i

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

Naomi Suwilanji Mapulanga

The Copperbelt University

P.O BOX 21692

Kitwe.

The Project Coordinator

The Copperbelt University

School of Mines and Mineral Sciences

Environmental Engineering Department

P.O Box 21692

Kitwe.

Dear Sir,

RE: THESIS ON ASSESSING THE CARBON FOOTPRINT OF REFRIGERANTS AT

THE COPPERBELT UNIVERSITY.

I hereby present my fifth year project in the partial fulfilment of the requirement for the

award of the Bachelor of Engineering in Environmental Engineering.

This project report attempts to determine the carbon footprint attributed to refrigerant

utilization at the Copperbelt University.

I hope and pray that this report will meet your expectations.

Thank you.

Author’s Signature

…………………………………

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DECLARATION

I, Naomi Suwilanji Mapulanga, do hereby declare that this project is my own work and

that to the best of my knowledge, it has not been presented before for any academic

purposes at this university or any other institution. All the sources of information used in

this work have been duly acknowledged.

Student: Naomi Suwilanji Mapulanga

Signature: …………………………..

Date: ………………………………..

Supervisor: Dr. G. Kasali

Signature: ………………………….

Date: ……………………………….

Supervisor: Prof. O. Shumba

Signature: ………………………….

Date: ……………………………….

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DEDICATION

I dedicate this work to my late grandmother Mrs. Nancy Joyce Nachilongo Songolo. You

had always told me to put God first and encouraged me a lot when it came to academics.

I would have really loved for you to be here to witness and rejoice to the completion of

my first degree. Thank you for all the wise and spiritual words that have made me the

person I am today. You will forever be missed and may your soul rest in eternal peace.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

My greatest acknowledgement goes to our gracious God for the opportunity to reach this

far in life, especially for the good health and strength to carry out the project successfully.

I would like to thank my parents Mr. Christopher P. Mapulanga and Mrs. Maria M.S.

Mapulanga for the endless encouragement, support and for this priceless gift –

EDUCATION. What more would I ask for?

I would also like to thank my supervisor Dr. G. Kasali for his tireless guidance

throughout every stage of my project. Professor O. Shumba and Ms. W. Munthali, thank

you so much and God bless you all.

My fiancé, Lt George Mungwa, the love, encouragement, support and confidence you’ve

always had in me that has helped me rise to greater heights. Thank you for always being

there for me. Wishing you God’s grace even as we start our journey together.

To my grandfather Mr. John N. Songolo, brothers, sisters and all my relatives, I would

like to say thank you for being there for me.

Aunt Mabel and Edwin, you have always given me the best advice and been there to help

me get back up on my feet and carry on with life. Thank you, especially for believing in

me. You are the best and God bless you both.

To my friends Annuciata, Faith, Jacob, Chongo, Jannet,Katende,Makambe, Mukuka,

Muma, Mariah, Mr. E. Machiko, Ndabase, Pamela (Kanamayo), Trisina and the entire

Environmental Engineering 5th year class of 2014 – Thank you for all the help and

support rendered.

To my roommates Chibwe (Chibz), Chongo (Cho-) and Janice (Jayo), thanks a lot for the

good times we spent together. God bless your studies and stay on campus.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL ........................................................................................... i

DECLARATION ................................................................................................................ ii

DEDICATION ................................................................................................................... iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................... v

LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... viii

LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. ix

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................. x

ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... xi

CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................. 1

1.0 INTODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Brief background ....................................................................................................... 2

1.2 Problem statement ..................................................................................................... 3

1.3 Problem justification ................................................................................................. 4

1.4 Hypothesis ................................................................................................................. 4

1.5 Main objective ........................................................................................................... 4

1.5.1 Specific objectives.................................................................................................. 4

CHAPTER TWO ................................................................................................................ 5

2.0 REFRIGERANTS AS OZONE DEPLETING SUBSTANCES................................... 5

2.1 Refrigerants as GHGs in connection to global warming ........................................... 5

2.2 The impacts of refrigerants on human health ............................................................ 6

2.3 Carbon footprint of refrigerant utilization at other university institutions ................ 7

2.4 The Montreal protocol in phasing out refrigerants.................................................... 7

vi

2.5 The Kyoto protocol ................................................................................................... 8

2.6 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.................................... 8

2.7 Refrigerant phase out plan in Zambia ....................................................................... 9

2.7.1 Programmes designed to assist in the phase-out of ODS’ in Zambia ................ 9

2.8 Alternatives to the Refrigerant Ozone Depleting Substances ................................. 10

CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................... 12

3.0 DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA .......................................................................... 12

3.1 Data collection methods .......................................................................................... 13

3.1.1 Primary data collection ..................................................................................... 13

3.1.1.1. Stratified sampling .................................................................................... 13

3.1.1.2 Physical Survey .......................................................................................... 14

3.1.1.2.1 Inspection of Air – Conditioners and Refrigerators for Manufacturer

Labels ................................................................................................................. 15

3.1.1.3 Interviewer Administered Questionnaire Survey....................................... 17

3.1.1.4 Interviewee administered questionnaire survey ......................................... 17

3.1.2 ...................................................................................... Secondary data collection

17

3.2 Limitation in data collection ................................................................................... 17

3.3 Data analysis ........................................................................................................... 17

CHAPTER FOUR ............................................................................................................. 19

4.0 RESULTS ................................................................................................................... 19

4.1 Stratified sampling .................................................................................................. 19

4.2 Physical survey of devices ...................................................................................... 20

4.3 Inspection of air – conditioners and refrigerators for manufacturer labels ............. 21

4.4 Refrigerator use in hostels ....................................................................................... 24

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4.5 Carbon dioxide equivalent emissions ...................................................................... 25

4.5.1 Carbon dioxide equivalent emissions (Air-Conditioners) ................................ 25

4.5.2 Carbon dioxide equivalent emissions (Refrigerators) ...................................... 27

CHAPTER FIVE .............................................................................................................. 28

5.0 DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................. 28

5.1 Physical survey ........................................................................................................ 28

5.2 Inspection of air-conditioners.................................................................................. 28

5.3 Refrigerator use in hostels ....................................................................................... 28

5.4 Carbon dioxide equivalent emissions ...................................................................... 28

CHAPTER SIX ................................................................................................................. 29

6.0 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................... 29

CHAPTER SEVEN .......................................................................................................... 30

7.0 RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................ 30

8.0 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................... 31

APPENDICES .................................................................................................................. 32

Appendix 1 – Questionnaire for refrigerator utilizers....................................................... 32

Appendix 2: Annual Leakage rate factors ........................................................................ 35

Appendix 3: HCFC’s, HFCs and PFCs Global Warming Potentials ............................... 36

Appendix 4: ZEMA Ozone depleting substances phase out plan ..................................... 37

viii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Overview map of Kitwe ...................................................................................... 2

Figure 2: Overview map of Copperbelt University ............................................................ 3

Figure 3: The Copperbelt University ................................................................................ 12

Figure 4: Overview map showing the buildings which were sampled ............................. 12

Figure 5: The Main Library was one of the buildings sampled ........................................ 14

Figure 6: Photo showing an old and non-functional air-conditioner at the school of

Engineering ....................................................................................................................... 14

Figure 7: One of the fully functional A/C installed at Z221 laboratory at the school of

Mines and Mineral Sciences ............................................................................................. 15

Figure 8: Manufacturer label on external component of A/C containing refrigerant R22 16

Figure 9: Manufacturer label showing refrigerant R134a contained in a Nikura fridge-

freezer refrigerator ............................................................................................................ 16

Figure 10: Photo of refrigerators taken during the inspection in one of the rooms in B -

Hostel ................................................................................................................................ 16

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Quantity of air-conditioners ................................................................................ 19

Table 2: Physical Survey of buildings installed with air-conditioners ............................. 20

Table 3: Male hostels inventory on refrigerators .............................................................. 21

Table 4: Female hostels inventory on refrigerators .......................................................... 21

Table 5: Refrigerants used in air-conditioners .................................................................. 23

Table 6: Refrigerant distribution in refrigerators .............................................................. 24

Table 7: Refrigerator use in male hostels ......................................................................... 25

Table 8: Refrigerator use in female hostels ...................................................................... 25

Table 9: Total carbon dioxide equivalent emissions from air-conditioners ..................... 26

Table 10: Total carbon dioxide equivalent emissions from refrigerators ......................... 27

x

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

1. AIR-CON - Air Conditioners

2. A/C – Air- Conditioner

3. CBU – Copperbelt University

4. CFCS - Chlorofluorocarbons

5. CO2 – Carbon Dioxide

6. ECZ – Environmental Council of Zambia

7. GHGs – Green House Gases

8. GWP - Global Warming Potential.

9. HCFC - Hydrochlorofluorocarbon

10. HFC - Hydrofluorocarbon

11. IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

12. ODS – Ozone Depleting Substances

13. RAC - Refrigerators and Air – Conditioners

14. tCO2– Tonnes of carbon dioxide

15. UNFCCC - United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

16. ZEMA - Zambia Environmental Management Agency

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ABSTRACT

The use of refrigerants in domestic, commercial and industrial cooling devices, chillers

and mobile air conditioners have an impact on health. The leakage of a refrigerant can

cause diseases such as loss of coordination and irritation of airways and it can lead to the

increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and in turn contribute to global warming.

This project was undertaken to determine the carbon footprint attributed to refrigerant

utilization at the Copperbelt University. The project focused on quantifying the types and

number of devices using refrigerants at Copperbelt University, determining the quantity

and types of greenhouse gases contained in the respective refrigeration devices, assessing

the carbon dioxide equivalent emissions associated with refrigerant and recommendations

on greenhouse gas reduction measures for refrigerant utilization

The selected buildings installed with refrigerators and air–conditioners were sampled and

these included the administrative offices, schools and their respective departments and

student hostels. The data collected from the sampled buildings were analyzed and the

carbon footprint was calculated.

The results obtained show that the emissions from the air-conditioners was higher than

those from refrigerators. Air-conditioners were emitting 52.87572 CO2-eq MT and

refrigerators were emitting 0.27113 CO2-eq MT with the school of business and the

buffalo hostel contributing the most emissions, 7.1145 CO2-eq MT and 0.07224 CO2-eq

MT respectively.

The refrigerant R 22 was the most commonly used refrigerant in air conditioners as

compared to the refrigerant R 410a. There were 247 air-conditioners found and of these

228 contained R 22 and only 19 contained R 410a. The building with the most number of

air-conditioners was the university library and administration offices which had 44 air-

conditioners while the hostel with the most number of refrigerators was Buffalo hostel

with 112 refrigerators. The university should consider replacing air-conditioners using R

22 with those using R-410a because it has been banned and is being phased out.

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTODUCTION

This project seeks to aid in the creation of a sustainable green university by measuring

and evaluating the level of its carbon emissions from operations such as refrigerant

utilization. This can be referred to as the carbon footprint of the institution. Measuring the

carbon footprint of an institution is an important step towards raising awareness of the

personal and institutional contribution to its carbon footprint and to global climate

change.

A carbon footprint can be broadly defined as a measure of the greenhouse gas (GHG)

emissions that are directly and indirectly caused by an activity or are accumulated over

the life stage of a product or service, expressed in carbon dioxide equivalents (Wiedmann

and Minx, 2007).

According to intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC), there are a total of 18

greenhouse gases with different global warming potentials, but under the United Nations

Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its Kyoto protocol, only the

following gases are considered for the purposes of carbon accounting, with others being

regulated elsewhere (IPCC 1990, UNFCCC, 1997):

a) Carbon dioxide, CO2

b) Methane, CH4

c) Nitrous oxide, N2O

d) Hydrofluorocarbons, HFCs

e) Perfluorocarbons, PFCs

f) Sulphur dioxide, SF6

Cooling and refrigeration systems involve the use of refrigerants for their operations.

A refrigerant is a substance or mixture, usually a fluid, used in a heat pump and

refrigeration cycle. In most cycles it undergoes phase transitions from a liquid to a gas

and back again. Many working fluids have been used for such purposes. Fluorocarbons,

especially chlorofluorocarbons, were frequently used in the 20th century, but they are

2

being phased out because of their ozone depletion effects. Other common refrigerants

used in various applications are ammonia, sulfur dioxide, and non-halogenated

hydrocarbons such as propane (Siegfried and Henrici, 2002).

New refrigerants were developed in the early 21st century that are safe to humans and to

the environment, but their application has been held up by regulatory hurdles due to

concerns over toxicity and flammability (Rosenthal et al, 2011).

This research will help determine the carbon footprint of the university in relation to the

use of devices containing refrigerants and give a clearer view of the opinions and

attitudes of students concerning their use.

1.1 Brief background

The Copperbelt University is located in Kitwe district on the Copperbelt province in

Zambia. It lies on the latitude 12°48'21.38"S and longitude 28°14'21.29"E of the map of

Zambia.

The figures below show topographical maps of the location of the Copperbelt University

extracted from google earth.

Figure 1: Overview map of Kitwe

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Figure 2: Overview map of Copperbelt University

At the time that the university was established it can be assumed that the use of cooling

systems was very minimal as compared to the present date meaning that there could have

been lesser carbon emissions then.

The use of cooling systems at the university has increased over the past ten to fifteen

years due to the ready availability and affordability of the devices on the market and the

gradual increase in the number of students residing on compass. It is for this reason that

there is currently at least one cooling or refrigeration device in every room at the student

hostels and administrative offices leading to the possible carbon emission increase. This

is due to the refrigerant gases contained in the devices which are dissipated during use.

The refrigerants that are currently of use at CBU are, the R22 (HCFC-22) which is found

in air conditioners and R134a refrigerators found in offices, classrooms, laboratories and

student hostels (Kasali, 2014).

1.2 Problem statement

Refrigerators and air conditioners are being used in almost all the buildings at the

Copperbelt University for refrigeration/freezing and space-cooling purposes. The devices

contain refrigerants which are known to have ozone depletion effects and have the

highest global warming potential (GWP).

4

1.3 Problem justification

The success of this project will provide the Copperbelt University with information that

will help come up with ways of reducing the carbon footprint of the university attributed

to refrigerant use.

1.4 Hypothesis

The use of refrigerators and air conditioners at the university may lead to an increase in

the carbon footprint of the university.

1.5 Main objective

This project is aimed at determining the carbon footprint attributed to refrigerant

utilization at the Copperbelt University.

1.5.1 Specific objectives

To quantify the types and number of devices using refrigerants at the Copperbelt

University.

To determine the quantity and types of greenhouse gases contained in the

respective refrigeration devices.

To assess the carbon dioxide equivalent emissions associated with refrigerant use

at the Copperbelt University.

To make recommendations on greenhouse gas reduction measures for refrigerant

utilization.

5

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 REFRIGERANTS AS OZONE DEPLETING SUBSTANCES

Historically, air conditioning and refrigeration equipment utilized various Ozone

Depleting Substances (ODSs), primarily chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and

hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). However, in the Montreal Protocol, these ODSs are

being phased out of manufacture and use in the United States. Hydrofluorocarbons

(HFCs) and, to a lesser extent, perfluorocarbons (PFCs) are used as substitutes for the

regulated ODSs.

According to the Environmental Protection Agency (2008) of the USA, HFC emissions

from the refrigeration and air conditioning sector result from the manufacturing process,

from leakage and service over the operational life of the equipment, and from disposal at

the end of the useful life of the equipment. These gases are said to have 100-year space

residence time global warming effects.

2.1 Refrigerants as GHGs in connection to global warming

The impact of refrigeration and air-conditioning installations on climate change has been

principally through energy consumption and the past emissions of CFCs. Now, more

efficient installations and new- generation fluids such as HFCs (Hydrofluorocarbons)

contribute to a 60% reduction in the global warming impact of refrigeration in the United

States. As such, the refrigeration industry is one of the sectors that has made most

progress in this area.

Substituting CFCs with low leakage HFC systems that have improved efficiency will

mean a net reduction in the effect on the global climate. This is the result of a pragmatic

and responsible approach towards sustainable refrigeration that respects both the safety of

the user and the environment.

Refrigeration equipment consumes electricity, produced in general by burning fossil fuel

that emits CO2 (carbon dioxide) into the atmosphere. This gas is the main contributor to

greenhouse gas emissions that could lead to global warming and climate change.

6

Poorly designed, badly maintained installations or refrigeration units abandoned at the

end of their life without recovering or recycling the refrigerant fluid can lead to emissions

into the atmosphere. These emissions are known as the “direct” effect. The substantial

progress made in sealing modern units and in recycling fluids has brought about a

considerable reduction in these emissions.

2.2 The impacts of refrigerants on human health

R-134a is a commercial refrigerant also known as tetrafluoroethane, which is most

commonly found in refrigerators and automobile air conditioners. According to the

Environmental Protection Agency, the chemical has low acute toxicity levels and

presents a low risk to humans exposed to it in small amounts. The majority of hazards

associated with this inert gas arise through inhalation over time or in large amounts. The

other effects include;

(i) Asphyxiation symptoms: According to the National Refrigerants website,

inhalation of R-134a reduces oxygen by 12 -14 percent and can cause symptoms

of asphyxiation. These symptoms include blurred vision, choking, shortness of

breath, rapid pulse, high blood pressure, convulsions and loss of consciousness

into coma or death. Symptoms worsen as exposure to the chemical increases.

These effects develop overtime as R-134a has a low occurrence of acute

reactions.

(ii) Loss of coordination and irritation of airway: A loss of coordination can occur

with inhalation of R-134a because of lack of oxygen reaching the brain. The

inhalation of the chemical also can cause irritation and frostbite in airways, nasal

passages and surrounding skin areas. If the solution is in a mist form, it can settle

in the lungs or gastrointestinal tract and cause gas buildup. This may not be

immediately life threatening, though it causes a good deal of discomfort.

(iii)Heart problems: Excessive inhalation of R-134a has been shown to cause

cardiac arrhythmia according to the National Refrigerants website. This condition

can be life threatening as sudden bio-electrical problems with the heart can cause

arrest and sudden death. Arrhythmia also can cause a stroke or embolism. Those

7

experiencing heart arrhythmia may experience chest pain on par with a heart

attack.

(iv) Tumor growth: According to the Environmental Protection Agency, benign

tumor growth has been shown in land animals exposed to large amounts of R-

134a. While the EPA stresses that the tumor growth was not cancerous, it is still

a potential hazard for workers that come into frequent contact with the refrigerant

as even benign tumors can press against vital organs and cause health problems.

2.3 Carbon footprint of refrigerant utilization at other university institutions

University institutions such as the university of Maryland eastern shore and auburn

university have carried out carbon footprints of their universities using similar methods as

the one to be used in this study.

So far, it appears that there are currently no Universities in Zambia that have calculated

their carbon footprints apart from The Copperbelt University which has been making an

effort to raise awareness towards the personal and institutional contribution to its carbon

footprint and to global climate change since 2013.

2.4 The Montreal protocol in phasing out refrigerants

The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (a protocol to

the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer) is an

international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of

numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion. The treaty was opened for

signature on September 16th, 1987, and entered into force on January 1st, 1989, followed

by a first meeting in Helsinki, May 1989. Since then, it has undergone eight revisions, in

1990 (London), 1991 (Nairobi), 1992 (Copenhagen), 1993 (Bangkok), 1995 (Vienna),

1997 (Montreal), 1999 (Beijing) and 2007 (Montreal).

According to Environmental Protection Agency, R-22 is being phased out of production

and importation under the Montreal Protocol, an environmental treaty ratified by every

country in the world designed to reduce and eventually eliminate the use of ozone

depleting substances. EPA’s Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) Program has

already listed numerous refrigerants with improved environmental, health and safety

8

profiles and continues to evaluate other refrigerants that can be used to replace R-22 and

other ozone-depleting substances.

2.5 The Kyoto protocol

The Kyoto Protocol is an agreement on global warming made under the United Nations

Conference on climate change in Kyoto, Japan 1997. The purpose of this agreement was

to address the climate change issue by the reduction of the greenhouse gases. In order for

it to become law, the Protocol should be ratified by no less than 55 countries.

In 1999, it was signed by 84 governments (UNFCCC, 2005). The Annex I countries,

which were responsible for 55% of CO2 emissions in 1990,signed it setting their targets

to reduce the overall emissions by 5.2%, and the CO2 emissions by 13.7%, against the

1990’s benchmark. These targets should have been met by 2012 (DEFRA, 2005).

2.6 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

This is an international agreement which was launched in 1992, to address the climate

change issue. The United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change was ratified

by 188 countries, which commit to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases by the year

2000, to levels lower than the ones of the year 1990. However, a more detailed policy

should be developed that requires a higher reduction of gas emissions. That was the

reason for the establishment of the Kyoto Protocol (DEFRA, 2005). The countries that

agreed to comply with the Convention have to collect and share their greenhouse gases

records and their policies at a national level. These countries have to evolve strategies to

achieve the targets posed by Convention, to adapt to the expected consequences, and to

become familiar with the climate change effects through collaboration. Another

responsibility resulting from the agreement is to support financially and technologically

the developing countries.

Negotiations and all decisions are taken in an annual intergovernmental conference

known as the Conference of the Parties (COP). Until now 19 COPs have taken place with

the twentieth forthcoming in December 2014. Moreover, the COP has the responsibility

of assuring the on-going effort in addressing the issues covered for the climate change. In

addition, COP is in charge of reviewing the Convention implementation, evaluating the

9

Parties’ compliance in parallel with the Convention and examining the impacts of the

existing policy applications. Its task also includes the appraisal of national

communications as well as emissions records by the Parties. As a result, the outcomes

from the reports are evaluated and continuous progress is ensured (UNFCCC, 2005).

The UK is one of the countries that has successfully fulfilled the Convention objectives

and reduced CO2 emissions between the period of 1990 to 2000 by 8.7%, while the

emissions of overall greenhouse gases decreased by 15.3% (DEFRA, 2005).

2.7 Refrigerant phase out plan in Zambia

Zambia recognized the need to protect the Ozone layer and joined the United Nations

member states at the meeting convened in Vienna to discuss the issue further to find ways

of alleviating the problem of the ozone layer. This is in response to the growing scientific

consensus that man-made (CFCs) and Halons are ultimately responsible for the depletion

of the Ozone Layer. The government created the National Ozone Unit to coordinate and

monitor the implementation of the country programme to phase-out ozone depleting

substances.

In re-affirming its commitment, the Zambian government ratified the Vienna Convention

and its Montreal Protocol in January, 1990, and is one of the countries categorized under

Article 5(1) whose consumption levels are less than 0.3 kg per capita. Later in 1994

Zambia as Party to the Montreal Protocol also ratified the London Amendments to the

Protocol. Basing on this, Zambia has developed and established ODS regulations to

control the consumption and monitor the usage of the ODSs. The law is assisting Zambia

to reduce the use of ODS, leading to a complete phase-out, in order to save the ozone

layer for the benefit of the community in Zambia and globally.

2.7.1 Programmes designed to assist in the phase-out of ODS’ in Zambia

Management of environment and natural resources is one of the priority areas of the

Zambian Government. Zambia through ZEMA formally the Environmental Council of

Zambia (ECZ) manages, monitors and protects the environment and natural resources

against effects resulting from the modification of ozone layer from the stratospheric air

pollution.

10

Zambia is a low-volume consuming (LVC) country of ODS whose calculated level of

consumption is less than 0.3 kg per capita at 22.12 metric tonnes per year according to

the baseline data obtained in 1991. However, with the liberalized economy and the

sprouting of new industries and other factors there was an increase in the level of ozone

depleting substances consumption.

(i) Refrigeration Management Plan

Zambia is also implementing the Refrigeration Management Plan (RMP) in

cooperation with a bilateral partner the Germany Technical Cooperation (GTZ) to

manage CFC- refrigerants in most parts of Zambia. This is a comprehensive

programme which embodies such projects like the training of refrigeration air

conditioning technicians, training of Customs Officers, development of legislation

and control regulations and the inventory of ODSs to update the database.

(ii) CFC refrigerants study

Zambia conducted a baseline assessment on CFC consumption in 1991. The

baseline assessment indicated Zambia CFC consumption to be about 22.12 metric

tonnes per year. In 1996 a survey to determine the current amount of ODSs used

in Zambia on both CFCs and methyl bromide was conducted. The results

indicated the consumption to be 35.67 and 44.0 tonnes per year of CFCs and

Methyl Bromide, respectively.

2.8 Alternatives to the Refrigerant Ozone Depleting Substances

According to Environmental Protection Agency (2014) of Ireland, HCFCs have been

used as refrigerant gases since the complete phase out of the older CFC refrigerants. The

most commonly used HCFC refrigerant is known as R22 and has been in widespread use

in applications in many economic sectors. However, all HCFCs are to be completely

banned after 31 December 2014 in Ireland and in Zambia the freeze will take effect after

1 January 2016 and a complete phase out by 1 January 2040. Scientists through the

Ozone friendly technology have developed a number of chemicals for industrial

processes and equipment for refrigeration and air conditioning. These are as follows:

11

(i) Refrigerants

It has been demonstrated that alternative to R-22 for domestic refrigeration

could either be HFC-134a or HC-600a. The leading alternative refrigerant

contender to HCFC-22 for air-conditioning is HFC blends R-410A and R-

407C, while large capacity (>100 kW) equipment use HFC-134a.

Most ships are likely to use alternative refrigerant R-407C and R-404A and

Truck Containers is HFC-134a, this include Buses and Railcar conditioners.

Most of the current Mobile Air Conditioners refrigerant use HFC-134a or R-

404A or 410A. All new vehicles produced since 1995 have been equipped

with HFC-134a.

Other refrigerant options, are Ammonia (NH3, R- 717), Carbon dioxide (CO2,

R- 744), Hydrocarbons and blends (HC-290, HC-600a, HC-127 etc.),

Hydrofluorocarbons and blends (HCF-152a, R-400, R-500), Water (H2O, R-

718).

12

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA

The study was carried out at the Copperbelt University of which selected buildings

installed with refrigerators and air – conditioners were sampled.

Figure 3: The Copperbelt University

Figure 4: Overview map showing the buildings which were sampled

13

3.1 Data collection methods

The collection of data was done using two methods. These were primary and secondary

methods of data collection.

3.1.1 Primary data collection

Primary data collection involved stratified sampling, physical survey in which air-

conditioners and refrigerators were inspected for manufacturer labels and interviewer

administered and interviewee administered questionnaire surveys.

3.1.1.1. Stratified sampling

This involved the sampling of buildings installed with air-conditioners and refrigerators.

The following buildings were targeted;

Administration Offices

i. Academic office

ii. Main administration block

iii. Dean Of Students

iv. Computer center

v. Site six

The University main library

The Seven Schools and their respective departments;

i. School Of Business

ii. School Of Built Environment

iii. School Of Engineering

iv. School Of Mathematics and Natural Sciences

v. School Of Mines and Mineral Sciences

vi. School Of Natural Resources

vii. School of Centre for Long Life Education

The University Clinic

Commercial outlets;

i. Ecobank

ii. Invest trust Bank

Student hostels (Antelope, Buffalo, Giraffe, Mwembeshi, Rhino and Zebra

Hostels)

14

3.1.1.2 Physical Survey

A Physical survey was carried out in order to count or quantify the number of air-cons

installed at each of the buildings sampled. Photographs of buildings installed with air–

conditioners were taken as it also assisted in counting the air-cons.

Figure 5: The Main Library was one of the buildings sampled

Figure 6: Photo showing an old and non-functional air-conditioner at the school of

Engineering

External components of Air conditioners at CBU administration and main library Block

15

Figure 7: One of the fully functional A/C installed at Z221 laboratory at the school

of Mines and Mineral Sciences

3.1.1.2.1 Inspection of Air – Conditioners and Refrigerators for Manufacturer

Labels

The inspection of air- conditioners and refrigerators for manufacturer labels on either

their internal or external components was performed in order to find out the type of

refrigerant contained in each appliance and the initial refrigerant charge contained from

the date of manufacture. This is shown in the pictures that were taken during the

inspection below.

16

Figure 8: Manufacturer label on external component of A/C containing refrigerant

R22

Figure 9: Manufacturer label showing refrigerant R134a contained in a Nikura

fridge-freezer refrigerator

Figure 10: Photo of refrigerators taken during the inspection in one of the rooms in

B -Hostel

17

3.1.1.3 Interviewer Administered Questionnaire Survey

This is involved face to face interviews with students residing in the hostels in order to

collect data such as the number of refrigerators in each of their rooms, the age of their

refrigerators, the refrigerant type and refrigerant charge of their devices.

3.1.1.4 Interviewee administered questionnaire survey

Questionnaires were issued out to those students who did not have time to participate in

the face to face interviews but offered to answer the questionnaires in their own time.

3.1.2 Secondary data collection

This involved researching about the chemistry of refrigerants, formulae to calculate

carbon dioxide emissions, the effects of refrigerants on both the environment and on

human health, the impacts of refrigerants on global warming and climate change and the

global warming potentials of each refrigerant from written sources such as journals,

articles, books and the internet.

3.2 Limitation in data collection

The research was successfully carried out but with a number of limitations here and there.

The limitations to my research included the following;

The major limitation of the project was that quite a number of air-conditioners are

mounted too high on some buildings and some air-cons and refrigerators had

either no manufacturer labels or the labels were faded, hence my inability to

collect some of the data.

Obtaining information from some students was difficult as some refused to be

interviewed.

3.3 Data analysis

The data collected was analyzed in order to calculate the carbon dioxide equivalent

emissions for both the air-conditioners and refrigerators.

The carbon dioxide equivalent emissions for specific devices of each block were

calculated using the method below;

18

1. A list of all equipment that relies on refrigerant gas was made. It included air

conditioners, refrigerators and commercial refrigeration systems.

2. The labels on each of these units were inspected in order to find the recommended

recharge capacity, in kilograms / grams. Recharge capacity represents the total

amount of refrigerant that the unit can hold. For example, a large air conditioner

may have a recharge capacity of 50 kilograms. This information can be found on

the label stuck on the equipment, or in the equipment manual.

3. The global warming potential of each of these refrigerants was determined. The

Climate Registry provides the global warming potential for common refrigerants

(http://www.epa.gov/ozone/geninfo/gwps.html). For example, carbon dioxide has

a global warming potential (GWP) of 1, while R22a has a GWP of 1,700.

4. The labels on each unit were reviewed once more to identify the annual leakage

rate (ALR). If this information cannot be found, EPA Victoria suggests using an

ALR of 0.9 for air conditioners and chillers, 0.23 for commercial refrigerators,

and 0.16 for industrial refrigeration systems.

5. The values for each unit were used in the following formula to calculate carbon

dioxide equivalent emissions in kilograms:

CO2 = Refrigerant * Recharge capacity * Leakage Rate/annum * Number of

years from installation date * GWP.

So an air conditioner with a 50 kilogram recharge rate using R22a would be

calculated as: kilograms of CO2= 50 x 0.9 x 1,700, or 76,500 kilograms.

6. This formula was repeated for all units that utilize refrigerants. The CO2

emissions for all units can be added together to find the total carbon emissions in

kilograms.

7. To convert the kilograms to tons, the values can simply be multiplied by 1000 to

get equivalent values in tonnes.

More details about the values for the leakage rate per annum of both air-conditioners

and refrigerators are shown in the appendix.

19

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULTS

This chapter contains the findings and analyses of the findings of this study. The findings

are presented in the order that they were obtained

4.1 Stratified sampling

The data collected from the sampling showed that there was a total number of 247 air-

conditioners and 457 refrigerators from the buildings sampled. Their distribution is

shown in the tables below.

In Table 1 it is evident that the university library and administration offices had the

highest number of air conditioners installed while the new site six offices and school of

built environment had the lowest.

Table 1: Quantity of air-conditioners

LOCATIONS QUANITY OF AIR CONDITIONERS

SCHOOL OF BUSINESS 22

SCHOOL OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT 2

SCHOOL OF CENTRE OF LIFE LONG EDUCATION 15

ST BLOCK OF CLASSES 8

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING 11

SCHOOL OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES 32

SCHOOL OF MINES AND MINERAL SCIENCES 28

SCHOOL OF NATURAL RESOURCES 12

THE ACADEMIC OFFICE 24

UNIVERSITY LIBRARY AND ADMINISTRATION OFFICES 44

COMPUTER CENTRE OFFICES 6

K- CLASSES 4

UNIVERSITY CLINIC 8

DEAN OF STUDENTS 4

FORMER SITE SIX OFFICES 12

NEW SITE SIX OFFICES 2

ECO BANK 3

INVEST TRUST BANK 4

DAG-HAMMERSKJOELD (AMERICAN CORNER) 6

TOTAL 247

20

4.2 Physical survey of devices

From the physical survey that was conducted, it was observed that there are two types of

devices that use refrigerants for their operation at the university. These were air-

conditioners and refrigerators (Commercial and Household).

The physical survey of buildings installed with air-conditioners was carried out and 247

air conditioners were found at the buildings sampled (Administration offices, University

Library, the seven schools and their respective departments, University clinic and

commercial outlets) and of them all, 208 were functional while 39 of them were non-

functional. The results from the survey are shown in Table 2 below.

Table 2: Physical Survey of buildings installed with air-conditioners

LOCATIONS QUANITY OF AIR CONDITIONERS

NUMBER OF FUNCTIONAL

NUMBER OF NON-FUNCTIONAL

SCHOOL OF BUSINESS 22 16 6

SCHOOL OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT 2 2 0

SCHOOL OF CENTRE OF LIFE LONG EDUCATION

15 15 0

ST BLOCK OF CLASSES 8 8 0

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING 11 9 2

SCHOOL OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES

32 24 8

SCHOOL OF MINES AND MINERAL SCIENCES

28 22 6

SCHOOL OF NATURAL RESOURCES 12 12 0

THE ACADEMIC OFFICE 24 21 3

UNIVERSITY LIBRARY AND ADMINISTRATION OFFICES

44 38 6

COMPUTER CENTRE OFFICES 6 6 0

K- CLASSES 4 0 4

UNIVERSITY CLINIC 8 8 0

DEAN OF STUDENTS 4 4 0

FORMER SITE SIX OFFICES 12 8 4

NEW SITE SIX OFFICES 2 2 0

ECO BANK 3 3 0

INVEST TRUST BANK 4 4 0

DAG-HAMMERSKJOELD (AMERICAN CORNER)

6 6 0

TOTAL 247 208 39

21

Table 3 shows the results that were obtained from the three male hostels that were

sampled. Antelope hostel had the highest number of refrigerators in use despite it having

the same number of rooms as Rhino hostel.

Table 3: Male hostels inventory on refrigerators

MALE HOSTELS NUMBER OF

ROOMS/HOSTEL

TOTAL NUMBER OF

REFRIGERATORS/HOSTEL

Antelope 94 73

Mwembeshi 48 54

Rhino 94 59

Table 4 shows that in the female hostels, Buffalo hostel had the highest number of

refrigerators in use despite it having the same number of rooms as Zebra hostel.

Table 4: Female hostels inventory on refrigerators

FEMALE HOSTELS NUMBER OF

ROOMS/HOSTEL

TOTAL NUMBER OF

REFRIGERATORS/HOSTEL

Buffalo 103 112

Giraffe 48 66

Zebra 103 93

A total number of 457 refrigerators were found in the in all six hostels and all of them

were in use and fully functional.

4.3 Inspection of air – conditioners and refrigerators for manufacturer labels

The inspection of air – conditioners and refrigerators for manufacturer labels was

performed in order to find out the types of refrigerants contained in the respective

devices. The results obtained showed that the refrigerants found in the devices were;

22

i. HCFC R-22 (Chlorodifluoromethane) in air conditioners.

ii. HFC R-410A (blend of R-32 and R125) in air conditioners, where; HFC R-32 is

Difluoromethane and HFC R-125 is Pentafluoroethane

iii. HFC R-134a (1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane) in refrigerators.

iv. HC R600a (Isobutane) in refrigerators.

Table 5 below shows the type of refrigerants contained in the air-conditioners and the

number of air-conditioners using those refrigerants. After inspecting each device for

refrigerant type, it can be said that there were more air-conditioners using R 22 as

compared to those using R 410a. The distribution of these refrigerants in the respective

devices is as follows;

23

Table 5: Refrigerants used in air-conditioners

BUILDING REFRIGERANT

REFRIGERANT CHARGE (MTonnes)

NUMBER OF AIR

CONDITIONERS

Carbon Emissions C02-eq (MTonnes)

SCHOOL OF CENTRE FOR LONG LIFE EDUCATION R 410a 0.00298 15 4.59954

UNIVERSITY LIBRARY AND ADMINISTRATION OFFICES R 22 0.0153 44 6.09093

THE ACADEMIC OFFICE R 22 0.01602 24 4.92884

CLINIC R 22 0.00384 10 2.38374

COMPUTER CENTRE OFFICES R 22 0.00453 6 0.84762

DEAN OF STUDENTS R 22 0.00272 4 0.9996

K - CLASSES R 22 0.00122 4 1.49328

ST - LECTURE ROOMS R 22 0.00172 8 2.80704

DAG-HAMMERSKJOELD (AMERICAN CORNER) R 22 0.00471 6 2.01164

ECOBANK R22 0.00204 3 0.35904

INVEST TRUST BANK R 22 0.00296 4 0.13668

FORMER SITE SIX OFFICES R 22 0.00172 12 1.3158

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING R 22 0.00943 11 2.82846

SCHOOL OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT R 22 0.00339 2 0.58783

SCHOOL OF MINES AND MINERAL SCIENCES R 410a 0.00121 4 0.296201

R 22 0.01656 22 4.61274

SCHOOL OF BUSINESS R 22 0.00891 22 7.1145

SCHOOL OF MATHS AND SCIENCE R 22 0.0099 32 6.89979

NEW SITE SIX OFFICES R 22 0.00148 2 0.030192

SCHOOL OF NATURAL RESOURCES R 22 0.00562 12 2.53225

24

The following results were obtained from the inspection of the type refrigerants contained

in refrigerators.

The results in table 6 show that R 134a was the highest refrigerant used in refrigerators

and its emissions were more than those from the refrigerant R600a which was contained

in only ten of the 457 refrigerators found in the six hostels that were sampled.

Table 6: Refrigerant distribution in refrigerators

HOTEL REFRIGERAN

T

RERIGERANT

CHARGE

(MTonnes)

NUMBER OF

REFRIGERATORS

USING

REFRIGERANT

CARBON

Emissions C02- eq

(MTonnes)

Antelope R 134a 0.415 73 0.04066

Mwembes

hi

R 134a 0.401 46 0.02479

R 600a 0.186 8 0.00001

Rhino R 134a 0.52 59 0.03976

Buffalo R 134a 0.56 112 0.07224

Giraffe R134a 0.325 64 0.03699

R 600a 0.088 2 0.000005

Zebra R 134a 0.482 93 0.05669

4.4 Refrigerator use in hostels

Interviewer administered questionnaire and interviewee administered questionnaire

survey was carried out in order to find out the number of refrigerators per room of each

hostel. The number of refrigerators per room was also noted. Reference to the appendix

for more details may be made.

The table below shows the results obtained from the male hostels. Antelope hostel had

the most refrigerators and each hostel had a maximum number to two refrigerators per

room.

25

Table 7: Refrigerator use in male hostels

HOSTEL ANTELOPE MWEMBESHI RHINO

NUMBER OF

REFRIGERATORS IN HOSTEL

73 54 59

MAXIMUM NUMBER OF

REFRIGERATORS PER ROOM

2 2 2

The results from the female hostels in Table 8 shows that Buffalo hostel had the most

refrigerators with a maximum of three refrigerators in some rooms. The other two hostels

only had two refrigerators per room in each hostel.

Table 8: Refrigerator use in female hostels

HOSTEL B UFFALO GIRAFFE ZEBRA

NUMBER OF REFRIGERATORS

IN HOSTEL

112 66 93

MAXIMUM NUMBER OF

REFRIGERATORS PER ROOM

3 2 2

4.5 Carbon dioxide equivalent emissions

The carbon dioxide equivalent emissions for both air-conditioners and refrigerators was

found after analyzing the data. The results that were obtained are shown in the tables

below.

4.5.1 Carbon dioxide equivalent emissions (Air-Conditioners)

The total carbon dioxide equivalent emissions from air-conditioners was calculated and

found to be 52.87572CO2-eq emissions (MTonnes) with the highest emissions coming

from the school of business. The overall results are shown in Table 9 below.

26

Table 9: Total carbon dioxide equivalent emissions from air-conditioners

BUILDING NUMBER

OF A/C

NUMBER OF

FUNCTIONAL

NUMBER OF NON-

FUNCTIONAL

CO2-eq emissions

(MTonnes)

SCHOOL OF BUSINESS 22 16 6 7.1145

SCHOOL OF BUILT

ENVIRONMENT

2 2 0 0.58783

SCHOOL OF CENTRE OF LIFE

LONG EDUCATION

15 15 0 4.59954

ST BLOCK OF CLASSES 8 8 0 2.80704

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING 11 9 2 2.82846

SCHOOL OF MATHEMATICS

AND NATURAL SCIENCES

32 24 8 6.89979

SCHOOL OF MINES AND

MINERAL SCIENCES

28 22 6 4.90895

SCHOOL OF NATURAL

RESOURCES

12 12 0 2.53225

THE ACADEMIC OFFICE 24 21 3 4.92884

UNIVERSITY LIBRARY AND

ADMINISTRATION

44 38 6 6.09093

COMPUTER CENTREOFFICES 6 6 0 0.84762

K- CLASSES 4 0 3 1.49328

UNIVERSITY CLINIC 8 8 6 2.38374

DEAN OF STUDENTS 4 4 0 0.9996

FORMER SITE SIX OFFICES 12 8 4 1.3158

NEW SITE SIX OFFICES 2 2 0 0.03019

ECO BANK

3 3 0 0.35904

INVEST TRUST BANK 4 4 0 0.13668

27

DAG-HAMMERSKJOELD

(AMERICAN CORNER)

6 6 0 2.01164

TOTAL EMISSIONS 52.87572

4.5.2 Carbon dioxide equivalent emissions (Refrigerators)

The total carbon dioxide emissions from refrigerators were calculated and found to be

0.27113CO2-eq emissions (MTonnes) with the highest emissions coming from Buffalo

hostel. The results are shown in the table below.

Table 10: Total carbon dioxide equivalent emissions from refrigerators

HOSTEL NUMBER OF

REFRIGERATORS

CO2 eq emissions

(MTonnes)

ANTELOPE 73 0.04066

BUFFALO 112 0.07224

GIRAFFE 66 0.03699

MWEMBESHI 54 0.02479

RHINO 59 0.03976

ZEBRA 93 0.05669

TOTAL EMISSIONS 0.27113

28

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 DISCUSSION

This chapter presents a discussion of the results that were obtained from the study. The

results are discussed in the order that they were obtained.

5.1 Physical survey

The building with the highest number of air-conditioners was the university library and

administration offices and the hostel with the highest number of refrigerators was the

Buffalo hostel. During the survey, it was noticed that there were quite a number of non-

functional air-conditioners that were still installed. These non-functional air-conditioners

could lead to an increase in carbon equivalent emissions due to the fact that the gases

contained are not recovered hence all the gases are emitted with time.

5.2 Inspection of air-conditioners

The refrigerants that were in high usage at the university were R22 and R134a in air-

conditioners and refrigerators respectively. It was also noticed that of the 247 air-

conditioners, only 19 are using R 410a and of the 457 refrigerators, only 10 were using

R600a.

5.3 Refrigerator use in hostels

The response from the questionnaires showed that there are some rooms in the hotels that

had a maximum of three refrigerators such as the Buffalo hostel that had a total of 112

refrigerators. This explains why Buffalo hostel was emitting 0.07224CO2-eq emissions

(MTonnes).

5.4 Carbon dioxide equivalent emissions

The carbon dioxide equivalent emissions of air-conditioners were higher than those from

refrigerators despite the refrigerators being more in number than the air-conditioners.

This was due to the high global warming potentials of the refrigerants contained in air-

conditioners and the existence of non-functional air-conditioners which are still installed

at the university.

29

CHAPTER SIX

6.0 CONCLUSION

1. The objectives of the study were accomplished and it was found that two types of

devices were using refrigerants, these being air-conditioners and refrigerators.

2. There were four types of greenhouse gases contained in the devices and these

were R 22 and R410a in air-conditioners and R 134a and R 600a in refrigerators.

It was also found that there are more air-conditioners using the refrigerant R 22

than those using R 410a and more refrigerators using R 134a than R 600a.

3. The carbon dioxide equivalent emissions were determined and found to be

53.14685 CO2-eq MT with the emissions coming from both air-conditioners and

refrigerators.

4. Considering the results obtained, it can be said that air-conditioners are currently

contributing more towards the carbon footprint of the university than

refrigerators. This can be seen from the comparison between 247 air-conditioners

which were found to be emitting 52.87572 CO2-eq MT and the 457 refrigerators

which were emitting 0.27113 CO2-eq MT with the school of business and the

buffalo hostel contributing the most emissions, 7.1145 CO2-eq MT and 0.07224

CO2-eq MT respectively.

30

CHAPTER SEVEN

7.0 RECOMMENDATIONS

Having carried out the study successfully with a few challenges, the following

recommendations were made:

1) The university should consider replacing the purchase of air-conditioners using

the refrigerant R 22 with air-conditioners using R-410a because it has been

banned and is being phased out.

2) The use of air-conditioners using R 410a and refrigerators using R 134a and

R600a will help in reducing the carbon footprint of the university.

3) CBU should consider investing in green building technology so that the use of air

conditioners is reduced.

4) CBU must come up with a strategy and policy that will help the university attain a

lower carbon footprint attributed to refrigerant utilization.

31

8.0 REFERENCES

Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) (2005): Climate change:

Action to tackle global warming, Action being taken to tackle climate change [online].

Available from: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

(2005) Essential background [online]. Available from:

http://unfccc.int/essential_background/items/2877.php [Accessed on: 23rd August 2005]

Environmental Protection Agency - Climate Leaders, United States, May 2008.

Greenhouse gas inventory protocol core module guidance. Direct HFC and PFC

Emissions from Use of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment.

Environmental Protection Agency - Climate Leaders, Ireland, April 2014. Refrigerant

alternatives.

George Kasali 2014. Approaches for Carbon Footprint Assessment of Refrigerants,

Agriculture, Wastewater and Paper for Copperbelt University. “Research workshop on

Assessing the Carbon Footprint of Copperbelt University”. Presented at a workshop in

Ndola, Coppeerbelt Zambia on 3rd – 4th March, 2014.

Siegfried Haaf, Helmut Henrici “Refrigeration Technology” in Ulmann’s Encyclopedia

of Industrial Chemistery, 2002, Wilely-VCH.

UNFCCC (1997). The Kyoto Protocol to the Convention on Climate Change. Bonn

UNFCCC Secretariat.

Wiedmann, T and J Minx (2007): A definition of ‘Carbon footprint’. Durham, ISA-

Research and Consulting.

32

APPENDICES

Appendix 1 – Questionnaire for refrigerator utilizers

Select your preferred answer by ticking or writing your answer in the spaces provided.

1. Gender?

(i) Male ( ii) female

2. Occupation

(i) Employee (ii) Student

3. Do you have a refrigerator(s) in your office?

(i) Yes (ii) No

4. If your answer was yes in the previous question, how many are they?

(i) 1 (ii) 2 (iii) 3 (iv) 4 (v) 5

5. Is it a freezer, bar fridge or fridge-freezer? If two or three of the options apply, tick

both or all that apply.

(i) Freezer (ii) Bar fridge (iii) Fridge-freezer

6. How many are functional?

(i) 1 (ii) 2 (iii) 3 (iv) All of them (v)

None

7. How many refrigerators are dysfunctional?

(i) 1 (ii) 2 (iii) 3 (iv) All of them (v) None

8. In what year did you buy your freezer or how old could it be?

(i) Year ………….. (ii) Less than 1 year old (iii) 1–5 years old

(iv) 5-10 years old (v) More than 10 years old (vi) Don’t know

9. In what year did you buy your bar fridge or how old could it be?

(i) Year ………….. (ii) Less than 1 year old (iii) 1–5 years old

(iv) 5-10 years old (v) More than 10 years old (vi) Don’t know

33

10. In what year did you buy your fridge-freezer or how old could it be?

(ii) Year ………….. (ii) Less than 1 year old (iii) 1–5 years old

(iv) 5-10 years old (v) More than 10 years old (vi) Don’t know

11. How many refrigerators have been re-gassed?

(i) 1 (ii) 2 (iii) 3 (iv)All of them (v) None

12. What is the refrigerant used in your freezer? (Kindly check the label at the back or

side of your refrigerator and indicate the refrigerant type in the box provided

below.)

Refrigerant -

13. What is the refrigerant used in your fridge-freezer? (Kindly check the label at the

back or side of your refrigerator and indicate the refrigerant type in the box

provided below.)

Refrigerant -

14. What is the refrigerant used in your bar-fridge? (Kindly check the label at the back

or side of your refrigerator and indicate the refrigerant type in the box provided

below.)

Refrigerant -

15. What is the capacity (liters) and weight of your freezer? (Kindly check the label at

the back or side of your refrigerator and indicate it in the boxes provided below.)

(i) Weight (ii) Capacity

16. What is the capacity (liters) and weight of your fridge-freezer? (Kindly check the

label at the back or side of your refrigerator and indicate it in the boxes provided

below.)

(ii) Weight (ii) Capacity

17. What is the capacity (liters) and weight of your bar-fridge? (Kindly check the label

at the back or side of your refrigerator and indicate it in the boxes provided below.)

(iii) Weight (ii) Capacity

18. What is the refrigerant input of your freezer? (Kindly check the label at the back or

side of your refrigerator and indicate it in the boxes provided below.)

Refrigerant input -

19. What is the refrigerant input of your fridge-freezer? (Kindly check the label at the

back or side of your refrigerator and indicate it in the boxes provided below.)

Refrigerant input -

20. What is the refrigerant input of your bar-fridge? (Kindly check the label at the back

or side of your refrigerator and indicate it in the boxes provided below.)

Refrigerant input -

34

21. What is the power input (W) of your freezer? (Kindly check the label at the back or

side of your refrigerator and indicate it in the boxes provided below.)

Power input (W) -

22. What is the Power input of your fridge-freezer? (Kindly check the label at the back

or side of your refrigerator and indicate it in the boxes provided below.)

Power input (W) -

23. What is the power input of your freezer? (Kindly check the label at the back or

side of your refrigerator and indicate it in the boxes provided below.)

Power input -

35

Appendix 2: Annual Leakage rate factors

36

Appendix 3: HCFC’s, HFCs and PFCs Global Warming Potentials

Chemical Atmospheric

Lifetime (years) GWP Use

HCFC-22 (CHClF2)

12.0 1700 Air-conditioners

HFC-32

(CH2F2)

270

264

260

12,240

11,700

12,000

Byproduct of HCFC-22 used in very-

low temperature refrigeration blend

and component in fire suppression.

Also used for plasma etching and

cleaning in semiconductor production.

HFC-41

(CH3F)

2.4

3.7

2.6

90

150

97

Not in use today.

HFC-43-10mee

(C5H2F10)

15.9

17.1

15

1,610

1,300

1,500

Cleaning solvent

HFC-125

(C2HF5)

29

32.6

29

3,450

2,800

3,400

Blend component of numerous

refrigerants and a fire suppressant.

HFC-134

(CHF2CHF2)

9.6

10.6

9.6

1,090

1,000

1,100

Not in use today.

HFC-134a

(CH2FCF3)

14

14.6

13.8

1,320

1,300

1,300

One of the most widely used

refrigerant blends, component of other

refrigerants, foam blowing agent, fire

suppressant and propellant in metered-

dose inhalers and aerosols.

HFC-143

(C2H3F3)

3.5

3.8

3.4

347

300

330

Not in use today.

HFC-143a

(C2H3F3)

52

48.3

52

4,400

3,800

4,300

Blend component of several

refrigerant blends.

HFC- 410a (53±2% CHClF2 ·13+.5,-1.5% C2H4F2 ·34±1% C2HF4Cl)

8.514 1725

Blend component of several

refrigerant blends. Used in

refrigerators

HFC- 600a C4H10

12 ± 3 4 Used as a refrigerant in refrigerators.

37

Appendix 4: ZEMA Ozone depleting substances phase out plan