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Oral Care

Image Collection:Human Anatomy

Picture of the Teeth

2009 WebMD, LLC. All rights reserved.

The teeth are the hardest substances in the human body. Besides being essential for chewing, the teeth

play an important role in speech. Parts of the teeth include:

Enamel: The hardest, white outer part of the tooth. Enamel is mostly made of calcium phosphate, arock-hard mineral. Dentin: A layer underlying the enamel. Dentin is made of living cells, which secrete a hard mineralsubstance. Pulp: The softer, living inner structure of teeth. Blood vessels and nerves run through the pulp of theteeth. Cementum: A layer of connective tissue that binds the roots of the teeth firmly to the gums and jawbone. Periodontal ligament: Tissue that helps hold the teeth tightly against the jaw.A normal adult mouth has 32 teeth, which (except for wisdom teeth) have erupted by about age 13:

Incisors (8 total): The middlemost four teeth on the upper and lower jaws. Canines (4 total): The pointed teethjust outside the incisors.

Premolars (8 total): Teeth between the canines and molars. Molars (8 total): Flat teeth in the rear of the mouth, best at grinding food. Wisdom teeth or third molars (4 total): These teeth erupt at around age 18, but are often surgicallyremoved to prevent displacement of other teeth.

The crown of each tooth projects into the mouth. The root of each tooth descends below the gum line,into the jaw.Teeth Conditions
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Cavities(caries): Bacteria evade removal by brushing and salivaand damage the enamel and deeper structures of teeth. Mostcavities occur on molars and premolars.

Tooth decay: A general name for disease of the teeth, includingcavities and periodontitis.

Periodontitis: Inflammation of the deeper structures of the teeth

(periodontal ligament, jawbone, and cementum). Poor oral hygieneis usually to blame.

Gingivitis: Inflammation of the surface portion of the gums, aroundand between the crowns of the teeth. Plaque and tartar buildup canlead to gingivitis.

Plaque: A sticky, colorless film made of bacteria and the substancesthey secrete. Plaque develops quickly on teeth after eating sugaryfood, but can be easily brushed off.

Tartar: If plaque is not removed, it mixes with minerals to becometartar, a harder substance. Tartar requires professional cleaning forremoval.

Overbite: The upper teeth protrude significantly over the lower teeth.

Underbite: The lower teeth protrude significantly past the upper

teeth. Teeth grinding(bruxism): Stress, anxiety, or sleep disorders can

cause teeth grinding, usually during sleep. A dull headache or sorejaw are symptoms.

Tooth sensitivity: When one or more teeth become sensitive to hotor cold, it may mean the dentin is exposed.

Teeth Tests

Teeth X-ray films: X-ray pictures of the teeth may detect cavitiesbelow the gum line, or that are too small to identify otherwise.

Teeth examination: By viewing and gently manipulating the teeth, adentist can detect potential teeth problems.

Dental Health and CavitiesSave This Article For Later

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Cavitiesoccur as a result oftooth decay.Toothdecay is the destruction of the tooth structure. Tooth

decay can affect both the enamel (the outer coating of the tooth) and the dentin (the inner layer of the

tooth).

Tooth decay occurs when foods containing carbohydrates (sugars and starches) such as breads, cereals,milk, soda, fruits, cakes, or candy are left on the teeth. Bacteria that live in the mouth digest these foods,

turning them into acids. The bacteria, acid, food debris, and saliva combine to formplaque, which clings

to the teeth. The acids in plaque dissolve the enamel surface of the teeth, creating holes in the teeth

called cavities, or caries.

Anatomy of the Teeth
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The teeth are the hardest substances in the human body. Besides being essential for chewing, the teeth play animportant role in speech. Parts of the teeth include:

Enamel: The hardest, white outer part of the tooth. Enamel is mostly made of calcium phosphate, a rock-hard mineral. Dentin: A layer underlying the enamel. Dentin is made of living cells, which secrete a hard mineral substance. Pulp: The softer, living inner structure of teeth. Blood vessels and nerves run through the pulp of the teeth.

Read more about the parts of the teeth and conditions that affect them.

WebMD's Teeth Anatomy Page

Related Content:

Tonsils Anatomy Page

Tongue Anatomy Page

Teeth Whitening Slideshow


Who Gets Cavities?

Many people think cavities only affect children, but changes that occur with aging make cavities an adult

problem too. Recession of the gums (a pulling away of gum tissue from the teeth), often associated with

an increased incidence ofgingivitis(gum disease), can expose tooth roots to plaque. Also, sugaryfood

cravingscan make anyone more vulnerable to developing cavities.

Decay can also occur around the edges of fillings in older adults. Because many older adults lacked the

benefits offluorideand modern preventivedental carewhen they were growing up, they often have a

number of dental fillings. Over the years, these fillings may weaken and can fracture, allowing bacteria to

accumulate in the tiny crevices causing tooth decay.

How Do I Know if I Have a Cavity?

Your dentist can discover cavities during your regular dental check-up. The tooth surface feels soft when

probed by your dentist with a dental instrument. X-rays can also show cavities between teeth before they

become visible to theeye.

In advanced stages of tooth decay, you might experience atoothache, especially after consuming sweet,

hot, or cold foods or drinks. Other signs of tooth decay are visible pits or holes in the teeth.

What Is the Treatment for Cavities?

There are a number of different treatments for cavities depending on the extent of tooth decay. If decay isnot extensive, the decayed portion of the tooth is removed by drilling and replaced with a fillingmade of

silver alloy, gold, porcelain, or a composite resin. Materials used in fillings are considered safe. Concerns

have been raised over the safety of mercury-based, silver amalgams in particular, but the American

Dental Association (ADA), FDA, and other public health agencies continue to support the safety of this

restorative material.Allergiesto silver amalgam are rare as are allergies to other restorative materials.

If the tooth decay is extensive and there is limited tooth structure remaining,crownswill be used. If a

crown is needed, the decayed or weakened area of the tooth is removed and repaired and a crown is

fitted over the remainder of the tooth. Crowns are made from gold, porcelain, or porcelain fused to metal.
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Tooth Decay - Topic Overview

Is this topic for you?

This topic provides information on tooth decay and cavities. If you are looking for

information on:

Gum disease, see the topicGum Disease. Toothaches, see the topicToothache and Gum Problems.

Dental checkups and how to care for your teeth, see the topic Basic Dental Care.

What istoothdecay?

Tooth decay is the process that results in acavity(dental caries). It occurs when bacteria in your mouth

make acids that eat away at a tooth. If not treated, tooth decay can cause pain, infection, and tooth loss.

See pictures of atooth andtooth decay .

You can easily prevent tooth decay by brushing and flossing your teeth regularly, seeing your dentist for

teeth cleaning and checkups, and avoiding foods that are high in sugar.

What causes tooth decay?The combination of bacteria and food causes tooth decay. A clear, sticky substance called plaquethat

contains bacteria is always forming on your teeth and gums. As the bacteria feed on the sugars in the

food you eat, they make acids. The acids attack the teeth for 20 minutes or more after eating. Over a

period of time, these acids destroytooth enamel, resulting in tooth decay.

What are the symptoms?

Tooth decay usually does not cause symptoms until you have a cavity or an infected tooth. When this

occurs, a toothache is the most common symptom.

How is tooth decay diagnosed?

Yourdentistdiagnoses tooth decay by:

Asking questions about your past dental and medical problems and care. Examining your teeth, using a pointed tool and a small mirror.

Taking X-rays of your teeth and mouth.

How is it treated?

Treatment for tooth decay depends on how bad it is. You may be able to reverse slight tooth decay by

using fluoride. To fix cavities caused by mild tooth decay, your dentist will fill the cavities with another

substance (fillings). For more severe tooth decay, you may need acrownorroot canal. In extreme cases,

your dentist may have to remove the tooth.

Gingivitis and Periodontal Disease (Gum Disease)Save This Article For Later

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Gingivitis, also generally calledgum diseaseor periodontal disease, begins with bacterial growth in your

mouth and may end -- if not properly treated -- with tooth loss due to destruction of the tissue that

surrounds your teeth.

What's the Difference Between Gingivitis and Periodontitis?
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Gingivitis (gum inflammation) usually precedes periodontitis (gum disease). However, it is important to

know that not all gingivitis progresses to periodontitis.

In the early stage of gingivitis, bacteria inplaquebuild up, causing the gums to become inflamed and to

easily bleed during tooth brushing. Although the gums may be irritated, the teeth are still firmly planted in

their sockets. No irreversible bone or other tissue damage has occurred at this stage.

When gingivitis is left untreated, it can advance to periodontitis. In a person with periodontitis, the innerlayer of the gum and bone pull away from the teeth and form pockets. These small spaces between teeth

and gums collect debris and can become infected. The body's immune system fights the bacteria as the

plaque spreads and grows below the gum line.

Toxins or poisons -- produced by the bacteria in plaque as well as the body's "good" enzymes involved in

fighting infections -- start to break down the bone and connective tissue that hold teeth in place. As the

disease progresses, the pockets deepen and more gum tissue and bone are destroyed. When this

happens, teeth are no longer anchored in place, they become loose, and tooth loss occurs. Gum disease

is the leading cause of tooth loss in adults.

What Causes Gum Disease?

Plaque is the primary cause of gum disease. However, other factors can contribute to periodontal disease.These include:

Hormonal changes, such as those occurring duringpregnancy,puberty, menopause, and

monthlymenstruation, make gums more sensitive, which makes it easier for gingivitis to develop.

Illnesses may affect the condition of your gums. This includes diseases such as cancerorHIVthat

interfere with the immune system. Becausediabetesaffects the body's ability to use blood sugar, patients

with this disease are at higher risk of developing infections, including periodontal disease and cavities.

Medicationscan affectoral health, because some lessen the flow of saliva, which has a protective effect

on teeth and gums. Some drugs, such as the anticonvulsant medication Dilantinand the anti-angina

drugProcardiaandAdalat, can cause abnormal growth of gum tissue.

Bad habits such assmokingmake it harder for gum tissue to repair itself.

Poor oral hygiene habits such as not brushing and flossing on a daily basis, make it easier for gingivitis

to develop.

Family history of dental disease can be a contributing factor for the development of gingivitis.

What Are the Symptoms of Gum Disease?

Gum disease may progress painlessly, producing few obvious signs, even in the late stages of the

disease. Although the symptoms of periodontal disease often are subtle, the condition is not entirely

without warning signs. Certain symptoms may point to some form of the disease. The symptoms of gum

disease include:

Gums that bleed during and after tooth brushing

Red, swollen, or tender gums

Persistentbad breathor bad taste in the mouth Receding gums

Formation of deep pockets between teeth and gums

Loose or shifting teeth

Changes in the way teeth fit together upon biting down, or in the fit of partialdentures.

Even if you don't notice any symptoms, you may still have some degree of gum disease. In some people,

gum disease may affect only certain teeth, such as the molars. Only a dentist or a periodontist can

recognize and determine the progression of gum disease.
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Gingivitis and Periodontal Disease (Gum Disease)(continued)

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During a dental exam, your dentist typically checks for these things:

Gum bleeding, swelling, firmness, and pocket depth (the space between the gum and tooth; the larger

and deeper the pocket, the more severe the disease)

Teeth movement and sensitivity and proper teeth alignment

Your jawbone, to help detect the breakdown of bone surrounding your teeth

How Is Gum Disease Treated?

The goals of gum disease treatment are to promote reattachment of healthy gums to teeth; reduce

swelling, the depth of pockets, and the risk of infection; and to stop disease progression. Treatment

options depend on the stage of disease, how you may have responded to earlier treatments, and your

overall health. Options range from nonsurgical therapies that control bacterial growth to surgery to restore

supportive tissues. A full description of the various treatment options is provided inGum Disease

Treatments.

How Can Gum Disease Be Prevented?

Gum disease can be reversed in nearly all cases when proper plaque control is practiced. Proper plaque

control consists of professional cleanings at least twice a year and daily brushing and flossing. Brushing

eliminates plaque from the surfaces of the teeth that can be reached; flossing removes food particles and

plaque from in between the teeth and under the gum line. Antibacterial mouth rinses can reduce bacteriathat cause plaque and gum disease, according to the American Dental Association.

Other health and lifestyle changes that will decrease the risk, severity, and speed of gum disease

development include:

Stop smoking. Tobacco use is a significant risk factor for development of periodontitis. Smokers are

seven times more likely to get gum disease than nonsmokers, and smoking can lower the chances of

success of some treatments.

Reduce stress. Stress may make it difficult for your body's immune system to fight off infection.

Maintain a well-balanced diet. Propernutritionhelps your immune system fight infection. Eating foods

with antioxidant properties -- for example, those containing vitamin E ( vegetable oils, nuts, green leafy

vegetables) and vitamin C (citrus fruits, broccoli, potatoes) -- can help your body repair damaged tissue.

Avoid clenching andgrinding your teeth. These actions may put excess force on the supportingtissues of the teeth and could increase the rate at which these tissues are destroyed.

Despite following good oral hygiene practices and making other healthy lifestyle choices, the American

Academy of Periodontology says that up to 30% of Americans may be genetically susceptible to gum

disease. And those who are genetically predisposed may be up to six times more likely to develop some

form of gum disease. If anyone in your family has gum disease, it may mean that you are at greater risk,

as well. If you are more susceptible to gum disease, your dentist or periodontist may recommend more

frequent check-ups, cleanings, and treatments to better manage the condition.
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Is Gum Disease Linked to Other Health Problems?

According to the CDC, researchers have uncovered potential links between gum disease and other

serious health conditions. In people with healthy immune systems, the bacteria in the mouth that makes

its way into the bloodstream is usually harmless. But under certain circumstances, these microorganisms

are associated with health problems such asstrokeandheart disease. Diabetes is not only a risk factor

for gum disease, but gum disease may make diabetes worse.

Plaque and Your TeethSave This Article For Later

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Plaque is the sticky, colorless film of bacteria that forms on teeth. It makes teeth "feel fuzzy" to

thetongueand is most noticeable when teeth are not brushed.

What Causes Plaque and Why Is It Harmful?

Plaque develops when foods containing carbohydrates (sugars and starches), such as milk, soft drinks,raisins, cakes, or candy are frequently left on the teeth. Bacteria that live in the mouth thrive on these

foods, producing acids as a result. Over a period of time, these acids destroy tooth enamel, resulting

intooth decay.Plaque can also develop on the tooth roots under the gum and cause breakdown of the

bone supporting the tooth.

How Can Plaque Formation Be Prevented?

To prevent plaque buildup, brush your teeth at least twice a day with a soft, rounded-tip

bristledtoothbrush. Pay particular attention to the space where the gums and teeth meet. Use afluoride-

containingtoothpaste.

Floss between teeth at least once a day to remove food particles and bacteria.

See your dentist or oral hygienist every 6 months for a check-up and teeth cleaning.

Ask your dentist if a dentalsealantis appropriate for you. Dental sealants are a thin, plastic coating thatare painted on the chewing surfaces of teeth to protect them fromcavitiesand decay.

Eat abalanced dietand limit the number of between-meal snacks. If you need a snack, choose nutritious

foods such as plain yogurt, cheese, fruit, or raw vegetables. Vegetables, such as celery, help remove

food and help saliva neutralize plaque-causing acids.

Use of an antibacterial mouth rinse can reduce bacteria that cause plaque and gum disease, according to

the American Dental Association.

An Overview of Tartar

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From the time you were a child, you've known that it's important to brush and floss teeth regularly. Doing

so prevents tartar buildup and keeps teeth and gums healthy.

But, you may not know exactly what this evil substance called tartar is, or how it ends up on your

teeth.Oral healthis intricately linked to overall well-being. So it's important to understand what leads to
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the formation of tartar. It's also important to know how to prevent its build-up and how it should be

removed.

Recommended Related to Oral Health

Whiten Your Teeth At Home

Turn your grin into a dazzler and fast with these expert lip tips and teeth-whitening treatments Smiling, which usuallyfeels good, can also make you feel self-conscious if your teeth are less than white or your lips are lined or cracked. But a

slew of new treatments and products can keep you from wanting to stifle that grin. Here are the most effective teethwhiteners and brighteners, plus tips on selecting and applying gorgeous and goof-proof shades of red lipstick ...

Read the Whiten Your Teeth At Home article > >

What Is Tartar and Why Is It a Concern?

Even if you practice the best oral hygiene, there are bacteria in your mouth. These bacteria, along with

proteins and food byproducts, form a sticky film called dental plaque. This film coats teeth. Plaque is most

prevalent in areas that are hard to clean -- like the back teeth -- just along the gum line, and

aroundfillingsor other dental products.

Plaque can be bad news for teeth. Every time you eat, these bacteria secrete acids that can damage

tooth enamel and lead tocavities. The acids can also cause inflammation and infection to your gums. But,

if you remove plaque regularly with proper hygiene practices, you can prevent this assault on your teethfrom leading to permanenttooth decay.

A bigger problem arises if plaque is allowed to remain on your teeth and harden. That can happen after

just 26 hours. When this occurs, the plaque hardens into tartar, or dental calculus. Because it has

mineralized onto your teeth, tartar is far more difficult to remove than plaque.

How Does Tartar Affect Teeth and Gums?

Once tartar forms on teeth, it may be more difficult for you to brush and floss effectively. If this is the case,

the acids released by the bacteria in your mouth are more likely to break down tooth enamel. That leads

to cavities and tooth decay. The CDC estimates that more than 90% percent of adults over the age of 40

have some form of tooth decay.

Tartar that develops above the gum line can be especially serious. That's because the bacteria it harborsmay irritate and damage gums. Over time, this inflammation can lead to progressivegum disease. Gum

disease can have serious consequences if left untreated. According to the CDC, between 5% and 11% of

the adult population suffers from advanced gum disease.

The mildest form of gum disease is calledgingivitis. This is the initial stages of gum inflammation caused

by the presence of plaque and tartar on the teeth. Gingivitis can usually be stopped and reversed with

careful brushing, flossing, and regular cleanings by dental professionals.

If tartar is not removed and gingivitis is left untreated, it can progress into a more serious form of gum

disease. That more serious form is known as periodontitis. With this gum disease, pockets form between

the gums and teeth. Those pockets become infected by bacteria beneath the gums. The body's immune

system releases chemicals to fight the bacteria. These chemicals along with the substances the bacteria

release can damage the bone and other tissues that hold the teeth in place. This can lead ultimately to

tooth loss and bone degradation. In addition, studies have shown that bacteria in gum disease may

contribute toheart diseaseas well as other conditions.

An Overview of Tartar(continued)


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Tips for Controlling Tartar

The best way to prevent the serious effects of tartar on your teeth is to prevent tartar from forming. Here's

how:

Brush regularly using the proper technique. A quick, 30-second brushing of teeth morning and night is not

enough to remove dental plaque and prevent tartar build-up. Use a brush with soft bristles that is small

enough to reach all the areas in your mouth. Be sure to include the hard-to-reach surfaces behind your

teeth and on your rear molars.

Studies have found that electronic, or powered,toothbrushesmay be more effective than manual

toothbrushes for plaque removal. Regardless of which type of toothbrush you use, be sure it has the

American Dental Association (ADA) seal of approval. These models have undergone rigorous quality

control and safety tests.

Opt for tartar-controltoothpastewithfluoride. Toothpastes containing pyrophosphates can help prevent

plaque from hardening into tartar. Additionally, the fluoride in the formula will help repair any damage to

your enamel that may have already occurred. Some formulas also contain triclosan. That's an antibiotic

that fights the bacteria in plaque.

Floss, floss, floss. No matter how diligent you are about brushing your teeth, only flossing daily canremove the plaque between your teeth and prevent tartar formation in these difficult-to-reach areas.

Watch yourdiet. The bacteria in your mouth thrive on sugary and starchy foods. When they are exposed

to those foods, they release damaging acids. Try to eat a healthy diet and limit the amount of sugar-

containing foods you eat. Be mindful of snacking, too, since every time you eat you are also feeding the

bacteria in your mouth. You don't have to forgo sweets or between meals munches entirely. Just be

mindful about how often you indulge and be diligent about brushing your teeth. Drinking plenty of water

during and after meals may also help minimize plaque build-up.

Don't smoke. Studies show that people who smoke cigarettes or use other tobacco products are more

likely to have tartar on their teeth and under their gums.

Once tartar has formed, it is important to realize that only a dental professional will be able to remove it

from your teeth. Make sure to visit your dentist every six months to remove any plaque and tartar thatmight have formed and prevent further complications.

Dental Health With Crooked Teeth and Misaligned BitesSave This Article For Later

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There are several reasons why some people's teeth grow in crooked, overlapping, or twisted. Some

people's mouths are too small for their teeth, which crowds the teeth and causes them to shift. In other

cases, a person's upper and lower jaws aren't the same size or are malformed, resulting in either

anoverbite, when there is excessive protrusion of the upper jaw, or an under bite, when the lower jaw

protrudes forward causing the lower jaw and teeth to extend out beyond the upper teeth.

Most often crooked teeth, overbites, and underbites are inherited traits just as the color of youreyesor

size of your hands. Other causes of misaligned bites are early loss of baby or adult teeth; improper fit of

dental restorations (for example, fillings or crowns);gingivitis(gum disease); undue pressure on the teeth

and gums; misalignment of the jaw after an injury; tumors of the mouth or jaw; or commonoral health

problems in childrensuch as thumb sucking,tonguethrusting,pacifieruse beyond the age of three, or

prolonged use of a bottle.


An Overview of Tartar
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From the time you were a child, you've known that it's important to brush and floss teeth regularly. Doing so preventstartar buildup and keeps teeth and gums healthy. But, you may not know exactly what this evil substance called tartar is,or how it ends up on your teeth. Oral health is intricately linked to overall well-being. So it's important to understand whatleads to the formation of tartar. It's also important to know how to prevent its build-up and how it should be removed.

Read the An Overview of Tartar article > >

What Problems Come With Crooked Teeth and Misaligned Bites?

Crooked teeth and misaligned bites can:

Interfere with proper chewing.

Make keeping teeth clean more of a challenge, increasing the risk oftooth decay,cavities, and gingivitis.

Strain the teeth, jaws, and muscles, increasing the risk of breaking a tooth.

Make people feel self-conscious about their appearance and affect their self-esteem.

How Do I Know if My Teeth Are Crooked or My Bite Is Misaligned?

While you can see for yourself if teeth are crooked, your dentist can determine if the problem warrants

treatment. Your dentist will look for the following signs:

Abnormal alignment of teeth

Abnormal appearance of the face

Difficulty or discomfort when chewing or biting

Speech difficulties, including a lisp

Your dentist will usually refer you to an orthodontist -- a dentist who specializes in the diagnosis and

treatment of crooked teeth and misaligned jaws.

What Tests Can I Expect at the Orthodontist?

The orthodontist will likely takeX-rays, photographs of your face, and teeth impressions to determine if

and what type of treatment is needed. X-rays provide information on the position of your teeth and roots

and if any teeth have yet to come through the gums. Special cephalometrics or panoramic X-rays show

the relationship of the teeth to the jaws and the jaws to the head. Your orthodontist may also want to take

regular photographs of your face to further examine the relationship between the teeth, jaws, and head.

Finally, impressions may be made of your teeth. This is done by having you bite down on a soft material

that is later used to create an exact copy of your teeth.

How Are Crooked Teeth and Misaligned Bites Treated?

Once a diagnosis is made, your orthodontist can decide the best treatment for your teeth or misaligned

bite. For some people, a removable retainer (to stabilize the new position of teeth) will be all that's needed

to correct the problem. Removal of one or more teeth may be required if overcrowding is the main

problem. For most people,bracesare necessary to correct the problem. In rare and extreme cases, such

as an extreme overbite or underbite, an operation may be necessary.

Dental Health With Crooked Teeth and Misaligned BitesSave This Article For Later

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There are several reasons why some people's teeth grow in crooked, overlapping, or twisted. Some

people's mouths are too small for their teeth, which crowds the teeth and causes them to shift. In other

cases, a person's upper and lower jaws aren't the same size or are malformed, resulting in either

anoverbite, when there is excessive protrusion of the upper jaw, or an under bite, when the lower jaw

protrudes forward causing the lower jaw and teeth to extend out beyond the upper teeth.

Most often crooked teeth, overbites, and underbites are inherited traits just as the color of youreyesor

size of your hands. Other causes of misaligned bites are early loss of baby or adult teeth; improper fit of

dental restorations (for example, fillings or crowns);gingivitis(gum disease); undue pressure on the teeth

and gums; misalignment of the jaw after an injury; tumors of the mouth or jaw; or commonoral health

problems in childrensuch as thumb sucking,tonguethrusting,pacifieruse beyond the age of three, or

prolonged use of a bottle.


An Overview of Dry Socket

You probably think having a tooth pulled is not a particularly enjoyable experience. And you no doubt expect to havesome discomfort afterward. But that's OK, you say. You can endure it when you need to. But if the pain becomes intenseand doesn't go away after a few days, it may be a sign of a condition called dry socket or alveolar osteitis. Only a verysmall percentage -- about 2% to 5% of people -- develop dry socket after a tooth extraction. In those who have it, though,dry socket can be very...

Read the An Overview of Dry Socket article > >

What Problems Come With Crooked Teeth and Misaligned Bites?

Crooked teeth and misaligned bites can:

Interfere with proper chewing.

Make keeping teeth clean more of a challenge, increasing the risk oftooth decay,cavities, and gingivitis.

Strain the teeth, jaws, and muscles, increasing the risk of breaking a tooth.

Make people feel self-conscious about their appearance and affect their self-esteem.

How Do I Know if My Teeth Are Crooked or My Bite Is Misaligned?

While you can see for yourself if teeth are crooked, your dentist can determine if the problem warrants

treatment. Your dentist will look for the following signs:

Abnormal alignment of teeth

Abnormal appearance of the face

Difficulty or discomfort when chewing or biting

Speech difficulties, including a lisp

Your dentist will usually refer you to an orthodontist -- a dentist who specializes in the diagnosis and

treatment of crooked teeth and misaligned jaws.

What Tests Can I Expect at the Orthodontist?

The orthodontist will likely takeX-rays, photographs of your face, and teeth impressions to determine if

and what type of treatment is needed. X-rays provide information on the position of your teeth and roots

and if any teeth have yet to come through the gums. Special cephalometrics or panoramic X-rays show

the relationship of the teeth to the jaws and the jaws to the head. Your orthodontist may also want to take

regular photographs of your face to further examine the relationship between the teeth, jaws, and head.

Finally, impressions may be made of your teeth. This is done by having you bite down on a soft material

that is later used to create an exact copy of your teeth.

How Are Crooked Teeth and Misaligned Bites Treated?
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Once a diagnosis is made, your orthodontist can decide the best treatment for your teeth or misaligned

bite. For some people, a removable retainer (to stabilize the new position of teeth) will be all that's needed

to correct the problem. Removal of one or more teeth may be required if overcrowding is the main

problem. For most people,bracesare necessary to correct the problem. In rare and extreme cases, such

as an extreme overbite or underbite, an operation may be necessary.

Dental Health and Teeth Grinding (Bruxism) Save This Article For LaterShare this:

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Most people probably grind and clench their teeth from time to time. Occasionalteeth grinding, medically

called bruxism, does not usually cause harm, but when teeth grinding occurs on a regular basis the teeth

can be damaged and otheroral healthcomplications can arise.

Why Do People Grind Their Teeth?

Although teeth grinding can be caused by stress andanxiety, it often occurs duringsleepand is more

likely caused by an abnormal bite or missing orcrooked teeth.

How Do I Find Out if I Grind My Teeth?

Because grinding often occurs during sleep, most people are unaware that they grind their teeth.

However, a dull, constantheadacheor sore jaw is a telltale symptom of bruxism. Many times people learn

that they grind their teeth by their loved one who hears the grinding at night.

If you suspect you may be grinding your teeth, talk to your dentist. He or she can examine your mouth

and jaw for signs of bruxism, such as jaw tenderness and abnormalities in your teeth.

Why Is Teeth Grinding Harmful?

In some cases, chronic teeth grinding can result in a fracturing, loosening, or loss of teeth. The chronic

grinding may wear their teeth down to stumps. When these events happen, bridges,crowns,rootcanals,implants, partial dentures, and even completedenturesmay be needed.

Not only can severe grinding damage teeth and result in tooth loss, it can also affect your jaws, result

inhearing loss, cause or worsenTMD/TMJ, and even change the appearance of your face.

What Can I Do to Stop Grinding My Teeth?

Your dentist can fit you with amouth guardto protect your teeth from grinding during sleep.

If stress is causing you to grind your teeth, ask your doctor or dentist about options to reduce your stress.

Attending stress counseling, starting an exercise program, seeing a physical therapist, or obtaining a

prescription for muscle relaxants are among some of the options that may be offered.

Other tips to help you stop teeth grinding include:

Avoid or cut back on foods and drinks that containcaffeine, such as colas, chocolate, and coffee.

Avoid alcohol. Grinding tends to intensify after alcohol consumption.

Do not chew on pencils or pens or anything that is not food. Avoid chewing gum as it allows your jaw

muscles to get more used to clenching and makes you more likely to grind your teeth.

Train yourself not to clench or grind your teeth. If you notice that you clench or grind during the day,

position the tip of yourtonguebetween your teeth. This practice trains your jaw muscles to relax.

Relax your jaw muscles at night by holding a warm washcloth against your cheek in front of your earlobe.
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Do Children Grind Their Teeth?

The problem of teeth grinding is not limited to adults. Approximately 15% to 33% of children grind their

teeth. Children who grind their teeth tend to do so at two peak times -- when their baby teeth emerge and

when their permanent teeth come in. Most children lose the teeth grinding habit after these two sets of

teeth have come in more fully.

Most commonly, children grind their teeth during sleep rather than during waking hours. No one knows

exactly why children grind their teeth but considerations include improperly aligned teeth or irregular

contact between upper and lower teeth, illnesses and other medical conditions (such as nutritional

deficiencies, pinworm,allergies, endocrine disorders), and psychological factors including anxiety and

stress.

Grinding of the baby teeth rarely results in problems. However, teeth grinding can cause jawpain,

headaches, wear on the teeth, andTMD. Consult your dentist if your child's teeth look worn or if your

child complains of tooth sensitivity or pain.

Specific tips to help a child stop grinding his or her teeth include:

Decrease your child's stress, especially just before bed.

Trymassageandstretchingexercises to relax the muscles.

Make sure your child'sdietincludes plenty of water.Dehydrationmay be linked to teeth grinding.

Ask your dentist to monitor your child's teeth if he or she is a grinder.

No intervention is usually required with preschool-age children. However, older children may need

temporary crowns or other methods, such as a night guard, to prevent the grinding.

Dental Health and Sensitive TeethSave This Article For Later

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Tooth sensitivity is tooth discomfort in one or more teeth that is triggered by hot, cold, sweet, or sour

foods and drinks, or even by breathing cold air. The pain can be sharp, sudden, and shoot deep into the

nerve endings of your teeth.

See the Anatomy of a Tooth and How Enamel Is Damaged

What Causes Sensitive Teeth?

Sensitive teeth occur when the underlying layer of your teeth -- the dentin -- becomes exposed as a result

of receding gum tissue (the protective blanket that covers the tooth roots). The roots, which are not

covered by hard enamel, contain thousands of tiny tubules leading to the tooth's nerve center (the pulp).

These dentinal tubules (or channels) allow the stimuli -- for example, the hot, cold, or sweet food -- to

reach the nerve in your tooth, which results in the pain you feel.

There are many factors that may lead to sensitive teeth, including.

Brushing too hard. Over time, brushing too hard or using a hard-bristled toothbrush can wear down

enamel and cause the dentin to be exposed. It can also cause recession of the gums (the gum tissue

pulls away from the teeth).

Tooth decay near the gum line.

Recession of the gums. As gums move away from a tooth due to conditions such as periodontal

disease, the root surface becomes exposed.
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Gum disease (gingivitis). Inflamed and sore gum tissue may cause sensitivity due to the loss of

supporting ligaments, which exposes the root surface that leads directly to the nerve of the tooth.

Cracked teeth. Chipped or broken teeth may fill with bacteria fromplaqueand enter the pulp causing

Inflammation.

Teeth grinding. Grinding or clenching your teeth may wear down the enamel and expose underlying

dentin.

Tooth whiteningproducts. These products may be major contributors to sensitive teeth. Your age. Tooth sensitivity is highest between the ages of 25 and 30.

Plaque build-up. The presence of plaque on the root surfaces can cause sensitivity.

Mouthwash use. Long-term use of some mouthwashes. Some over-the-counter mouthwashes contain

acids that can worsen tooth sensitivity if you have exposed dentin (the middle layer of the tooth). The

acids further damage the dentin layer of the tooth. If you have dentin sensitivity, ask your dentist about

the use of a neutral fluoride solution.

Acidic foods. Regular consumption of foods with a high acid content, such as citrus fruits, tomatoes,

pickles, and tea, can cause enamel erosion.

Recent routine dental procedures. Sensitivity can occur following teeth cleaning, root

planing,crownplacement, andtooth restoration.Sensitivity caused by dental procedures is temporary,

usually disappearing in four to six weeks.

What Can I Do to Reduce Tooth Sensitivity?

Some steps you can take to prevent tooth sensitivity include:

Maintain good oral hygiene. Continue to follow proper brushing and flossing techniques to thoroughly

clean all parts of your teeth and mouth.

Use a soft bristled toothbrush. This will result in less toothbrush abrasion to the tooth surface and less

irritation to your gums. Brush gently and carefully around the gum line so you do not remove more gum

tissue.

Use desensitizing toothpaste. There are several brands of toothpaste available for sensitive teeth. Withregular use you should notice a decrease in sensitivity. You may need to try several different brands to

find the product that works best for you. Another tip. spread a thin layer of the toothpaste on the exposed

tooth roots with your finger or a Q-tip before you go to bed. Do not use a tartar control toothpaste; rather,

use a fluoridated toothpaste.

Watch what you eat. Frequent consumption of highly acid foods can gradually dissolve tooth enamel

and lead to dentin exposure. They may also aggravate the sensitivity and start the pain reaction.

Use fluoridated dental products. Daily use of a fluoridated mouth rinse can decrease sensitivity. Ask

your dentist about available products for home use.

Avoid teeth grinding. If you grind or clench your teeth, use amouth guardat night.

See your dentist at regular intervals. Get professional tooth cleaning, oral hygiene instructions, and

fluoride treatments every six months (or sooner depending on your condition).

Dental Health and Sensitive Teeth(continued)


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What Can I Do to Reduce Tooth Sensitivity? continued...
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If you still have discomfort, talk to your dentist. There may be some dental procedures that may help

reduce sensitivity, including the use of:

Whitefillings(bonding)to cover exposed root surfaces

Fluoridevarnishes applied to the exposed root surface

Dentin sealers applied to the exposed root surface

Plaque and Your TeethSave This Article For Later

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Plaque is the sticky, colorless film of bacteria that forms on teeth. It makes teeth "feel fuzzy" to

thetongueand is most noticeable when teeth are not brushed.

What Causes Plaque and Why Is It Harmful?

Plaque develops when foods containing carbohydrates (sugars and starches), such as milk, soft drinks,

raisins, cakes, or candy are frequently left on the teeth. Bacteria that live in the mouth thrive on thesefoods, producing acids as a result. Over a period of time, these acids destroy tooth enamel, resulting

intooth decay.Plaque can also develop on the tooth roots under the gum and cause breakdown of the

bone supporting the tooth.

How Can Plaque Formation Be Prevented?

To prevent plaque buildup, brush your teeth at least twice a day with a soft, rounded-tip

bristledtoothbrush. Pay particular attention to the space where the gums and teeth meet. Use afluoride-

containingtoothpaste.

Floss between teeth at least once a day to remove food particles and bacteria.

See your dentist or oral hygienist every 6 months for a check-up and teeth cleaning.

Ask your dentist if a dentalsealantis appropriate for you. Dental sealants are a thin, plastic coating that

are painted on the chewing surfaces of teeth to protect them fromcavitiesand decay.

Eat abalanced dietand limit the number of between-meal snacks. If you need a snack, choose nutritious

foods such as plain yogurt, cheese, fruit, or raw vegetables. Vegetables, such as celery, help remove

food and help saliva neutralize plaque-causing acids.

Use of an antibacterial mouth rinse can reduce bacteria that cause plaque and gum disease, according to

the American Dental Association.
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Oral Care


Picture of the Tonsils


The tonsils (palatine tonsils) are a pair of soft tissue masses located at the rear of the throat (pharynx).Each tonsil is composed of tissue similar to lymph nodes, covered by pink mucosa (like on the adjacentmouth lining). Running through the mucosa of each tonsil are pits, called crypts.The tonsils are part of the lymphatic system, which helps to fight infections. However, removal of thetonsils does not seem to increase susceptibility to infection. Tonsils vary widely in size and swell inresponse to infection.Tonsil Conditions

Acute tonsillitis: A bacteria or virus infects the tonsils, causingswelling and a sore throat. The tonsil may develop a gray or whitecoating (exudate).

Chronic tonsillitis: Persistent infection of the tonsils, sometimes as aresult of repeated episodes of acute tonsillitis.

Peritonsillar abscess: An infection creates a pocket of pus next to

the tonsil, pushing it toward the opposite side. Peritonsillarabscesses must be drained urgently.

Acute mononucleosis: Usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus,mono causes severe swelling in the tonsils, fever, sore throat, rash,and fatigue.

Strep throat:Streptococcus, a bacterium, infects the tonsils andthroat. Fever and neck pain often accompany the sore throat.

Enlarged (hypertrophic) tonsils: Large tonsils reduce the size of theairway, making snoring or sleep apnea more likely.
http://www.webmd.com/oral-health/tonsillitis-symptoms-causes-and-treatmentshttp://www.webmd.com/oral-health/tonsillitis-symptoms-causes-and-treatmentshttp://www.webmd.com/oral-health/tonsillitis-symptoms-causes-and-treatmentshttp://www.webmd.com/oral-health/tonsillitis-symptoms-causes-and-treatmentshttp://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/peritonsillar-abcesshttp://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/peritonsillar-abcesshttp://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/understanding-mononucleosis-basicshttp://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/understanding-mononucleosis-basicshttp://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/understanding-strep-throat-basicshttp://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/understanding-strep-throat-basicshttp://www.webmd.com/oral-health/picture-of-the-tonguehttp://www.webmd.com/oral-health/picture-of-the-teethhttp://www.webmd.com/oral-health/picture-of-the-tonguehttp://www.webmd.com/oral-health/picture-of-the-teethhttp://www.webmd.com/oral-health/picture-of-the-tonguehttp://www.webmd.com/oral-health/picture-of-the-teethhttp://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/understanding-strep-throat-basicshttp://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/understanding-mononucleosis-basicshttp://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/peritonsillar-abcesshttp://www.webmd.com/oral-health/tonsillitis-symptoms-causes-and-treatmentshttp://www.webmd.com/oral-health/tonsillitis-symptoms-causes-and-treatments


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Tonsilloliths (tonsil stones): Tonsil stones, or tonsilloliths, are formedwhen this trapped debris hardens, or calcifies.

Tonsil Tests

Throat (pharynx) swab: A doctor rubs a cotton swab on the tonsils

and throat and sends the swab for tests. Usually this is done tocheck for bacteria such as Streptococcus.

Monospot test: A blood test can detect certain antibodies, which canhelp confirm that a persons symptoms are due to mononucleosis.

Epstein-Barr virus antibodies: If a monospot test is negative,antibodies in the blood against EBV might help diagnosemononucleosis.

Tonsil Treatments

Antibiotics: Tonsillitis due to bacterial infection can be cured withantibiotics.

Abscess drainage: A peritonsillar abscess generally must bepunctured with a needle, to allow the infection to drain and heal.

Tonsillectomy: In cases of tonsils that are too large or repeatedlyinfected, surgery to remove them may be necessary.
http://www.webmd.com/oral-health/tonsil-stones-tonsilloliths-treatment-and-preventionhttp://www.webmd.com/oral-health/tonsil-stones-tonsilloliths-treatment-and-preventionhttp://www.webmd.com/oral-health/tonsil-stones-tonsilloliths-treatment-and-preventionhttp://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/throat-culturehttp://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/throat-culturehttp://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/mononucleosis-testshttp://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/mononucleosis-testshttp://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/mononucleosis-testshttp://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/mononucleosis-testshttp://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/tonsillitis-medicationshttp://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/tonsillitis-medicationshttp://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/peritonsillar-abcesshttp://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/peritonsillar-abcesshttp://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/tonsillectomy-for-strep-throathttp://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/tonsillectomy-for-strep-throathttp://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/tonsillectomy-for-strep-throathttp://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/peritonsillar-abcesshttp://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/tonsillitis-medicationshttp://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/mononucleosis-testshttp://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/mononucleosis-testshttp://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/throat-culturehttp://www.webmd.com/oral-health/tonsil-stones-tonsilloliths-treatment-and-prevention


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Oral Care


Picture of the Tongue


The tongue is a muscular organ in the mouth. The tongue is covered with moist, pink tissue calledmucosa. Tiny bumps called papillae give the tongue its rough texture. Thousands of taste buds cover thesurfaces of the papillae. Taste buds are collections of nerve-like cells that connect to nerves running intothe brain.The tongue is anchored to the mouth by webs of tough tissue and mucosa. The tether holding down thefront of the tongue is called the frenum. In the back of the mouth, the tongue is anchored into the hyoidbone. The tongue is vital for chewing and swallowing food, as well as for speech.The four common tastes are sweet, sour, bitter, and salty. A fifth taste, called umami, results from tastingglutamate (present in MSG). The tongue has many nerves that help detect and transmit taste signals tothe brain. Because of this, all parts of the tongue can detect these four common tastes; the commonlydescribed taste map of the tongue doesnt really exist.Tongue Conditions

Thrush(candidiasis): Candida albicans(a yeast) grows over thesurface of the mouth and tongue. Thrush can occur in almostanyone, but it occurs more often in people taking steroids or withsuppressed immune systems, the very young, and the elderly.

Oral cancer: A growth or ulcer appears on the tongue and growssteadily. Oral cancer is more common in people who smoke and/ordrink alcohol heavily.

Macroglossia (big tongue): This can be broken down into variouscategories based on the cause. These include congenital,inflammatory, traumatic, cancerous, and metabolic causes. Thyroid
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disease, lymphangiomas, and congenital abnormalities are amongsome of the causes of an enlarged tongue.

Geographic tongue: Ridges and colored spots migrate over thesurface of the tongue, periodically changing its appearance.Geographic tongue is a harmless condition.

Burning mouth/burning tongue syndrome: a relatively common

problem. The tongue feels burned or scalded, or strange tastes orsensations develop. Apparently harmless, burning mouth syndromemay be caused by a mild nerve problem.

Atrophic glossitis (bald tongue): The tongue loses its bumpy texture,becoming smooth. Sometimes this is due to anemia or a B vitamindeficiency.

Canker sores(aphthous ulcers): Small, painful ulcers appearperiodically on the tongue or mouth. A relatively common condition,the cause of canker sores is unknown; they are unrelated to thecold sores caused by herpes viruses. Canker sores are notcontagious.

Oral leukoplakia:

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