Napoleon

France at War

• 1792- Austria/Prussia– Battle of Valmy– Savoy and Nice annexed

• British stopped in Toulon• Revolution saved- Thermidorian Reaction-

Directory come to power• Directory period- war continues

From Reform to Reactionary?

• Pitt– Reformer- early 1790s Suppresses

• Joseph II Ref->Leopold II reverses-> Francis II- counterrevolution

• Frederick William II- church and aristocracy to the rescue

• Catherine- burns voltaire’s works- exiles reformers

OK I see why Austria/Prussia- but why the others?

• 1792-France invades Austrian Netherlands (Belgium)

• National Convention-> ideological movement- free others!

• Violate Britain/Holland Treaty when declare Dutch river open to all

• 1793 FIRST COALITION—Austria/prussia/gb/holland/spain/sardinia

Napoleon and Toulon

• 1793- Napoleon ousts GB from Toulon– Brigadier General

• NEXT->Enter Italy- Austrian possession- • By 1797 Austria out—Treaty of Campo Fiormio– Napoleon=Hero– Control Italy and Switzerland

• Prussia out of War too• Napoleon to Egypt—Ottoman possession to

harm GB

Loss?

• GB already possesses Gibralter (1713)- major trade w/India-strongest Navy– Strong relations w/Portugal

• Nelson- defeated France-• Russia nervous enters the Fray• Second Coalition forms-

Russia/Austria/British/Ottomans

Death is nothing, but to live

defeated and inglorious is to die daily. Napoleon

• Corsica new possession France (1768)• Italian speaking• Attended Military Academy @9yrs old• 21 as FR begins• Follower of Enlightenment• Loner-Corsican and Italian- • 1796- Paris “fired grapeshot” conservative

As per Wellington...I used to say of him that his presence on the field made a difference of 40,000 men

Qualities

• Innovative, instinctive, charismatic, – Canning of food– An army marches on its stomach

• Travelled w/troops -On the troops– A man does not have himself killed for a halfpence

ad day or for a petty distinction, you must speak to the soul in order to electrify the man

• Great Tactician• Read and follow maps- excellent in math

In Italy I realized I was a superior being and conceived the ambition of performing great things

1799-1802

• Coup d’etat• Directory—3 consuls—Napoleon 1st Consul– Abbe Sieyes helped him to power

• Foreign campaign– Second Coalition- fracturing Russia leaves– 1800-1802 new hostilities Austria—defeated again– Treaty of Amiens—w/Britain

1803-1804

• North America– Attempt Suppression Haiti Rebellion(restores

Slavery?)• Failed- Led to sale Louisiana Purchase (recently

regained from Spain)

– France dominates Austrian possessions in HRE– Britain redeclares War– William Pitt 3rd Coalition- Russia, Austria

• Trafalgar (1805)- Invasion Britain done with• Austria– Marches to Vienna– Battle of Austerlitz 1806– Treaty of Pressburg->Napoloen the “King of Italy– 1809- Austria resurrects – Battle of Wagram-loses

• Treaty of Schonbrunn more losses

• Germany– Battle of Jena– Creates Confederation of Rhine– Duchy of Warsaw– Prussia

• Berlin Decrees• Captures E. Prussia• Treaty of Tilsit

– Emasculates Prussia- permianent reduction in forces—Treaty signed by Tsar?- Prussian troops max 42k

• HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE DISSOLVED• Russia

– Battle of Friedland– Treaty of Tilsit

• Duchy of Warsaw created• Milan Decree 1807---Continental system

– Note—tariff policy favored France—built resentment• 1807 Spain problem begins- French enter troops to stop

smuggling—Goya painting– Penninsular Campaign– Smuggling through Portugal undermining–

• TAKES SWEDEN TOO! (caught in the middle—will lose Finland)

On the British-A nation of Shopkeepers

A dynasty?• Napoleon- married Josephine much older->

Later marries, Maria Louisa—daughter Francis I

• stepson- Italy• Brother- Spain• Brother- King of Westphalia, Brother – King of

Holland Brother-in-law King of Naples, sister-Grand Duchess of Tuscany

• French Marschall ->King of Sweden• Son king of Rome

3rd of May1808

Arousing Nationalism

• Alienated?- Beethoven’s Eroica (3rd Symphony)• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tqiro1kdRlw• The Good -Code of Napoleon, End of Serfdom,

Religious Toleration• The Bad- Illegal assassinations (Bourbon in German

state), unfair econ. Trade. Family members in charge• Spain- resentment of heavy handedness- all levels of

society->guerilla warfare

Unintended Consequences-

• >Germany->movement towards a country (Buschenschaften ch.21)! Intellectuals and “enlightened military” (Russia too—see Decembrists ch 21) ->build morale through “best practices”

• Stoked fire of Nationalism in other countries too Ireland!!!

Heading Back

• 100 days• Escapes Elba• Louis XVIII ousted- promised peace• Coalition- none of it– Battle of Waterloo– Welling and Prussian Marshall Blucer win 1815

• St. Helena

The Beginning of the End• Peninsular Campaign

– Sapping troops- guerilla warfare- general discontent by all factions population

– Wellington and Brits stand up- • Continental System fails

– Smuggling, Latin American, East Med. Opportunities• 1810 Russia withdraws

– 1 Million v. 160k– Battle of Borodino Napoleon loss– 1812 Napoleon moves west---900k+ lost

• 1813-Russia/Prussia/Austria/Britain– Battle of Leipzig (Battle of Nations) Napoleon loses

• Napoleon abdicates sent to Elba

My true glory is not to have won forty battles...Waterloo will erase the memory of so many victories...But what nothing will destroy, what will forever is my Civil Code

Napoleon at Home

• What is a throne? — a bit of wood gilded and covered in velvet. I am the state

• As per Napoleon- “loves power as a musician loves his violin”• Attacked threats—Jacobins and Conservatives

– Secret Police, Assassinations, Censorship, (eg. Germanine de Stael)

• Stabilized the money supply- Bank of France, infrastructure improvement– Price Ceilings Food– Strikes still illegal- Worker’s limited power

• Code Napoleon-ON the Civil Code

• Merit System- prefects

All religions have been made by men. Concordat with Church-

• I do not see in religion the mystery of the incarnation so much as the mystery of the social order. It introduces into the thought of heaven an idea of equalization, which saves the rich from being massacred by the poor.

• A deist at most, most likely an atheist– Men who do not believe in God--one does not

govern the, one shoots them.

Education• Promoted Education,

– Celibate Teachers?– Secular– used for Propaganda purposes too

• School lessons in Napoleonic France

What are the duties of Christians with respect to the princes who govern them, and what in particular are our duties toward Napoleon I, our Emperor?

• A. Christians owe to the princes who govern them, and we owe in particular to Napoleon, our emperor, love, respect, obedience, fidelity, military service:...we also owe him prayers for his safety

• Q. Why are we bound to all these duties towards our Emperor• A. first of all, because God, who creates emperors, and distributes

them according to his will, in loading our Emperor with gifts, both in peace and war, has established him as our sovereign...to honor and to serve our Emperor is then to honor and to serve god himself.

Fathers/Husbands increased power

• ON Marriagethe husband must possess the absolute power and right to say to his wife: Madam, you shall not go out, you shall not go to the theater, you shall not receive such and such a person, for the children you shall bear shall be mine..for girls ...marriage is their whole destination

Aftermath

• Talleyrand• Castlereagh• Metternich• Tsar• Congress of Vienna ->Quadruple Alliance-

Concert of Europe– Collective Security

Conservatism

• Restoration->Bourbon-> Louis xviii• Austrian Netherlands-absorbed Netherlands

(by 1830->Belgium)• HRE out->German States• Austria- gains back North Italy• Prussia Expanded• Russia dominates Grand Duchy Poland