJhay; bufyJh bufvdkuf

abmifcwf abmif0if bdkifus bkOf;ay; bkef;BuD;

bGmcwf r rp rw&m; remvdk

rowD rm rd rD rD;uif

43

rD;xGuf rD;em rD;ae rD;arT; rD;avmif&m

avyifh

rl rl; arh ar; rJ

rJh arm rH rdk;½Gm ruf

rdkuf rdkufaMu;cGJ rif;jyK armif; rnf;

rwf rdwfquf rdwfvdkuf ref;rIwf rmef

rdef;arm rkef,pf rkefwdkif;wdkuf rkef; rsm;

arsm rsKd rsuf rsufacsmifus rsufpdvnf

rsufapmif;xdk; rsufESmyl rsufESmysuf rsufESm& jrL;

ajrawmifajr§muf ajrrsKd NrJ ajrm ajrmh

ajrmuf jrif;avmif; jrpf (wm; ~) jrnf jrnf;

jrwf Nrdef jrKyf NrKH NrKHU

rG arGU arG; arG;jrL rGJ

rGwf rGefjrwf rGrf;rH rSm rDScdk

rSL; (BuD; ~) arS; rIdwuf arSmuf rSifao

arSmif rIdkif rSnfh rSwf rSdwf

rIwf rSef; rSdef rIef rIefY

rIef; (acs ~) rIef; (jc,f ~) >rufMum; >ruf[ rQw

rQm; arQm arQmf rQif jr§L

ajr§muf ajr§mufyifh Nr§dKuf (rD; ~) ajr§mif jr§Kyf

44

jr§KyfESH arT arT; rTef jrTm

,Mwmacs ,m (uGrf; ~) ,m; ,D;wdkuf ,l

,dk ,dk;pGyf ,uf a,muf,ufcwf a,mif,rf;

,dkif ,pf ,Of ,Ofaus; ,Ofyg;

,yfcwf ,rf; ,drf; ,drf;u ,kH

,kHrSm; ,Suf ,SOf ,SOfwGJ ,SOfNydKif

& &r,f&Sm &d &Da0 a&csKd;

a&csdefudkuf a&pufcs a&pkefarsm a&wGuf a&yef;pm;

a&; &J &J&ifh a&m ½dkusKd;

½dkao ½dk;om; &uf a&muf ½dkuf

&ifqm &ifyl &ifh &if; a&mif

a&mifh a&mif; ½dkif; ½dkif;pdkif; ½dkif;yif;

&pf &nfpl; &nf½G,f &dwf &efawGU

&efjzpf &efvdk ½kef; ½kef;uef &yf

&yfem; &dyf ½kyfodrf; ½kyfysuf ½kyfzsuf

½kyfvkH;azmf &rf; ½kH &,f ½G

a½GU a½G; ½GJ ½GJU ½GH&Sm

½Guf ½Gwfqdk ½Gyf ½G,f &S

&Sm &Sm;yg; &dS &Sdcdk; ½I

&SL &SL;wdkuf a&S;us a&S;½I ½IdU

45

&Suf &Sif; a&Smif ½Iwfcs &Sdef

&Syf ½Iyf ½IHU ½IH; a½TU

½TJ ½Tifys ½Tifvef; ½Trf; (t&nf ~) viykyfzrf;

vm vk vl vlpOfrD vlvm;ajrmuf

avusifhxdk; avBuD; avcRef avjzwf avvGifh

av0if avhusifh avhvm av; av;pm;

av;euf vJ vJvS,f avm avmBuD;

avmaqmf avmuGwfacsmf vdk vdkw& vuf

vufcH vufacgufrIwf vufckyfwD; vufpm;acs avmuf

vdkuf vdkufpm; vif,l vif; avmif

avmif; vpf vnf vwf vef

vefY vef; vyf vdyf vkyf

vrf;nTef vdrf vdr®m vdrfh vdrf;

vkH vkH; vkH;csmvdkuf v,fwD avG;

vGJ vGef vGefY vGef; vGrf;

vG,f vS vSD vSD; avSU

vSJ avSmf vIdif vSnfh vSnf;

vSefY vSef; vSyf vIyf vSrf;

vSdrfh vIH vS,f avQmcs avQmh

avQmf vQKd vQKdU0Suf avQmuf vTm

46

vTm; vTJ vTJajymif; vTwf vTrf;

vTrf;rdk; 0 0ajym 0g 0gBuD;

0goemyg 0g; 0dnmOfcsKyf 0dnmOfwG,f a0

a0iS a0qm a0zef a0h a0;

a0;uGm 0J 0Jpm; 0JysH 0Hh (&J ~ )

0uf½l;jyef 0dkuf 0ifh<um; 0dkif; 0dkif;zGJU

0dkif;0ef; 0wf 0wfwuf 0wfjyK 0wf½Gwf

0efusOf; 0efus,f 0efcH 0efcs 0efaqmif

0efwdk 0efav; 0kef;'dkif;BuJ 0yf 0yfwGm;

0rf;ausif; 0rf;Ekwf 0rf;ysuf 0rf;avQm 0rf;om

0,f a0SU a0SU,rf; a0S;oif; 0Suf

o owdcsyf owday; owdarh owd&

owif;BuD; owif;ajy; owif;ar; owif;arT; oem;

oydwfarSmuf oydwfoGwf oyGwftlvdkuf obm0us oabmus

oabmuGJ oabmwl or orufzrf; ordkif;wif

ordkif;0if o&P*kHwif o&P*kHwnf o&zlaqmif; oa&mf

o½kyfaqmif o½kyfysuf o½kyfazmf ovm; om

om,m0ajym omoemjyK om;us om;cGJ om;zGm;

om;avQm od odwwf odom oD

oDvawmif; oDvay; oDv,l oD; olykefx

47

ao aooyf ao;i,f ao;odrf oJh

aom oHBudK;½dkuf oHacs;wuf oHa,mifvdkuf oHo&m&Snf

oHo&mvnf odkrSD; odkodyf odk; odu©mus

odu©mcs odu©mwif odu©mxyf aomuf oif

oifMum; oifykef;acs oif,l o*Fg,emwif oN*ØK[f

oifh oifhawmf oifhwifh oifhjrwf oif;

aomifwif odkif; opf opfacgufqdk; opfap;udkif

opömqdk opömjyK onf;cH owf okwf

okwfajcwif oefrm oEéd|mefcs oEéd|mefjyK oefY

oef;acgifpm&if;

aumuf

okefrIef oyÜm,f odyf okyf

odrf; odrf;qnf; odrf;oGif; okH; okH;pGJ

okH;aqmif okH;EIef; okH;jzKef; o,f oGm;

aoG aoG; aoG;aqmif oGuf oGif;

oGwf(tpm ~ ) oGef; oG,f [ [m

[m; [D [D;av;cdk [J a[m

a[muf [if;cs a[mif a[mif; [kwf

[ef [efus [efaqmif [efY [yf

[kH t tuJjzwf taumufBuH tusyfudkif

tusyf½dkuf tusKH;0if tus,fcsJU tus,fcsKyf taMumif;jy

48

tMunfqdkuf tacsmoyf tcsif;rsm; tacsmifcdk tacsmifEIduf

tacsmifvdkuf tcsOfayguf tcsdefykyf tcsKyfus tajcus

tajccs taiGUjyef tpD&ifcH tpdkjyef tpdkYayguf

tpGHxkwf tqmus,f tqD,pf tqufjywf tqdyfwuf

tqkH;pD&if tnmrd tanmif;qefY tnGefYcl; tnGefYcsKd;

tn§mvG,f twkcdk; twk,l twifh&J twnfjyK

twGefYwuf txajrmuf txmus txdem txD;usef

temcH tem;ay; tem;,l taeusyf taeacsmif

tEdkifusifh te,fxdkif tEGHtwmcH tylrd tylavmif

tydk;usKd; taygufqdk; tyif;qdkY tyif;vQKd taygifcH

tydkifpD; tykyfcH tykyfcs taysmfBuH tysKdazmf0if

tysKd&nfysuf taysmuf½dkuf tjym;cwf tajymus,f tajymBuD;

tjypfzdkY tjypf&Sm tjywf&Sif; tyGBuH tzwfwif

tzsm;½SL; tjzpfqdk; trJzsuf tarmqdkY tarmazmuf

tarmvkH trdefYjyef trdefY&Sd tNrD;ukyf tarGjzwf

trSDjyK trIqdkif trIxrf; trIvdkuf trSL;xm;

trSL;jyK trSwfBuD; trQa0 trQifwef; trTrf;wif

t,lcH t,loD; ta,mifaqmif t,kHoGif; t&m0if

t½l;x ta&;BuD; ta&;pdkuf ta&;edrfh ta&;ay;

ta&;,l ta&;tcif;jzpf t½dk;pGJ t½dk;xkwf ta&mifwif

49

ta&mif;xdkif; t½G,fa&muf t½G,f&Sd t½G,fvGef t&SufBuD;

t&SufuGJ t&SufcGJ t&Sufenf; t½Idufxd t½Sdef,l

t&Sdefavsmh t½SdefvGef t½Sdefao t½Sdefowf t½IH;cH

t½IH;ay; t½Tef;azmuf tavvdkuf tav;ay; tav;jyK

tavmwef tvdkvdkuf tvpfokwf tvGwf½kef; tvGrf;o,f

tvSrf;us,f t0g;0 toa&qnf toa&ysuf toa&zsuf

tom;us tom;eDvef today; todtrSwfjyK taoajzmifh

toHay; toHvTifh toH0if toufiif toufaph

touf½SL tonf;aMumif tonf;uGJ tonf;em tonf;at;

toGifajymif; ttdyfBuD; ttdyfqwf t*wdvdkuf t"r®usifh

twdwfaumuf twdwfaqmif tm tmus,f tmMurf;

tmcH tmap;xnfh tm&Tif tmvkwfusif; tmoD;a&mif

tmrcH tmrbaEÅcH tm½kHpdkuf tm½kHjyK tm½kHajymif;

tm; tm;udk; tm;aumif; tm;xm; tm;xkwf

tm;ay; tm;NydKif tm;arG; tm;,l tD

tD;ayguf O O'gef;wGif Oya'xkwf Oyrmay;

Oykofapmifh tlwdk tl&Tif OD; OD;cdkuf

OD;pD; OD;aqmif OD;nTwf OD;aESmufajcmuf OD;armh

at; MoZmcH MoZm&Sd Mobmay; atmhtef

atmf atmf*vDqef atmf'gay; atmf'grSm tH (pm ~ )

50

tHBudwf tHacsmf tdk tdkpm tdk;pm;uGJ

tdk;tdrfxl tuf atmufus atmufuscH atmufusKdU

atmufydk;usKduf atmufarh atmuf(tpf ~) tdkuf tifh

atmif atmifoG,f atmifh atmif; tdkif

tpf {nfhcH tkwfjrpfcs tef tefcwf

tefpmypf £ a`Eqnf £ a`E& tefwk tyf (ay; ~)

tdyf tdyfarmus tdyfrufruf tkyf trf;

tdrfaxmifus tdrfaxmifcs tdrfaxmifysuf tdrfaxmifjyK tdrfh

tkH tkH<u tkHyGifh tkHU (rdk; ~) tkH;

txufwGif azmfjyxm;aom Bud,mpum;vkH;rsm;rSm þ pmtkyft&qdkaomf ta&

twGuf twefyif rsm;ygonf/ odkY&mwGif tbd"mefvGwf avhusifh ajymqdkvmEdkifap&ef

&nf½G,fí ,ckuJhodkY pkpnf; azmfjyay;xm;jcif; jzpfonf/ azmfjyyg jrefrmBud,m

pum;vkH;rsm;udk rdrdwdkY oufqdkif&m bmompum;jzifh bmomjyefqdk avhusifh&ef

jzpfonf/

51

tcef; 7

jrefrmemrftxl;jyKrsm;

7? 1/ jrefrmbmompum;wGif tif'dkOa&my bmompum;rsm;uJhodkY emrftxl;jyK

pum;vkH;ppfppf[lí r&Sday/ emrftxl;jyKrsm;jzpf&ef oufqdkif&memrfpum;vkH;ESifh

tjcm; pum;vkH;rsm;? pum;vkH;pkrsm;udk vdktyfovdk wGJqufay;&onf/ ,if;odkY

wGJquf&mwGif txl;jyK cH&rnfh emrf\ aemufrSvnf;aumif;? a&SUrSvnf;aumif;

wGJqufEdkifonf/

om"u-

yef;

rdef;r

vl

pmtkyf

um;

[laom emrfpum;vkH;rsm;udk tjyma&mif? vS? qdk;? xlxl? ukefwif [laom

pum;vkH;rsm;jzifh a&SUrS? aemufrS wGJqufay;Edkifonf/ ,if;odkY wGJqufvdkufjcif;jzifh

tjyma&mif yef;

rdef;r vS

vl qdk;

pmtkyf xlxl

ukefwif um;

[laom emrfyk'fpkrsm; jzpfvmonf/ þ wGif tjyma&mif (emrf)? vS(Bud,m)?

qdk;(Bud,m)? xlxl(ESpfxyfjyKBud,m)? ukefwif(aygif;pyfBud,m) [laom pum;vkH;wdkY

onf yef;? rdef;r? vl? pmtkyf? um; [laom emrfpum;vkH;rsm;udk txl;jyKay;aom

pum;vkH;rsm; jzpfvmMuonf/

52

,if;odkY pum;vkH;rsm;jzifh oufqdkif&memrfudk txl;jyKay;EdkifouJhodkY

Bud,mrsm;udk wJh(aom)? r,fh aemufqufrsm;ESifh wGJum oufqdkif&memrf\ a&SUrS

yl;wGJay;jcif;jzifh xdkoufqdkif&merfudk txl;jyKay;Edkifonf/

om"u-

yef;

rdef;r

vl

pmtkyf

um;

[laom emrfpum;vkH;rsm;udk jym? vS? qdk;? xl? ukefwif [laom Bud,mrsm;ü wJh? r,fh

[laom aemufqufrsm;qufum a&SUrS yl;wGJay;jcif;jzifh

jymwJh(aom)yef;

vSwJh(aom)rdef;r

qdk;r,fhvl

xlwJh(aom)pmtkyf

ukefwifr,fhum;

[laom emrfyk'fpkrsm; jzpfvmonf/ þ wGif jymwJh(aom)? vSwJh(aom)? qdk;r,fh?

xlwJh(aom)? ukefwifr,fh wdkYonf emrftxl;jyKyk'fpkrsm; jzpfonf/ þ odkYaom

emrftxl;jyKyk'fpkrsm;rSm oufqdkif&m txl;jyKcHemrf\ a&SUüom &Sd&ygonf/

7? 3/ Bud,mpum;vkH;rsm;udk a&SUquf ]]t}}udk qufay;jcif;jzifh Bud,memrf

&vmEdkifonf/

om"u-

a&SUquf Bud,m Bud,memrf

t jref tjref

53

t iSm; tiSm;

xdkemrfudk txl;jyKcHemrf\ a&SUwGif xm;jcif;jzifhvnf; emrftxl;jyK jzpfvmEdkifonf/

om"u-

tjrefum;

tiSm;,mOf

7? 4/ pum;vkH;rsm;jzifh emrfpum;vkH;rsm;udk txl;jyK&mwGif ar;cGef;pum;vkH;rsm;jzifh

vnf; txl;jyKEdkifonf/ tokH;jyKaom ar;cGef;pum;vkH;rSm ]bm} jzpfonf/

xdkpum;vkH;udk oufqdkif&m a,bk,semrfwpfckck\ a&SUwGif xm;í tar;0gus jyK

vkyfjcif;jzifh oufqdkif&memrfudk txl;jyKonfh emrftxl;jyKykHpH &vmonf/

om"u-

bmpmtkyf (ar;/ tJ'g bmpmtkyfvJ/^ ajz/ tJ'g t*Fvdyfpmtkyfyg/)

bmvlrsKd; (ar;/ tJ'g bmvlrsKd;vJ/^ ajz/ tJ'g jrefrmvlrsKd;yg/)

bmum; (ar;/ tJ'g bmum;vJ/^ ajz/ tJ'g *syefum;yg/ (*syefEdkifiHu

jyKvkyfaomum;)

þ wGif ]]bm}}[lonfh tar;pum;vkH;onf t"duemrfudk txl;jyKonfh emrf odkYr[kwf

emr0daooeyk'fpk (om"u- *syefEdkifiHu jyKvkyfaom)udk &nfnTef;ygonf/

7? 5/ emrfukd txl;jyKaom tar;pum; tjcm;wpfckrSm ]]b,f}} jzpfonf/ ]]b,f}}udk

tokH;jyKí emrftxl;jyK tjzpf tar;0gus jyKvkyf&müvnf; ]]bm}}uJhodkYyif oufqdkif&m

a,bk,semrfwpfckck\ a&SUwGif ]]b,f}}udk xm;í tar;0gus jyKvkyfjcif;jzifh

oufqdkif&memrfudk txl;jyKonfh emrftxl;jyKykHpH &vmonf/

54

om"u-

b,fpmtkyf (ar;/ b,fpmtkyfvJ/^ ajz/ t*Fvdyfpmtkyfyg/^ rSwfcsuf/

tjcm;bmompum;jzifh a&;xm;aom pmtkyfrsm; jzpfEdkifonf/)

b,fvl (ar;/ b,fvlvJ/^ ajz/ xdkifaewJh vlyg/ rSwfcsuf/ tjcm;vlrsm;rSm

rwfwyf&yfaumif; &yfaernf/)

b,fum; (ar;/ b,fum;vJ/^ ajz/ teDa&mifum;yg/^ rSwfcsuf/

tjcm;um;rsm;rSm tjcm;ta&mifrsm; jzpfEdkifonf/)

þ wGif tar;pum; ]]b,f}}onf oufqdkif&m t"duemrfudk txl;jyK&mü a½G;cs,f

txl;jyKonfh emrftxl;jyKykHpHjzpfonf/ ]]b,f}}onfvnf; ]]bm}}uJhodkYyif tajzü emrf

(om"u- t*Fvdyf) odkYr[kwf emr0daooeyk'fpk (om"u- xdkifaewJh)udk

&nfnTef;ygonf/

55

tcef; 8

jrefrm Bud,mtxl;jyKpum;vkH;rsm;

8? 1/ jrefrmbmompum;wGif Bud,mtxl;jyKpum;vkH;[lí oD;jcm; r&Sday/ rl&if;

Bud,mpum;vkH;udk ESpfxyfjyKí vnf;aumif;? Bud,mwGif aemufrS^ a&SUrS ypönf;

wpfckckudk qufí vnf;aumif; Bud,mtxl;jyKpum;vkH;rsm; jyKvkyfEdkifonf/

om"u-

Bud,m Bud,mtxl;jyK (ESpfxyfjyKBud,m)

jref jrefjref

Mum MumMum

pm;aomuf pm;pm;aomufaomuf

ajymqdk ajymajymqdkqdk

Bud,m ypönf; Bud,mtxl;jyK

vsifjref pGm vsifjrefpGm

vsifjref t tvsiftjref

xdkBud,mtxl;jyKrsm;udk tokH;jyKí atmufygtwdkif; Bud,mrsm;udk txl;jyKEdkifonf/

om"u-

jrefjref oGm;

MumMum tdyf

pm;pm;aomufaomuf vkyf

ajymajymqdkqdk ae

vsifjrefpGm a&;

tvsiftjref ajy;

56

8? 2/ ae&mjy? tcsdefjyypönf;rsm;udk qufxm;aom emrfyk'frsm;onfvnf; 0gus

twGif; Bud,mtxl;jyKwm0efudk xrf;aqmifwwfMuonf/

om"u-

raeYu vmw,f/

tdrfay:u Munfhw,f/

57

tcef; 9

jrefrm ypönf;pum;vkH;rsm;

9? 1/ jrefrm ypönf;pum;vkH;rsm;udk t"dutm;jzifh ESpfrsKd; cGJjcm;Edkifonf/ wpfrsKd;rSm

pum;vkH;zGJYykH&Sd ypönf;pum;vkH;trsKd;tpm; jzpfí usefwpfrsKd;rSm 0guszGJUykH&Sd ypönf;pum;

vkH;trsKd;tpm; jzpfonf/

9? 2/ pum;vkH;zGJYykH&Sd ypönf;pum;vkH;trsKd;tpm;rsm;wGif emrfajymif;ypönf;ESifh Bud,m

txl;jyKajymif;ypönf;[lí ESpfrsKd;awGUEdkifonf/

9? 3/ emrfajymif; ypönf;rsm;rSm ]]t? rI? jcif;? csuf? zG,f? p&m}}ponfwdkY jzpfonf/ xdk

ypönf;rsm;udk Bud,mESifh qufay;jcif;jzifh jrefrm emrfpum;vkH;rsm; &vmonf/ ]]t}}

wpfckwnf;udkom Bud,m\ a&SUu qufí usefypönf;rsm;udk Bud,m\ aemufu xm;

í quf&onf/

om"u-

]]t}} Bud,m emrf

t vkyf tvkyf

t jym tjym

t vGrf; tvGrf;

t usKd; tusKd;

58

Bud,m ypönf; emrf

ausmfMum; rI ausmfMum;rI

vGwfvyf jcif; vGwfvyfjcif;

tm;om csuf tm;omcsuf

aysmf&Tif zG,f aysmf&TifzG,f

ae p&m aep&m

9? 4/ Bud,mtxl;jyKajymif; ypönf;rsm;rSm a&SUquf ]]t}}vnf; jzpfEdkifonf/

Bud,mudk ]]t}} a&SUqufí jzpfvmaom emrfudk &Hcgü 0guswGif;&Sd oufqdkif&m

Bud,m\ a&SUwGif xm;jcif;jzifh xdkemrfonf xdk0gustwGif; Bud,mtxl;jyKwm0efudk

xrf;aqmifay;onf/

om"u-

tjref oGm;onf/

tiSm; armif;onf/

tjcm; Bud,mtxl;jyKajymif;ypönf;tjzpf okH;aom pum;vkH;rsm;rSm wpfvkH;wnf;

qufjcif;rsKd; r[kwfbJ ESpfvkH;tpkHvdkuf qufjcif;rsKd; jzpfonf/ ,if; Bud,mtxl;jyK

ajymif;ypönf;tpkHwdkYrSm ]]u – u – ? w – w – ? y – y---? A---A---? r---r – ? r –

w – ? t – t – ? t – w – ? c - c - ? p - p - ? Z – Z - ? ' – ' - ? e – e - ?

t - p - }} ponfwdkY jzpfonf/ ,if; Bud,mtxl;jyKajymif;ypönf;tpkHrsm;udk ESpfvkH;wGJ

Bud,mrsm;\ a&SUESifh Mum;wGif qufay;jcif;jzifh Bud,mtxl;jyKrsm; jzpfvmonf/

59

om"u-

Bud,m ypönf; Bud,mtxl;jyK

acsmfcRwf

wdrf;yg;

u – u – uacsmfucRwf

uwdrf;uyg;

uGJjym;

crf;em;?

w – w - wuGJwjym;

wcrf;wem;?

&rf;wm

vkwfavmif;

y – y –- y&rf;ywm

yvkwfyavmif;

½kef;&if;

avmif;vJ

A – A –- A½kef;A&if;

Aavmif;AvJ

a&&m

tyf&m

r – r – ra&r&m

rtyfr&m

cdkY½dkU

wefq

r – w – rcdkYw½dkU

rwefwq

BuHpnf

aESmifh,Suf

t – t – tBuHtpnf

taESmifht,Suf

yljyif;

a&m0if

t – w – tylwjyif;

ta&mw0if

aemfeJY c - c - caemfceJY

60

Edk;eJY cEdk;ceJY

Edk;aemifh p - p - pEdk;paemifh

Za0Z0g Z – Z - Za0Z0g

,D;,dkif

,drf;,dkif

' – ' - ',D;',dkif

',drf;',dkif

armfrJh e – e - earmferJh

½dk&J t - p z½dkz&J

9? 5/ 0guszGJU&mü tokH;jyKaom ypönf;rsmudk a,bk,stm;jzifh emrfypönf;ESifh Bud,m

ypönf;[lí ESpfrsKd; cGJjcm;Edkifonf/

9? 6/ 0guszGJU&mü tokH;jyKaom emrfypönf;rsm;rSm tajccHtm;jzifh uwåm;ypönf;?

uHypönf;ESifh tjznfhyk'fypönf; [lí 3 rsKd; &Sdonf/

9? 7/ uwåm;ypönf;rsm;rSm tajympum;wGif ]]u? [m}}wdkYudk okH;í

ta&;pum;wGif ]]onf? u? rSm? um;}}wdkYudk tokH;jyKonf/

om"u-

emrf (uwåm;) ypönf; tokH;jyKykH

tajympum; q&m u

[m

q&mu

q&m[m

61

emrf (uwåm;) ypönf; tokH;jyKykH(uwåm;yk'f)

ta&;pum; q&m onf

u

rSm

um;

q&monf

q&mu

q&mrSm

q&mum;

9? 8/ uHypönf;rSm tajympum;ESifh ta&;pum; ESpfckvkH;wGif ]]udk}}udk tokH;jyK onf/

om"u-

emrf (uH) ypönf; tokH;jyKykH(uHyk'f)

tajym^ta&;pum; q&m

ausmif;

tdrf

aq;½kH

udk

q&mhudk

ausmif;udk

tdrfudk

aq;½kHudk

9? 9/ tjznfhyk'fqdkonfrSm jrefrm0gustwGif; t"duemrfESifh t"duBud,m

wdkY\ qufpyfí 0guszGJU&mü t"dyÜm,ft& jznfhpGufay;&aomyk'f jzpfonf/

tjznfhyk'frsm;onf emrfyk'frsm;aomfvnf;aumif; 0guscGJrsm;aomfvnf;aumif; jzpfEdkif

rSwfcsuf/ / vlyk*¾dKvfwdkY\ trnf^tac:ta0:rsm;ESifh uHyk'fypönf; ]]udk}}udk wGJpyf

ajymqdk&mwGif xdk vlyk*¾dKvfwdkY\ trnf^tac:ta0:rsm;wGif ]] –m ? a- ? –drf ? –kH }} ponfh

oHajyo&rsm;jzifh tqkH;owfygu xdkoHajyo&wGif ]]atmufujrpf ( -h ) udk xnfhí ajymqdkavh

&Sdonf/

62

onf/ xdkYaMumifh tjznfhyk'fypönf;qdkonfrSm xdkyk'fwdkY\ aemufqufypönf;rsm;

jzpfonf/ emrfyk'frsm;rSm rsm;aomtm;jzifh ae&mjyyk'frsm;? tcsdefjyyk'frsm;? taMumif;jy

yk'frsm; ponfwdkYonf tjznfhyk'frsm; jzpfMuonf/ tjznfh0guscGJrsm;rSm taMumif;jy

0guscGJykHpHESifh txl;jyK0guscGJykHpHwdkY jzpfonf/ þ tjznfhyk'fypönf;rsm;\ om"ursm;udkrl

þ ae&mwGif rjyawmhyg/ tcef; 14 jrefrm0guswnfaqmufrItajccHykHoP²mefrsm;

a&mufrS wpfygwnf; jyxm;rnf/

9? 10/ 0guszGJU&mü tokH;jyKaom ypönf;rsm;rSm emrftxl;jyKyk'fajymif;ypönf;? Bud,m

txl;jyKyk'fajymif;ypönf;ESifh Bud,myk'fypönf;[lí 3 rsKd; &Sdonf/ emrftxl;jyKyk'f

ajymif;ypönf;qdk&mwGif emrftxl;jyKpum;vkH;tqifh r[kwfawmhbJ 0guszGJU&mü emrf

txl;jyKyk'f\ aemufquftjzpf tokH;jyKaom ypönf;rsm;udk qdkvdkonf/ xdkYtwl

Bud,mtxl;jyKyk'fajymif;ypönf; qdkonfrSmvnf; Bud,mtxl;jyKpum;vkH;tqifh

r[kwfawmhbJ 0guszGJU&mü Bud,mtxl;jyKyk'f\ aemufquftjzpf tokH;jyKaom

ypönf;rsm;udk qdkvdkonf/ Bud,myk'fypönf;qdkonfrSmrl 0guswpfck&Sd t"du

Bud,myk'f\ aemufqufypönf;udk qdkvdkygonf/ ,if;wdkY\ om"ursm;udkvnf; tcef;

14 jrefrm 0guswnfaqmufrItajccHykHoP²mefrsm; a&mufrS wpfygwnf; jyxm;rnf/

63

tcef; 10

pum;qufrsm;

10? 1/ jrefrmpum;udk ajymqdk&mwGif pum;tquftpyftwGif; tokH;jyKaom

pum;qufykHpHrsm; &Sdonf/ ,if;wdkYudk tajymESifh ta&; ESpfrsKd; ,SofwGJjyxm;onf/

om"u-

tajym ta&;

'gayr,fh odkYayr,fh EdkYayr,fh odkYaomf odkY&mwGif^ odkYaomfvnf;

uRefawmf Adkufrqmbl;/ 'gayr,fh

xrif;pm;r,f/

uRefawmf Adkufrqmyg/ odkYaomf xrif;pm;

rnf/

'gaMumifh xdkYaMumifh odkYjzpfí

ol &efukefudk ra&mufzl;bl;/ 'gaMumifh

vrf; rodbl;/

ol &efukefudk ra&mufzl;yg/ xdkYaMumifh

vrf; rodyg/

'ghtjyif^ 'djyif ('gtjyif^'Dtjyif) xdkYtjyif^ xdkUjyif

rEÅav;udk oGm;r,f/ 'ghtjyif awmifBuD;

vnf; oGm;OD;r,f/

rEÅav;udk oGm;rnf/ xdkYtjyif awmifBuD;

vnf; oGm;OD;rnf/

r[kwf&if r--Bud,m--ygu

araru olUudk cspfw,f/ r[kwf&if

olUudk ½dkufrSmaygh/

araru olUudk cspfonf/ rcspfygu olUudk

½dkufvdrfhrnf/

ayr,fh aomfvnf;

azaz ajymayr,fh ol em;raxmifbl;/ azaz ajymaomfvnf; ol em;raxmifyg/

64

&if vQif

q&m ajym&if aumif;r,f/ q&m ajymvQif aumif;rnf/

rS rS

q&mr vmrS pma&;w,f/ q&mr vmrS pma&;onf/

r--Bud,m--bJ r--Bud,m--bJ

ausmif;roGm;bJ upm;aew,f/ ausmif;roGm;bJ upm;aeonf/

r--Bud,m--cif r--Bud,m--cif

&efukefudk rajymif;cif jynfrSm aecJhw,f/ &efukefudk rajymif;cif jynfrSm aecJhonf/

atmif atmif

vlawG odatmif ajymxm;NyD/ vlawG odatmif ajymxm;NyD/

vdkY í

rdk;½GmvddkY zm;atmfw,f/ rdk;½Gmí zm;atmfonf/

zdkY rvdkY &ef^ &eftvdkYiSm

oli,fcsif;eJY awGUzdkY csdef;xm;w,f/ oli,fcsif;eJY awGU&ef csdef;xm;onf/

65

tcef; 11

jrefrm0gusrsm; 1

11? 1/ jrefrm0gusykHpHonf ]]emrf+Bud,m}}ykHpH jzpfonf/

om"u-

udkudk oGm;w,f/

uav; idkw,f/

arar vmNyD/

azaz pm;r,f/

rr rajymbl;/

11? 2/ qufvufí jrefrm0gusrsm;udk jy&mü tar;tajz0gusrsm;jzifh jyxm;onfudk

awGU&rnf/ awGY&rnfh tajccH tar;ykHpHrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfonf/ a&S;OD;pGm

tar;pum;vkH; ]]bm}} udk tokH;jyKí ar;onfh tar;udk jyefvnf ajyqdkonfh azmfjy

csuf tajzykHpHrsm;udk wifjyxm;onf/

(1) bmvJ/

(2) 'g^'D[m bmvJ/

(3) tJ'g^tJ'D[m bmvJ/

(4) [dk[m^[dku[m bmvJ/

(5) (cifAsm;^ol) bm vkyfvJ^ovJ/

(6) (cifAsm;^ol) bm vkyfrvJ^rSmvJ/

(7) (cifAsm;^ol) bmeJY pm;ovJ^rvJ/

66

11? 3/ ]]bmvJ}} [laom ar;cGef;twGuf emrfwpfckckudk ]yg}[laom tqufypönf;jzifh

aemufrS qufay;jcif;jzifh vdktyfaom tajzykHpH 0guswpfck &vmonf/ ,if;0gusykHpH

udk [lí jyEdkifonf/

om"u-

ar;/ bmvJ/

ajz/ pmtkyfyg/

cJwHyg/

um;yg/

puúLyg/

tdrfyg/

11? 4/ ]]'g^'D[m bmvJ]] [laom ar;cGef;twGuf emrfwpfckckudk a&SUrS

ar;cGef;yg ]'g^'D[m} udk xm;um? aemufrS ]yg} [laom tqufypönf;jzifh

qufay;jcif;jzifh vdktyf aom tajzykHpH 0guswpfck &vmonf/ ,if;0gusykHpH udk

[lí jyEdkifonf/

om"u-

ar;/ 'g^'D[m bmvJ/

ajz/ 'g^'D[m pmtkyfyg/

'g^'D[m cJwHyg/

'g^'D[m um;yg/

'g^'D[m puúLyg/

'g^'D[m tdrfyg/

emrf + yg

'g^'D[m + emrf + yg

67

11? 5/ ]]tJ'g^tJ'D[m bmvJ]] [laom ar;cGef;twGuf emrfwpfckckudk a&SUrS

ar;cGef;yg ]tJ'g^tJ'D[m} udk xm;um? aemufrS ]yg} [laom tqufypönf;jzifh

qufay;jcif;jzifh vdktyf aom tajzykHpH 0guswpfck &vmonf/ ,if;0gusykHpH udk

[lí jyEdkifonf/

om"u-

ar;/ tJ'g^tJ'D[m bmvJ/

ajz/ tJ'g^tJ'D[m pmtkyfyg/

tJ'g^tJ'D[m cJwHyg/

tJ'g^tJ'D[m um;yg/

tJ'g^tJ'D[m puúLyg/

tJ'g^tJ'D[m tdrfyg/

11? 6/ ]][dk[m^[dku[m bmvJ]] [laom ar;cGef;twGuf emrfwpfckckudk a&SUrS

ar;cGef;yg ][dk[m^[dku[m} udk xm;um? aemufrS ]yg} [laom tqufypönf;jzifh

qufay;jcif;jzifh vdktyfaom tajzykHpH 0guswpfck &vmonf/ ,if;0gusykHpH udk

[lí jyEdkifonf/

om"u-

ar;/ [dk[m^[dku[m bmvJ/

ajz/ [dk[m^[dku[m ausmif;yg/

[dk[m^[dku[m wHwm;yg/

[dk[m^[dku[m aps;yg/

[dk[m^[dku[m rD;yGdKifhyg/

[dk[m^[dku[m opfyifyg/

[dk[m^[dku[m + emrf + yg

tJ'g^tJ'D[m + emrf + yg

68

11? 7/ ]] (cifAsm;^ol) bmvkyfvJ^ovJ}} [laom ar;cGef;onf tar;cH&ol

\ tvkyfudk ar;jcif;jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh tar;cH&olonf ajzqdkol ukd,fwdkif

aomfvnf;aumif;? tjcm;wpfOD;OD;aomfvnf;aumif; jzpfEdkifonf/ xdkYaMumifh þ

ar;cGef;udk ajzqdk&mwGif rdrdtwGufqdkygu qDavsmf&m emrfpm;udk tokH;jyK&rnf/

tjcm;oltwGuf qdkygu ol odkYr[kwf xdkol\emrnftokH;jyKí ajymEdkifonf/

xdkYaMumifh þ ar;cGef;twGuf tajz 0gusykHpHudk

[lí jyEdkifonf/

om"u-

ar;/ (cifAsm;^ol) bm vkyfvJ^ovJ/

ajz/ (uRefawmf^ol) ausmif;q&myg/

(uRefawmf^ol) q&m0efyg/

(uRefawmf^ol) pma&;yg/

(uRefawmf^ol) ½kyf&Sifrif;om;yg/

(uRefawmf^ol) tqdkawmfyg/

11? 8/ ]](cifAsm;^ol) bm vkyfrvJ^rSmvJ/}} [laom ar;cGef;onf tar;cH&ol

\ tvkyfudk ar;jcif;jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh tar;cH&olonf ajzqdkol ukd,fwdkif

aomfvnf;aumif;? tjcm;wpfOD;OD;aomfvnf;aumif; jzpfEdkifonf/ xdkYaMumifh þ

ar;cGef;udk ajzqdk&mwGif rdrdtwGufqdkygu qDavsmf&m emrfpm;udk tokH;jyK&rnf/

tjcm;oltwGuf qdkygu ol odkYr[kwf xdkol\emrnftokH;jyKí ajymEdkifonf/

xdkYaMumifh þ ar;cGef;twGuf tajz 0gusykHpHudk

[lí jyEdkifonf/ þ tajzykHpHwGif yg0ifaom Bud,mtwGuf ar;cGef;wGif yg0ifonfh

Bud,mudkyif jyefí tokH;jyK&onf/

uRefawmf^ol + emrf + yg

uRefawmf^ol + emrf + Bud,m + r,f^rSm

69

om"u-

ar;/ (cifAsm;^ol) bm vkyfrvJ/

ajz/ (uRefawmf^ol) ausmif;q&m vkyfr,f/

ar;/ (cifAsm;^ol) bm pm;rSmvJ/

ajz/ (uRefawmf^ol) xrif; pm;rSm/

ar;/ (cifAsm;^ol) bm MunfhrvJ/

ajz/ (uRefawmf^ol) ½kyf&Sif Munfhr,f/

ar;/ (cifAsm;^ol) bm zwfrSmvJ/

ajz/ (uRefawmf^ol) uAsm zwfrSm/

ar;/ (cifAsm;^ol) bm aMumfrvJ/

ajz/ (uRefawmf^ol) 0ufom; aMumfr,f/

11? 9/ ]](cifAsm;^ol) bmeJY pm;ovJ^rvJ/}} [laom ar;cGef;onf tar;cH&ol

twGuf wpfpkHwpf&mudk jyKvkyf&mü rnfhonfht&m(emrf)udk tokH;jyKonfudk odvdkí

ar;jcif;jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh tar;cH&olonf ajzqdkol ukd,fwdkif aomfvnf;aumif;?

tjcm;wpfOD;OD;aomfvnf;aumif; jzpfEdkifonf/ þ ar;cGef;udk ajzqdk&mwGif rdrdtwGuf

qdkygu qDavsmf&m emrfpm;udk tokH;jyK&rnf/ tjcm;oltwGuf qdkygu ol odkYr[kwf

xdkol\emrnftokH;jyKí ajymEdkifonf/ þ ar;cGef;udk ajzqdk&mwGif ta&;BuD;aom

tcsufrSm ]eJY] [lonfh pum;vkH;udk rdrdajzqdkonfh emrfESifh uyfxm;&efjzpfonf/

xdkYaMumifh tajz0gusykHpHudk

[lí jyEdkifonf/ þ tajzykHpHwGif yg0ifaom Bud,mtwGuf ar;cGef;wGif yg0ifonfh

Bud,mudkyif jyefí tokH;jyK&onf/

om"u-

ar;/ (cifAsm;^ol) bmeJY pm;ovJ/

ajz/ (uRefawmf^ol) uifcsDeJY pm;w,f/

uRefawmf^ol + emrf + eJY + Bud,m + w,f^r,f

70

ar;/ (cifAsm;^ol) bmeJY oGm;rvJ/

ajz/ (uRefawmf^ol) bwfpum;eJY oGm;r,f/

ar;/ (cifAsm;^ol) bmeJY ydkYovJ/

ajz/ (uRefawmf^ol) tD;ar;eJY ydkYw,f/

ar;/ (cifAsm;^ol) bmeJY tdyfrvJ/

ajz/ (uRefawmf^ol) ukwifeJY tdyfr,f/

ar;/ (cifAsm;^ol) bmeJY azsmfovJ/

ajz/ (uRefawmf^ol) EdkYqDeJY azsmfw,f/

ar;/ (cifAsm;^ol) bmeJY ½dkufovJ/

ajz/ (uRefawmf^ol) wkwfeJY ½dkufw,f/

ar;/ (cifAsm;^ol) bmeJY jyefrvJ/

ajz/ (uRefawmf^ol) wuúpDeJY jyefr,f/

71

tcef; 12

jrefrm0gusrsm; 2

12? 1/ qufvufí tar;pum;vkH; ]]b,f}} udk tokH;jyKí ar;onfh tar;udk

jyefvnf ajyqdkonfh azmfjycsuf tajzykHpHrsm;udk wifjyxm;onf/

(1) (cifAsm;^ol) b,fol vJ/

(2) b,f^b,fudk vJ/

(3) b,fu vJ/

(4) b,frSm^b,fr vJ/

(5) b,fawmh vJ/

(6) b,fwkef;u vJ/

(7) b,favmuf vJ/

12? 2/ ]](cifAsm;^ol) b,fol vJ/}} [laom ar;cGef;onf tar;cH&ol\ emrnf

odkYr[kwf tvkyftudkif odkYr[kwf vlrsKd; ponfudk odkvdkí ar;onfh ar;cGef; jzpfonf/

xdkar;cGef;twGuf tajzykHpHrSm

[lonfh 0gusykHpH jzpfonf/

om"u-

ar;/ (cifAsm;^ol) b,fol vJ/

ajz/ uRefawmf udkatmifaqG yg/

ar;/ (cifAsm;^ol) b,fol vJ/

ajz/ ol udkydkifZ yg/

(uRefawmf^ol) + emrf(emrnf^tvkyftudkif vlrsKd;) + yg

72

ar;/ (cifAsm;^ol) b,fol vJ/

ajz/ ol roEÅm yg/

ar;/ (cifAsm;^ol) b,fol vJ/

ajz/ ol udk&D;,m;vlrsKd; yg/

ar;/ (cifAsm;^ol) b,fol vJ/

ajz/ uRefawmf ausmif;om; yg/

ar;/ (cifAsm;^ol) b,fol vJ/

ajz/ ol pma&;q&m yg/

ar;/ (cifAsm;^ol) b,fol vJ/

ajz/ ol tar&duefvlrsKd; q&m0ef yg/

12? 3/ ]]b,f^b,fudk vJ/}} [laom ar;cGef;onf tar;cH&ol OD;wnfoGm;onfh

ae&mudk odvdkí ar;onfh ar;cGef; jzpfonf/ xdkar;cGef;twGuf tajzykHpHrSm

[lí jzpfonf/ Bud,myk'ftxl;jyKypönf; ]yg} udk xnfhvQifvnf; &onf/ rxnfhvQif

vnf; &onf/

om"u-

ar;/ b,f^b,fudk vJ/

ajz/ ausmif; udk (yg)/

aps; udk (yg)/

tdrf udk (yg)/

aq;½kH udk (yg)/

½kyf&Sif½kH udk (yg)/

pmMunfhwdkuf udk (yg)/

pm;aomufqdkif udk (yg)/

emrf (ae&m) + udk ± (yg)

73

12? 4/ ]]b,fu vJ/}} [laom ar;cGef;onf tar;cH&ol xGufcGmvm&m ae&m

odkYr[kwf aexdkif&mae&m^t&yfa'o^EdkifiH ponfudk odvdkí ar;onfh ar;cGef; jzpf

onf/ xdkar;cGef;twGuf tajzykHpHrSm

[lí jzpfonf/ Bud,myk'ftxl;jyKypönf; ]yg} udk xnfhvQifvnf; &onf/ rxnfhvQif

vnf; &onf/

om"u-

ar;/ ar;/ b,fu vJ/

ajz/ ausmif; u (yg)/

aq;½kH u (yg)/

av,mOfuGif; u (yg)/

NrdKUxJ u (yg)/

EdkifiHjcm; u (yg)/

&efuif; u (yg)/

udk&D;,m; u (yg)/

jrefrmjynf u (yg)/

&Srf;jynf u (yg)/

&cdkif u (yg)/

12? 5/ ]]b,frSm^b,fr vJ/}} [laom ar;cGef;onf tar;cH&ol odEdkifonfh oufrJh

odkYr[kwf ouf&Sdt&mwpfckck &Sdaeonfh ae&m odkYr[kwf aexdkif&mae&m^ t&yf

a'o^ EdkifiH ponfudk odvdkí ar;onfh ar;cGef; jzpf onf/ xdkar;cGef;twGuf

tajzykHpHrSm

emrf (ae&m) + u ± (yg)

emrf (ae&m) + rSm ± (yg)

74

[lí jzpfonf/ Bud,myk'ftxl;jyKypönf; ]yg} udk xnfhvQifvnf; &onf/ rxnfhvQif

vnf; &onf/

om"u-

ar;/ b,frSm^b,fr vJ/

ajz/ ausmif; rSm (yg)/

aq;½kH rSm (yg)/

av,mOfuGif; rSm (yg)/

NrdKUxJ rSm (yg)/

EdkifiHjcm; rSm (yg)/

&efuif; rSm (yg)/

udk&D;,m; rSm (yg)/

jrefrmjynf rSm (yg)/

&Srf;jynf rSm (yg)/

&cdkif rSm (yg)/

12? 6/ ]]b,fawmh vJ/}} [laom ar;cGef;onf tar;cH&ol odEdkifonfh aemufrS

a&mufvmrnfh tcsdef

1

udk odvdkí ar;onfh ar;cGef; jzpf onf/ xdkar;cGef;udk ajzqdk

&mü vdktyfygu tcsdefem&D aeY^&ufpGJ ponfwdkYudkyg xnfhoGif; ajzqdkEdkifonf/

xdkar;cGef;twGuf tajzykHpHrSm

[lí jzpfonf/ Bud,myk'ftxl;jyKypönf; ]yg} udk xnfhvQifvnf; &onf/ rxnfhvQif

vnf; &onf/

1

tcsdefjyemrfrsm;onf wpfckxufydkí jzpfEdkifonf/ ,if;udk 0gusykHpH jy&mü (tcsdef)

e

[lí

jyxm;onf/

emrf (tcsdef)

e

± (tcsdefem&D) ± (yg)

75

om"u-

ar;/ b,fawmh vJ/

ajz/ reufjzef (yg)/

reufjzef reuf (yg)/

reufjzef nae (yg)/

reufjzef aeYv,f (yg)/

reufjzef nae 3-em&D (yg)/

aemufv 15&ufaeY aeYv,f 12-em&D (yg)/

aemufESpf 'DZifbmv (yg)/

2007-ckESpf pufwifbm 1-&ufaeY (yg)/

12? 7/ ]]b,fwkef;u vJ/}} [laom ar;cGef;onf tar;cH&ol odEdkifonfh ,cifu

tcsdef udk odvdkí ar;onfh ar;cGef; jzpf onf/ xdkar;cGef;udk ajzqdk &mü vdktyfygu

tcsdefem&D aeY^&ufpGJ ponfwdkYudkyg xnfhoGif; ajzqdkEdkifonf/ tcsdefjyemrfwdkY

\ aemufwGif ,cifujzpfysufcJhaMumif;jyypönf; odkYr[kwf twdwfjyemrf

ypönf; ]]u}}udk xnfh&onf/ tcsdefjyemrfrsm; wpfckxufydkygu tav;teufjyKvdk

aom twdwfjyemrf\ aemufwGif xdk ypönf; ]]u}}udk xnfh&onf/ tjcm;emrfwdkY

\ aemufwGif xdkypönf; ]]u}}udk rxnfhvQifvnf; &onf/ aemufqkH;emrf\ aemuf

wGif &Hcg ]]u}} tpm; ]]rS}} udk tcsdefjyypönf; tjzpf xnfhEdkifonf/ xdkar;cGef;twGuf

tajzykHpHrSm

[lí jzpfonf/ Bud,myk'ftxl;jyKypönf; ]yg} udk xnfhvQifvnf; &onf/ rxnfhvQif

vnf; &onf/

om"u-

ar;/ b,fwkef;u vJ/

ajz/ raeYu (yg)/

emrf (tcsdef)

e

+ u ± (tcsdefem&D)+ u^rSm ± (yg)

76

raeY reufu (yg)/

wpfaeYu (yg)/

raeYu aeYv,f 1-em&Du (yg)/

rESpfu pufwifbmrSm (yg)/

rESpfu Mo*kwfv 30-&ufaeYu (yg)/

2000-jynfhESpf atmufwdkbmvu (yg)/

12? 8/ ]]b,favmuf vJ/}} [laom ar;cGef;onf ta&twGuf yrmPudk odvdkí

ar;onfh ar;cGef; jzpfonf/ xdkar;cGef;udk ajzqdk &mü oufqdkif&memrfESifh qDavsmfaom

rsKd;jypum;vkH;udk emrfaemufu aomfvnf;aumif;? emrfa&SUu aomf vnf;aumif;

xnfhí ajzqdkEdkifonf/ xdkar;cGef;twGuf tajzykHpHrSm

[lí jzpfonf/ Bud,myk'ftxl;jyKypönf; ]yg} udk xnfhvQifvnf; &onf/ rxnfhvQif

vnf; &onf/

om"u-

ar;/ b,favmuf vJ/

ajz/ (vl) 3 a,muf yg/

(wd&pämef) 5 aumif yg/

(cJwH^aywH^abmyif) tacsmif; 20 yg/

(abmvkH;^pm;yGJ^xdkifckH) tvkH; 50 yg/

(ydkufqH) 5 odef; ($) yg/

emrf + rsKd;jy ± (yg)

77

tcef; 13

jrefrm0gusrsm; 3

13? 1/ þ tcef;wGif tar;pum;vkH; ]]bm}} udk tokH;jyKí ar;aom wdk;csJUar;cGef;ykHpH

ESifh tajzykHpH 0gusrsm;udk wifjyxm;onf/ tokH;rsm;aom 0gusykHpHrsm;udk azmfjy

vdkufonf/

(1) bmjzpfvdkY vJ/^ bmjzpfvdkY vmwm vJ/

(2) bmaMumifh vJ/^ bmaMumifh awGUwm vJ/

(3) bmtwGufaMumifh vJ/^ bmtwGufaMumifh ajymwmvJ/

bmvkyfzdkYaMumifh vJ/^ bmvkyfzdkYaMumifh ajymwmvJ/

(4) bmjzpf&if vJ/^ bmjzpf&if vkyfrvJ/

(5) bmudk od&rS vJ/^ bmudk od&rS vkyfrSmvJ/

(6) bmu olUudk taESmuft,Suf ay;aewmvJ/

(7) bmu ydkvS ovJ/

(8) bmeJY a&;&if ydkaumif; rvJ/

(9) bmudk pm;&if ydkoifhawmf rvJ/

þ ykHpHtcsKdUonf jrefrmbmompum;&Sd aeYpOfajymqdkrIe,fy,fwGif tokH;rsm;&m ykHtcsKdU

om jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif þ 0gusykHpHrsm;udk tokH;jyKþ ar;jref;jcif; ajzqdkjcif;rsm;

jyKwwfygu usef0gusykHpHrsm;udk qufvufavhvm&mü vG,fulpGm csOf;uyf wwf

ajrmufEdkifayvdrfhrnf/

13? 2/ ]]bmjzpfvdkY vJ/^ bmjzpfvdkY vmwm vJ/}} [laom ar;cGef;ykHpHonf ar;cGef;yg

t"du Bud,m (vm) udk jyKvkyf&onfh taMumif; odvdkí ar;jref;jcif; jzpfonf/

taMumif;jy&efrSm ykHpHrsKd;pkH jzpfEdkifonf/ t"duusaom taMumif;jyykHpHtcsKdUudk xkwfjy

xm;onf/

78

Bud,m + csif + vdkY

Bud,m + vdkY

Bud,m + atmif ± vdkY

tqdkyg taMumif;jyykHpHrsm;aemufrS ar;cGef;yg Bud,mudk qufpyfay;jcif;jzifh

vdktyfaom tajzudk &&SdEdkifonf/ Bud,myk'ftxl;jyK ypönf; ]]yg}} udk xnfhvQifvnf;

&onf/ rxnfhvQifvnf; &onf/ xdktcg vdktyfaom tajz0gusykHpHudk

[lí jyEdkifonf/

om"u-

ar;/ bmjzpfvdkY vJ/

ajz/ aeylvdkY/

ar;/ bmjzpfvdkY vmwm vJ/

ajz/ awGYcsifvdkYvmwmyg/

ar;/ bmjzpfvdkY pm;wmvJ/

ajz/ AdkufqmvdkY pm;wmyg/

ar;/ bmjzpfvdkY oGm;rSmvJ/

ajz/ a&mufzl;atmif(vdkY) oGm;rSmyg/

ar;/ bmvdkY MunfhwmvJ/

ajz/ vSvdkY Munfhwmyg/

taMumif;jyyk'f + Bud,m ± yg

79

13? 3/ ]] bmaMumifh vJ/^ bmaMumifh awGUwm vJ/}} [laom ar;cGef;ykHpHonf

ar;cGef;yg t"du Bud,m (awGU) udk jyKvkyf&onfh taMumif; odvdkí ar;jref;jcif;

jzpfonf/ taMumif;jy&efrSm ykHpHrsKd;pkH jzpfEdkifonf/ t"duusaom taMumif;jyykHpH

tcsKdUudk xkwfjy xm;onf/

Bud,m + csif + vdkY

Bud,m + vdkY

Bud,m + atmif ± vdkY

tqdkyg taMumif;jyykHpHrsm;aemufrS ar;cGef;yg Bud,mudk qufpyfay;jcif;jzifh

vdktyfaom tajzudk &&SdEdkifonf/ Bud,myk'ftxl;jyK ypönf; ]]yg}} udk xnfhvQifvnf;

&onf/ rxnfhvQifvnf; &onf/ xdktcg vdktyfaom tajz0gusykHpHudk

[lí jyEdkifonf/ (15? 2/ yg ykHpHESifhtwlwl jzpfygonf/)

13? 4/ ]] bmtwGufaMumifh vJ/^ bmtwGufaMumifh ajymwmvJ/}} [laom

ar;cGef;ykHpHonf ar;cGef;yg t"du Bud,m (ajym) udk jyKvkyf&onfh taMumif; odvdkí

ar;jref;jcif; jzpfonf/ taMumif;jy&efrSm ykHpHrsKd;pkH jzpfEdkifonf/ ]]bmvkyfzdkYaMumifh vJ/^

bmvkyfzdkYaMumifh ajymwmvJ/}} [laom ar;cGef;ykHpHonf ar;cGef;yg t"du Bud,m

(ajym) udk jyKvkyf&onfh taMumif; odvdkí ar;jref;jcif; jzpfonf/

taMumif;jy&mwGifrl ]]bmvkyfzdkY}} [lí ar;xm;onfhtwGuf rdrdjyKvkyfcsifonfh

Bud,mudk ]]zdkY}} ESifh wGJay;&aom taMumif;jyykHpHrsKd;pkH jzpfEdkifonf/ t"duusaom

taMumif;jyykHpH tcsKdUudk xkwfjy xm;onf/

Bud,m + csif + vdkY

Bud,m + vdkY

Bud,m + atmif ± vdkY

taMumif;jyyk'f + Bud,m ± yg

80

Bud,m + zdkY

]]Bud,m + vdkYaMumifh}}

tqdkyg taMumif;jyykHpHrsm;aemufrS ar;cGef;yg Bud,mudk qufpyfay;jcif;jzifh

vdktyfaom tajzudk &&SdEdkifonf/ Bud,myk'ftxl;jyK ypönf; ]]yg}} udk xnfhvQifvnf;

&onf/ rxnfhvQifvnf; &onf/ xdktcg vdktyfaom tajz0gusykHpHudk

[lí jyEdkifonf/ þ wGif ]]Bud,m + zdkY}} ESifh ]]Bud,m + vdkYaMumifh}} taMumif;jyykHpHjzifh

ajzqdkaom tajzykHpHrsm;udkom Oyrm jyxm;onf/ ]]Bud,m + vdkYaMumifh}} ykHpH

wGif ]]aMumifh}}udk csefvSyfí vnf; ajymEdkifonf/ usefykHpHrsm;rSm (15? 2/)yg ykHpHrsm;ESifh

twlwlyif jzpfonf/

om"u-

ar;/ bmvkyfzdkYaMumifhvJ/ bmvkyfzdkYaMumifh ajymwmvJ/

ajz/ aecsifvdkY ajymwm/

ar;/ bmvkyfzdkYaMumifh ar;wmvJ/

ajz/ odcsifvdkYaMumifh ar;wmyg/

ar;/ bmvkyfzdkYaMumifh vmwmvJ/

ajz/ pm;zdkY vmwmyg/

ar;/ bmvkyfzdkY oGm;rSmvJ/

ajz/ awGUzdkY oGm;rSmyg/

ar;/ bmvkyfzdkY awGUwmvJ/

ajz/ pum;ajymzdkY awGUwmyg/

taMumif;jyyk'f + Bud,m ± yg

81

13? 5/ ]]bmjzpf&if vJ/^ bmjzpf&if vkyfrvJ/}} [laom ar;cGef;ykHpHonf ar;cGef;yg

t"duBud,m(vkyf) udk jyKvkyf&ef arQmfrSef;csuftaMumif; odvdkí ar;jref;jcif; jzpf

onf/ arQmfrSef;csuftaMumif;onf ykHpHrsKd;pkH jzpfEdkifonf/ arQmfrSef;csuftaMumif;jyykHpH

tcsKdUudk xkwfjyxm;onf/ arQmfrSef;csufykHpHudk

[lí jyEdkifonf/ ,ifarQmfrSef;csufudk ar;cGef;yg t"duBud,mESifhwGJí 0gustqkH;owf

ypönf; ]r,f}ESifh tqkH;owfay;&onf/ odkY&mwGif ,wdjywfaom arQmfrSef;csuftwGufrl

wpfcgwpf&Hü ]w,f}jzifhvnf; tqkH;owfEdkifonf/ ('kwd, tar;-tajz udk Munfhyg/)

om"u-

ar;/ bmjzpf&if vJ/^ bmjzpf&if vkyfrvJ/

ajz/ q&m0efjzpf&if/^ q&m0efjzpf&if vkyfr,f/

ar;/ bmjzpf&if auseyfrvJ/

ajz/ tif*sifeD,mjzpf&if auseyfr,f^w,f/

ar;/ bmjzpf&if ar;rvJ/

ajz/ oGm;jzpf&if ar;r,f/

ar;/ bmjzpf&if BudKufrvJ/

ajz/ aumif;&if BudKufr,f/

13? 6/ ]]bmudk od&rS vJ/^ bmudk od&rS vkyfrSmvJ/}} [laom ar;cGef;ykHpHonf

ar;cGef;yg t"duBud,m(vkyf) udk jyKvkyf&ef odvdkonfh ueOD;qEudk odvdkí ar;jref;

jcif; jzpfonf/ ,if;odvdkonfh ueOD;qEonf txl;ojzifh emrfykHpH jzpfaeaom yk'f

wpfck jzpfEdkifonf/ ,if;emrfykHpHyk'fwGif tenf;qkH; emrf odkYr[kwf Bud,mwpfck

yg&onf/ Bud,m ygygu ,if;Bud,mudk emrfyk'fajymif;ypönf; ]wm^rSm} ESifhwGJí

emrfyk'ftrSwftom;jy0guszGJUypönf; ]udk} ESifh wGJay;&onf/ ,if;ykHpHudk

emrf Bud,m+ jzpf&if

(Bud,m+ wm^rSm)^emrf + udk

82

[lí jyEdkifonf/ xdkYaMumifh tqdkyg ar;cGef;\ tajz0gusykHpHrSm

[lí jzpfonf/

om"u-

ar;/ bmudk od&rS vJ/^ bmudk od&rS vkyfrSmvJ/

ajz/ ajymwm od&rS/^ ajymwm od&rS vkyfr,f/

ar;/ bmudk od&rS auseyfrvJ/

ajz/ atmifwm od&rS auseyfr,f/

ar;/ bmudk od&rS jyefrvJ/

ajz/ tajzudk od&rS jyefr,f/

ar;/ bmudk od&rS ay;rvJ/

ajz/ ar;wmudk od&rS ay;r,f/

13? 7/ ]]bmu olUudk taESmuft,Suf ay;aewmvJ/}}? ]]bmu ydkvSovJ/}}? ]]bmeJY

a&;&if ydkaumif;rvJ/}}? ]]bmudk pm;&if ydkoifhawmfrvJ/}} [laom ar;cGef;rsm;wGif

yg&Sdaom ]]bm}}onf emrfwpfckckudk awmif;qdkaom tar;pum; jzpfonfudk owdjyKrd

ygu vdktyfaom emrfudk tajzay;í ar;cGef;ykHpHudk tajzykHpHodkY ajymif;vJvdkuf½kHom

&Sdawmhonf/

om"u-

ar;/ bmu olUudk taESmuft,Suf ay;aewmvJ/

ajz/ pmar;yGJu olUudk taESmuft,Suf ay;aewm/

ar;/ bmu ydkvSovJ/

ajz/ ESif;qDyef;u ydkvSw,f/

ueOD;qE + od&rS + vkyfr,f

83

ar;/ bmeJY a&;&if ydkaumif;rvJ/

ajz/ cJwHeJY a&;&if ydkaumif;r,f/

ar;/ bmudk pm;&if ydkoifhawmfrvJ/

ajz/ toD;tt½Gufudk pm;&if ydkoifhawmfr,f/

þ ar;cGef;ESifh tajzrsm;udk avhvmMunfhjcif;jcifh ,if;ar;cGef;rsm;yg ]]bm}}[laom

tar;pum;onf t&m0w¬KESifh oufrJhemrfrsm;udk awmif;qdkaMumif; owdjyK&rnfjzpf

onf/

84

tcef; 14

jrefrm0guswnfaqmufrI tajccHykHoP²mefrsm;

14? 1/ jrefrm0guswnfaqmufrItajccHykHoP²mefrsm;udk 0gusykHoP²mef (1)? 0gus

ykHoP²mef (2) ponfjzifh azmfjyxm;onf/ ,ckazmfjyxm;aom 0gusykHoP²mefrsm;rSm

tajccHykHoP²mefrsm;om jzpfonf/ þ tajccH0gusykHoP²mefrsm;udk rsm;rsm;avhusifhNyD;

ygu wdk;csJU0gusykHoP²mefrsm;udk rdrdbmom wnfaqmufvmEdkifvdrfhrnf/

0gusykHoP²mef 1

emrf (yk*¾vemrfpm;) emrf (trnf^

tqifh^trsKd;tpm; )

ypönf; (Bud,myk'ftxl;jyK)

uRefawmf udkav; yg/

1

ol q&m yg/

'g pmtkyf yg/

0gusykHoP²mef 2

pum;quf

(tnTef;)

emrf (emrfpm;) emrf (trnf^

tqifh^trsKd;tpm; )

ypönf;

(Bud,myk'ftxl;jyK)

'D [m pmtkyf yg/

tJ 'g q&m yg/

[dk [m um; yg/

1 rSwfcsuf/ / ]]yg}} onf Bud,myk'ftxl;jyKypönf; jzpfaomfvnf; wpfpkHwpfckonf wpfpkHwpfck

aom trnfjzpfaMumif; jyonfh tqdkyg ykHoP²mef (1) 0guswnfaqmufrIykHHoP²mefwGif 0gus

tqkH;ü 0gustqkH;owfypönf;tjzpf &SdaeEdkifonf/

85

0gusykHoP²mef 3

pum;quf

(tnTef;)

ypönf;

(ae&mjy)

emrf (trnf^

tqifh^trsKd;tpm; )

ypönf;

(Bud,myk'ftxl;jyK)

'D rSm pmtkyf yg/

tJ'D rSm q&m yg/

[dk rSm um; yg/

0gusykHoP²mef 4

emrf ^emrfpm;

(jyKvkyfol^uwåm;)

Bud,m

(jyKvkyfjcif;jy)

ypönf; (Bud,myk'f^0gus)

uRefawmf pm; w,f/

2

ol oGm; r,f/

3

q&m jyef NyD/

4

2

]]w,f}} onf twdwfumvESifh ypöKyÜefumvudkvnf; &nfnTef;onf/ wpfcgwpf&H Bud,m

\ aocsmaom tajctaeudkvnf; &nfnTef;onf/

3

]]r,f}} onf tem*wfumvudkvnf; &nfnTef;onf/ wpfcgwpf&H Bud,m\ raocsmaom tajc

taeudkvnf; &nfnTef;onf/ 4

]]NyD}} onf jzpfysufcJhNyD;aom umvESifh tajctaeudkvnf; &nfnTef;onf/ wpfcgwpf&H

Bud,m\ jzpfysufaeqJ ESifh jzpfysufcgeD; tajctaeudkvnf; &nfnTef;onf/

86

0gusykHoP²mef 5

emrf ^emrfpm;

(jyKvkyfol^uwåm;)

emrf

(tjyKvkyfcH uH)

Bud,m

(jyKvkyfjcif;jy)

ypönf;

(Bud,myk'f^0gus)

uRefawmf xrif; pm; w,f/

ol ausmif; oGm; r,f/

q&m tdrf jyef NyD/

0gusykHoP²mef 6

emrf

^emrfpm;

(jyKvkyfol^

uwåm;)

emrfypönf;

(jyKvkyfol^

uwåm;)

emrf

(tjyKvkyfcH

^uH)

emrfypönf;

(tjyKvkyfcH

^uH)

Bud,m

(jyKvkyfjcif;

jy)

ypönf;

(Bud,myk'f^

0gus)

uRefawmf

u

q&mr

udk

ar; w,f/

araru uRefr cspf w,f/

q&m tdrf jyef NyD/

olaX; tvkyform; cdkif; r,f/

87

0gusykHoP²mef 7

emrf ^emrfpm;

(&Sdol^&Sdonfhae&m)

emrfypönf;

(&Sdonfh

ae&mjy)

emrf

(t&SdcH^uH)

Bud,m

(&Sdjcif;

jy)

ypönf;

(Bud,myk'f^0gus)

uRefawmfh

5

rSm

pufbD;

&Sd

w,f/

ararh qGJBudK; w,f/

tdrf ol r,f/

olU ydkufqH NyD/

0gusykHoP²mef 8

emrf ^emrfpm;

(&Sdol^&Sdonfhae&m)

emrf

(a&SU½I&m^

ta½TUcH)

ypönf;

(a½GU&mjy)

Bud,m

(a½GUvsm;

jcif;jy)

ypönf;

(Bud,myk'f^0gus)

uRefawmf ausmif;

udk

oGm; r,f/

arar tdrf a&muf NyD/

azaz aowåm r w,f/

ol rEÅav; ajymif; r,f/

rr pm;yGJ a½TU w,f/

5

]]-h (atmufujrpf)}} onf þ ae&mwGif t"dyÜm,f taxGtxl; r&Sdyg/ &Sdonfhae&mjyypönf; ]]rSm}}

ESifh vlyk*¾dKvfjy emrf emrfpm;wdkY qufoG,f&mü xdk vlyk*¾dKvfjy emrf^emrfpm;wdkYonf oHajyo& (-m?

a- ? a-mf ? –l ? –dk ? a-mif ? ponf)wdkYESifh tqkH;owfygu ]]-h (atmufujrpf)}} udk ½Gwfqdk&

vG,fulap&ef xnfhoGif;avh&Sdonf/

88

0gusykHoP²mef 9

emrf ^emrfpm;

(&Sdol^&Sdonfhae&m)

emrf

(xGufcGm&m)

ypönf;

(xGufcGm&mjy)

Bud,m

(a½GUvsm;

jcif;jy)

ypönf;

(Bud,myk'f^0gus)

uRefawmf ausmif;

u

vm w,f/

arar tdrf oGm; NyD/

armifarmif opfyif qif; w,f/

ol tvkyf xGuf r,f/

uav; tdyf&m x NyD/

0gusykHoP²mef 10

emrf ^emrfpm;

(&Sdol^&Sdonfhae&m)

emrf

(ae&m)

ypönf;

(ae&mjy)

Bud,m

(a½GUvsm;

jcif;jy)

ypönf;

(Bud,myk'f^0gus)

uRefawmf taqmif

rSm

ae r,f/

arar rD;zdkacsmif xrif;csuf w,f/

iSuf opfyif em; w,f/

azaz ½kH; tdyf r,f/

udkudk xrif;qdkif pm; w,f/

89

aemufqufwGJ

jrefrmo'gESifhywfoufaom odrSwfp&mtcsKdU

001 Burmese is a SOV language.

acG;u armifarmifudk

S O

udkufw,f/

V

aMumifu ig;aMumfudk

S O

pm;w,f/

V

The dog bit Maung Maung.

The cat ate fried fish.

002 In a simple sentence the object is often placed between the noun and the verb.

udkxGef; um;udk

S O

armif;w,f/

V

Ko Tun drove the car.

003 The sentence marker always comes at the end of the sentence.

pm; w,f/

oGm; r,f/

vm NyD/

I ate.

I will go.

I have come.

004 The clause marker always comes at the end of a dependent clause.

olvmrS pm; r,f/ When he has come, I will eat.

005 The phrase marker always comes at the end of the phrase.

acG;u armifarmifudk

udkuf w,f/

The dog bit Maung Maung.

006 The verb phrase marker is the same as the sentence marker.

pm; w,f/

oGm; r,f/

vm NyD/

I ate.

I will go.

I have come.

007 u is always a noun phrase marker as well as a subject arker.

udkudku pmawmfw,f/

aMumifu ig;aMumfudk

pm;w,f/

Ko Ko is outstanding in his education.

The cat ate fried fish.

90

008 The object phrase marker always udk.

acG;u armifarmifudk

udkufw,f/

aMumifu ig;aMumfudk

pm;w,f/

The dog bit Maung Maung.

The cat ate fried fish.

009 When there is no sentence marker, it is the imperative voice.

pm;/

oGm;/

Eat!

Go!

010 aemfusually means “won’t you”, “can’t you”, “aren’t you”.

pm;r,faemf/ I will eat, o.k.?

011 Style markers are used sometimes at the end of a sentence to express emotion.

pm;r,f/

pm;r,fuGm/

Let’s eat. (Normal)

Let’s eat. (Friendly)

012 There are phrase, clause, sentence, and style markers in Burmese.

olUudk

awGUzdkY

vmw,f/

vmwmaygh/

Him/ her (phrase marker)

To meet (clause marker)

Come (sentence marker)

Of course (style marker)

013 When two nouns are placed together, one of them always modifies the other.

awmifuwkH;

rD;tdrf

(Mountain+ bald) bald-mountain

(Fire+house) lamp

014 When a color attribute verb is placed before the noun it modifies, the form

change.

t color a&mif

e.g. teDa&mif

Red color

015 When an adjectival verb is placed after a noun, it describes an aspect of the

noun in generic sense.

yef;eD

vlqdk;

vlBuD;

A red flower

A bad man

A big man (gentleman)

016 When the verb occurs at the end of an adjectival clause it must have wJhor r,fh.

raeYu vmwJh vl

reufjzef vmr,fh vl

The person who came yesterday

The person who will come tomorrow

91

017 Verb + aom^onfh is an adjective. (note: aom^onfh(in written) =

wJh(in spoken)

raeYu vmwJh (vl)

raeYu vmaom^onfh

(vl)

vSwJh (rdef;uav;)

vSaom^onfh

(rdef;uav;)

(The person who) came yesterday

(The person who) came yesterday

(The girl who) is beautiful

(The girl who) is beautiful

018 The topic of the sentence usually occurs first.

ol 'DaeY vmw,f/

'DaeY ol vmw,f/

He came today.

He came today.

019 Duplicating a verb usually results in an adverb.

vm vmvm

Munfhw,f/

V adv. V

jref jrefjref

ajy;w,f/

V adv. V

(He) comes often and sees (sth/sb).

(He) ran quickly.

020 Duplicating a stative verb sometimes results in an adjective.

eD eDeD

yef;eDeD

V adj. N

yl ylyl

a&aEG;ylyl

V adj. N

Reddish flower

Warm pure water or warm tea

021 When an adjectival verb occurs before a noun, it changes its form and

emphasizes that aspect of the noun.

teDa&mifyef; The red flower

022 When an adjectival verb occurs at the end of the sentence, it describes an aspect

of the noun in a specific sense.

yef; eDw,f/ The flower is red.

023 In long sentence with any attributes the subject should directly precede.

rD;zdkacsmifxJrSm

tvkyfrsm;aewJh ZeD;udk

a,musfm;u ulnDw,f/

The husband helped his wife who is busy in the

kitchen.

92

024 The marker for the subject is often omitted in spoken.

udkat;cdkif(-)

xrif;pm;w,f/

Ko Aye Khine ate rice.

025 When the subject directly precedes the verb it never has a marker.

ol tdyfNyD/ He has slept.

026 Objects have one marker udk.

uRefawmf olYudk

awGYw,f/

I met him/her.

027 A place noun is always a modifier.

udkav; pmMunfhwdkufudk

S place

oGm;w,f/

V

Ko Lay went to the library.

028 A time noun is always a modifier.

udkat;cdkif reufjzef

S time

vmr,f/

V

Ko Aye Khine will come tomorrow.

029 A verb plus t prefix always produces a noun.

t + vkyf =

prefix V

tvkyf

N

Work, job

030 Sometimes, a prefix and a verb produce an adverb.

ol tajym

S adv.

aumif;w,f/

V

He speaks good.

031 A verbal noun that precedes a stative verb form is always an adverb.

ol tajym

S adv. (n)

aumif;w,f/

V

His speaking is good.

032 A verbal noun that precedes a functive verb form is always a noun.

ol tvkyf

S N

BudK;pm;w,f/

V

He works hard.

93

ed*kH;

,cktxd wifjycJhaom taMumif;t&mrsm;rSm jrefrmpmESifh jrefrmbmompum;udk

pdwf0ifpm;pGm oif,laeMuaom (oif,lMurnfh) EdkifiHjcm;ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;

twGuf &nf½G,fí jyKpkcJhaom tajccHpum;ajym jrefrmo'gqdkif&m taMumif;t&m

rsm; jzpfonf/ þ jrefrmo'gpmtkyfi,fonf EdkifiHjcm;ausmif;olausmif;om; twGuf

omru xdkausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;udk oifjyay;Murnfh q&mq&mrrsm; twGuf

vnf; &nf½G,fygonf/

jrefbmompum;udk oifjy&mwGif taxmuftuljyK udk;um;&ef vufawGUoif

Edkif&ef pum;ajymo'gpmtkyf tweftoifh&Sdaomfvnf; ,if;tenf;i,faom o'g

pmtkyftrsm;pkrSm EdkifiHjcm;bmompum;rsm; (t*Fvdyf? *smref? *syef ponf) jzifhom

a&;xm;Muonfudk awGU&onf/ jrefrmbmomjzifh a&;xm;aom vufawGUoif Edkif&ef

o'gpmtkyfvdktyfaeonfrSm tcsdefumv twefMumcJhNyD jzpfonf/ xdkuJhodkY

MumaecJhaom tcsdefumvuGufvyfudk jznfhqnf;&ef twGuf þ o'gpmtkyfi,fudk

jyKpk&jcif; jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif xdkuGufvyfudk þ pmwpftkyfwnf;jzifh jynfhatmif

jznfhqnf;EdkifNyD[k rajymEdkifyg/ xdkuGufvyfudk tjcm;aom ynm&SifwdkYuvnf; þ

pmtkyfudk jyKpkolenf;wl qufvufí jznfhpGufay;EdkifMuvdrfhrnf[k aumif;pGm ,kHMunf

ygonf/ xdkodkY qufvufjyKpkMuOD;rnfh ynm&Sifrsm;? jrefrmbmompum;ESifh pmayudk

avhvmaeaom EdkifiHjcm;ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;? EdkifiHjcm;ausmif;ol ausmif;om;

rsm;tm; jrefrmbmompum;ESifhpmayudk oifjyay;aeMuonfh q&m q&mrrsm;

twGuf þ o'gpmtkyfi,fu wpfpkHwpf&m taxmuftul ay;Edkifrnf qdkygu þ

pmtkyfudk jyKpk&usKd;eyfygNyD/

þ jrefrmo'gpmtkyftwGuf a0zeftBuHjyKcsufrsm;udkvnf; 0rf;ajrmufpGm

arQmfvifhaeygonf/

a'gufwmudkav;

2005 ckESpf ZGefv 15 &uf

blqefNrdKU? udk&D;,m;or®wEdkifiH

94

ausmfatmifpHxm;q&mawmf? yxr/ ]]u0d-vu©Pmac: o'gy&rwf

tqkH;tjzwf usrf;}}? jrefrmo'gESpfapmifwGJ}}? [Hom0wDykHESdyfwdkuf?

&efukef? 1962/

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101