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Higher History

Migration and Empire1830-1939

Booklet 4

Topic 1 – The Contribution of Migrants to ScotlandSource 1

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The concentration of Jews in the tailoring trade from the 1880s led to accusations of sweated labour. In some workshops of the 1880s and 1890s, Jewish tailors may only earn 7s or 8s per week - significantly below Charles Booth‘s poverty line of 21s per week - and as a result often relied upon welfare benefits from the many Jewish care organisations. Immigrant Jewish tailors often aimed to produce cheap, ready-made and mass produced items - an area of the market that they essentially created. A gentleman‘s suit that had cost £2 and 10s in 1880 could be bought for £1 and 10s in 1911 due to Jewish immigrant production methods. Jewish master tailors and the shops they supplied enjoyed a great deal of success in the late 19th and early 20th century.

Source 2

Initially Italians sold ice cream from carts, before relocating their businesses to retail premises in the more affluent areas of the cities. These ice cream parlours and cafes benefited Scotland greatly through trade and business - especially in the climate of steadily rising wages during 1890s - 1920s which allowed more people to spend more on luxuries. Not to mention the cultural impact. Fish and chips became the original fast food of the working class man and even today a day at the seaside would just not be the same without an ice cream.

Source 3

Sir Thomas Lipton is one of the most famous Scottish businessmen to come from Irish descent. Tomas Lipton‘s parents came to Scotland from county Fermanagh in the late 1840s – and he was born in Glasgow in 1848. In 1871 Lipton‘s parents opened their first provision shop - Lipton's Market - in the Anderston area of the city. Lipton initially began work helping his parents but their grocery store business proved to be highly successful and Lipton soon established a chain of shops across Glasgow, then Scotland and soon the whole of the UK. By

1888 there were over 300 stores nationwide.

Task 1 – Find ten ways in which immigrants impacted on the Scottish economy.

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Task 2 – Which immigrant group made the greatest contribution to the Scottish economy?

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Task 3 – Take notes to show the cultural contribution of immigrants to Scotland.

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Sport Politics

Style

Source A: from an interview given by Mrs Aitken, a Glasgow resident, talking about Jewish settlement in the Gorbals in the early twentieth century.

“It was nearly all Jewish shops and Jewish firms in the Gorbals. There was Fogelʻs at the corner of Hospital Street and Cleland Street; there was the Jewish bakery at the corner of Dunmore Street. Gleicken, the tailors were there and the Ashers as well. The Gerbers, the Woolfsons, them that had all the jewellers, the shops in the Trongate, they came from there. There were small cabinet-making businesses and upholstery work right up Cumberland Street. They could get their customers everything. They all opened little shops, just doing alterations and repairs to suits and everything. People always helped each other out. Everyone knew someone who would give credit if times were hard. It was a great place the Gorbals!”

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Task 4 – How fully does Source A describe the contribution of immigrants to Scotland? (8)

Source

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Recall

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Task 5- What was the single greatest contribution of immigrants to Scotland?

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Topic 2- The Impact of the Empire on Scotland

Task 6 – How did trading with the Empire help Scotland’s economy?

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Task 7 – How else did Scotland benefit from the Empire?

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Task 8 – What problems did the Empire cause in Scotland’s development?

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Task 9 – Do you think that being at the centre of the Empire helped or hindered Scotland?

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Source D from Christopher Whatley, Jam, Jute and Journalism (1984).

For a time Dundee could boast the title Juteopolis, the jute capital of the world, exporting to the world and especially the Empire. World demand for the linen and jute textiles made in Dundee rose sharply in the 19th century. As world trade with the Empire expanded so did demand for jute sacks for corn, wool, fertilisers and other bulk goods. By the 1860s the Camperdown factory at Lochee was the world’s largest jute factory. These were great days for the city’s jute and linen barons such as the Baxter Brothers and the Gilroys. They made great fortunes from the growing trade, some of which were devoted to the construction of big mansions on the outskirts of the city in West Ferry and Broughty Ferry. Their money was also used to purchase great country estates further away from Dundee. Although jute imports peaked in 1902 the profit levels of the 1860s were never matched. Competition was growing from Indian jute mills. The First World War brought a temporary boom to Dundee’s jute mills but after the war the advantages of Empire trade that had made Dundee boom now deserted the town.

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Source E: from Simon Wood, Migration and Empire 1830–1939 (2011).

Dundee developed a way of turning jute fibre from Bengal into a useable cloth. As a result a handful of families made huge profits exporting jute sacking to the Empire. The display of their wealth and confidence can be seen in the growth of elegant suburbs such as at Broughty Ferry near Dundee. Money from the Empire also helped some landed families who were struggling in Scotland’s rural economy. For example, money from the Indian textile trade was used by Alisdair Forbes to purchase and improve country estates in the Strathdon area. However, once the Empire developed its own industries, they became serious competitors for Scottish producers. The First World War saw a boom in Scottish industry. Dundee’s jute mills worked hard producing sand bags as well as tent material. However, even by 1914 Bengal jute mills were making huge profits. Prices for jute fell after the war and employment levels in the jute industry in Scotland fell between 1929 and 1939.

Task 10 - Compare the views of Sources D and E about the impact of the Empire on Scotland’s development. Compare the sources overall and in detail. (5)

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Source F: from J. D. Mackie, A History of Scotland (1978).

In almost every way Scotsmen were deriving benefits from the British Empire. It enabled some firms and individuals to make great fortunes; above all it offered opportunities of employment to the sons of the growing Scottish middle-class. This fact can be conveniently illustrated by reference to the jute trade of east-central Scotland, centred on Dundee. The raw material came from abroad: jute came almost exclusively from the Indian province of Bengal. The textile manufactured from this imported good was subsequently exported all over the world. Sacking from Dundee was used in great quantities, from Argentina to Canada. In the same way the heavy industries of Scotland exported a high proportion of their products. Canadian grain might well be taken in sacks made in Dundee, by locomotives manufactured in Springburn near Glasgow, to be loaded onto ships built on the Clyde.

Task 11 - How fully does Source F describe the impact of the Empire on Scotland’s development? (9)

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Revision ChecklistCauses of Migration

Why did Scots move within Scotland?

Causes of Emigration

Why did Scots leave Scotland?

Scots’ Impact on the Empire

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Economic

Cultural

Native PeoplesThe Immigrant Experience

Relations with Scots

Assimilation

Impact of Migration and Empire on Scotland

Contribution of Immigrants

Positive and Negative Impact of Empire on Scotland’s Development

Question Technique

How fully…?

Evaluate the usefulness….

Compare the views…

Additional Notes

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