NASA Technology FY 2013 iCubeSat Workshop 2012 Dr. Mason Peck, NASA’s Chief Technologist May 30, 2012

O f f i c e o f t h e C h i e f T e c h n o l o g i s t

Space Technology: Investments in Our Future

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• New Program • Enabling Our Future in Space: By investing in high payoff,

disruptive technology that industry cannot tackle today, Space Technology matures the technology required for NASA’s future missions in science and exploration while proving the capabilities and lowering the cost for other government agencies and commercial space activities.

• NASA at the Cutting Edge: Pushing the boundaries of aerospace technology and seizing opportunities, Space Technology allows NASA and our Nation to remain at the cutting edge.

Office of the Chief Technologist

Office of the Chief Technologist

Integrates Technology Investment Across the Agency

Demonstrates and Communicates Societal Impacts of NASA Technology Investments

Leads Tech Transfer, Partnerships and Commercialization Activities

Across the Agency

Serves as Advisor to Administration

Direct Technology Management and Budget Authority for the Space Technology Program

Advocates Externally NASA’s R&D Programs

Why Small Spacecraft at NASA? (1 of 3)

Open Source COTS

Interface Standards

Rapid Development Agile Programmatics

Responsiveness

Innovation Culture Grass-Roots Infusion

New Hires Workforce Development

New solutions New investigations

Citizen Space Cloud Exploration

Enable commercial the new, small-space commercial sector Benefit from the rapid pace of market-driven technology growth

Spin off / spin in

Why Small Spacecraft at NASA? (2 of 3) Enable New Approaches to Space Architecture, Science, and Exploration

Modular Redundant

Bus

Fractionated Architecture

Sparse Aperture

Radically Rethink Design Fundamentals By Starting Small

Images Courtesy Andrews Space

Spacecraft Evolution Usually Starts Large and Gets Larger

OAO to HST TDRS-1 to TDRS-10

Why Small Spacecraft at NASA? (3 of 3) Take “Risks” on New Applications

Planetary Research and Resources

Biological and Physical Research

Courtesy Andrews Space

In-Space Servicing And Orbital Debris

NRC Report on NASA’s Space Technology Roadmaps

• At the end of 2010 NASA drafted roadmaps to guide Agency-wide technology investment. The National Research Council (NRC) led a year-long study to assess these roadmaps, prioritizing prospective technology-investment opportunities in terms of their value to NASA’s future and the Nation as a whole.

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NRC Report on NASA’s Space Technology Roadmaps

• The NRC study was released on February 1. It is a comprehensive report with important observations, analyses and priorities, including

• Currently, available technology is insufficient to accomplish many upcoming missions in Earth orbit and beyond.

• Success in executing future NASA space missions will depend on advanced technology developments that should already be underway.

• NASA's technology base is largely depleted. So, revitalizing technology investment at NASA is required if NASA is to achieve the challenges before it.

• Technological breakthroughs have been the foundation of virtually every NASA success. In addition, technological advances have yielded benefits far beyond space itself in down-to-Earth applications.

• Future U.S. leadership in space requires a foundation of sustained technology advances. • The NRC concurs with the design of NASA’s new Space Technology Program, with its cross

cutting technology projects that span a range of technical maturity and include flight demonstrations.

• The NRC study emphasized 16 high-priority technology areas. NASA is currently investing in all 16 at some level. Space Access cuts across all.

• This assessment will help guide NASA’s technology investment priorities in the years to come, working across the agency to address the findings.

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Guiding Principles of the Space Technology Program

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OCT’s Space Technology Program • Advances broadly applicable technology to infuse solutions into applications for

which there are multiple customers. • Employs portfolio approach to capture the entire spectrum of technology

readiness. • Competitively selects research by academia, industry, and the NASA centers

based on technical merit. • Leverages the technology investments of our international, other government

agency, academic and industrial partners. • Coordinates with internal and external stakeholders, including academia, industry

and other government agencies • Results in new inventions, new capabilities and the creation of a pipeline of

innovators aimed at serving future National needs • Grows the Nation’s innovation economy

The Programs of Space Technology

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Early Stage Innovation Small Business Innovation

Research and Small Business Technology Transfer (SBIR/STTR) Program

Centennial Challenges Prize Program

Center Innovation Fund Program

NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts (NIAC) Program

Space Technology Research Fellowships & Grant

Programs

Early Stage Innovation

Game Changing Technology

Game Changing Development Franklin Small Satellite Subsystem Technology

Technology Capability Demonstrations

Flight Opportunities Technology Demonstration

Missions

Edison Small Satellite Demonstration Missions

• Advance the capabilities of small spacecraft to support NASA missions in science, exploration and space operations

• Develop the unique capacities of small spacecraft to perform missions or examine phenomena not possible otherwise

• Unleash NASA’s unique capabilities and assets into the already vibrant small spacecraft community

• Foster the growth of the “small spacecraft philosophy” across broader NASA and space industry activities

• rapid, agile and aggressive technology development • smaller scale, lower cost and shorter schedules • higher risk tolerance with higher potential payoff • faster transition from laboratory to flight demonstration • stronger workforce with early and frequent flight project experience • introduce components and techniques from non-traditional sources

NASA Goals for Small Spacecraft Technology Programs

Franklin Small Satellite Subsystem Technologies

Edison Small Satellite Demonstration Missions

• Maturing technology from TRL ~ 3 to 5

• Technology research and development

• Studies completed in FY2011 • Cubesat recovery system • Compact power systems

• No funding in FY2012

• Formulating plans for FY2013

• Maturing technology from TRL ~ 5 to 7+

• Flight demonstrations

• Two directed projects underway • PhoneSat – launch in Summer 2012 • Small sat swarm demo – flight in 2014

•BAA competition for new demo missions underway

• Awards by September 2012 • Flight Demos by 2014

NASA Space Technology Programs for Small Spacecraft

Edison Small Satellite Demonstration Mission Program

EDISON SMALL SATELLITE DEMONSTRATION MISSIONS PROGRAM: Low-cost flight demonstrations of new capabilities and technologies for small spacecraft. • ACCOMPLISHMENTS/MILESTONES (FY 2012/2013):

• Preparing PhoneSat 1.0 for launch in Summer 2012 demonstrating use of commercial smart phones for onboard satellite navigation, control and communications

• Began development of EtherSat mission to demonstrate capabilities of satellite swarms for a range of missions projected launch in 2013

• Released open solicitation for proposed small spacecraft demonstration missions for communications, propulsion and proximity operations • Selecting projects for award in August 2012 • 2 to 3 year projects, up to $15 million per project

PhoneSat Missions

Mission Description PhoneSat 1.0 will demonstrate the use of the Nexus S smart phone as the flight avionics in a 1-U sized CubeSat nano-satellite. Three PhoneSats – Alexander, Graham, and Bell (aka PhoneSat 2.0b) – will be simultaneously deployed from an ISIPOD dispenser on the maiden flight of Orbital Sciences Antares, mid-2012, for estimated 1- to 2-week mission duration. Amateur ground stations will receive health and status information, and at least one image file, from a low-power UHF beacon. Commercial Iridium modem demonstration on-orbit is planned using one satellite (Bell). All 3 spacecraft also have corner reflectors to assess laser comm potential for cubesats.

PhoneSat Missions

Mission Description PhoneSat 2.0 is a technology demonstration and continuation of the NASA PhoneSat project. The PhoneSat aims to evaluate the effectiveness of cheap COTS hardware for use in space while increasing capabilities and dramatically lowering the cost of flight hardware. PhoneSat 2.0 will be demonstrating the use of the Nexus S smartphone as the flight avionics for a small satellite, flight bus hardware for future missions as well as demonstrating a low cost reaction wheel based attitude control system and solar cell power. PhoneSat 2.0b will be flown with PhoneSat 1.0

NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts (NIAC) Program Overview

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• PROGRAM: NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts (NIAC) funds early studies of visionary, long term concepts - aerospace architectures, systems, or missions (not focused technologies). The intended scope is very early concepts: Technology Readiness Level 1-2 or early 3; 10+ years focus

• ACCOMPLISHMENTS/ MILESTONES (2012-2013): • Jan 9 -- NIAC Phase I NRA released • March 27-29 -- NIAC Spring Symposium in Pasadena, CA • April 3 -- NIAC Phase II NRA released • July -- announce Phase I and II selections • Sept 1 -- FY12 studies (Phase I and II) commence • Sept 30 -- FY11 final reports due

INTERPLANETARY CUBESATS: Opening the Solar System to a Broad Community at Lower Cost

NIAC Fellow Robert Staehle, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory

http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/637124main_Staehle_Presentation.pdf

Today, Solar System exploration missions are the exclusive domain of space agencies and their scientists and engineers who can muster multi-hundred-million dollar budgets. While their accomplishments are broad, highly sophisticated and literally out of this world, the high cost limits our pace of important discoveries.

Interplanetary CubeSats offer an opportunity to conduct focused science investigations around the inner Solar System at a cost ten times lower than missions mounted today. In much the same way that CubeSats weighing a few pounds have dramatically increased low cost access to space experimentation in low Earth orbit, this study intends to focus development of six technologies in unison so as to enable dramatically lower-cost exploration of the Solar System and our Earth’s more distant environs. Using the pressure of sunlight, a gravitationally defined Interplanetary Superhighway, advanced electronics and instrumentation, and laser communications, may extend the turn-of-the-millennium CubeSat standard for nanosatellites to distances far beyond Earth’s magnetic cocoon. CubeSats in low Earth orbit have enabled dozens of universities to develop and place in orbit student-led, student-designed, student-built, and student-operated satellites investigating all manner of scientifically exciting phenomena, while giving graduates of these programs a competitive edge they bring to American technology and industry. Additionally, CubeSats have enabled Government-sponsored space experimentation and technology development on an accelerated schedule for unprecedented low cost. If successful, this system study of the technologies to enable Interplanetary CubeSats will open the door to a similar revolution in access to space and new discoveries beyond Earth.

Interplanetary CubeSats offer an opportunity to conduct focused science investigations around the inner Solar System at a cost ten times lower than missions mounted today.

Centennial Challenges

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PROGRAM: The Centennial Challenge Program (CCP) directly engages non traditional sources advancing technologies of value to NASA’s missions and to the aerospace community. CCP offers challenges set up as competitions that award prize money to the individuals or teams to achieve the specified technology challenge. ACCOMPLISHMENTS/MILESTONES (FY 2012/2013): • Green Flight Challenge awarded the largest ever aviation prize for demonstration of over

400 mpg energy efficiency in a full scale, piloted, electric powered aircraft. • Sample Return Robot Challenge will host a competition in June 2012 to demonstrate a

that a robot that can locate and retrieve geologic samples from a wide and varied terrain without human control.

• In FY 2013 the Night Rover Challenge will have a competition to demonstrate a high energy density storage systems that will enable a rover to operate throughout lunar darkness cycle and the Nano-Satellite Challenge will have competitions to demonstrate placement of at least one small satellite into Earth orbit, twice within one week.

To stimulate innovations in launch technology & encourage creation of commercial nano-sat delivery services--place a small satellite into Earth orbit, twice in one week.

Nano-Satellite Launch Challenge (managed by Space Florida SSRC)

PRIZE PURSE: $3.0 Million

Status • Rules under Development • Expect Registration to open in June 2012 • “First to Demonstrate” Competition opens in Jan 2013.

Satellite mass - at least 1 kg and not more than 10 kg Satellite dimensions - at least 10 cm cube Must complete at least one Earth orbit

http://www.spaceflorida.gov/nano-sat-launch-challenge

Access To Space with NASA

• Universities and other Non-Profits use SmallSats as a means to: – Provide meaningful aerospace and STEM education – Advance the development of technologies (SBIR, Space Grant) – Conduct Scientific Research

• CubeSats provide a cost-effective platform for development, but launch opportunities have historically been limited and unreliable

– 26 July 2006 Dnepr Failure (14 CubeSats lost) – 3 August 2008 Falcon-1 failure (2 CubeSats lost)

• NASA Strategy: – Sponsor early-stage innovation in space technologies in order to improve the

future capabilities of NASA, other government agencies, and the aerospace industry

– Improve retention of students in STEM disciplines by providing opportunities and activities along the full length of the education pipeline

– Identify, cultivate, and sustain a diverse workforce and inclusive work environment that is needed to conduct NASA missions.

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CubeSat Launch Initiative (CSLI)

• Objectives: – Provide reasonably priced frequent access to space for CubeSats on

expendable launch vehicle (ELV) and Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) launches

– Enable a longer term solution of a commercial capability – Support missions that advance NASA’s Strategic Plan or Educational

Framework

• Excess capacity is available on Expendable Launch vehicles

• Promotes Standardization – Enables consistent lower per launch cost – Allows for more flexible manifesting

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CSLI Guiding Principles

• An auxiliary payload does not justify the flight, but rather flies within excess capacity and capability of the Primary mission

– An auxiliary payload only utilizes excess launch vehicle resources as allocated by the launch service provider and agreed to by the primary

– An auxiliary payload will cause no harm to LV or primary mission

• An auxiliary payload may be removed from the flight if any of the above requirements are violated. A mass simulator may be substituted if necessary.

• In addition, for the manifest and implementation of PPODs: – Require minimal involvement from the primary customer

– Resources provided to, and requirements imposed by, the PPOD/CubeSats are significantly limited to enable maximum standardization and transparency

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Administration of CSLI • Annual Call conducted for CubeSats to fill launch opportunities

– Two calls performed in 2010 to get started – Call planned to be released every August each year

• Agency Selection Recommendation Committee reviews, screens and prioritizes proposals.

– Members from HEOMD, SMD, OCT/IPP, Education, and DoD/STP – Advisory members from Launch Services Program and ISS Program

• Cooperative Research And Development Agreements (CRADAs) developed – CRADA signature by NASA constitutes selection

• LSP manifests CubeSats to approved PPOD missions – PPOD manifesting will occur at NASA Flight Planning Board ~3 yr before flight – If required, PPODs can be de-manifested NLT L-15 mo – CubeSat selection and assignment will occur ~12 mo before flight

• LSP implementation of PPOD(s) and CubeSats onto a mission utilizes standard reviews and approvals to the maximum extent possible

– Requirements “envelope” that PPOD/CubeSats must fit within, will enable maximum standardization and ensure no additional risk to the mission.

– LSP provides an independent review and requirements verification, culminating in CoFR statement for ELV

– ISS/CRS performs Safety Reviews for CRS launches

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CSLI Mechanics

Summary of CSLI Calls to Date

Call # Call Date Notify Date # Responses # Recommended

1 2/23/2010 8/2/2010 16 12

2 7/30/2010 1/31/2011 32 20

3 8/5/2011 2/10/2012 43 33

Total --- --- 91 65

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ELaNa Missions

ELaNa # of CubeSat

Missions Primary Mission # of P-PODs # of CubeSats Status

ELaNa I Glory 1 3 Failed

ELaNa III NPP 3 5 Launched

ELaNa VI NROL-36 3 4 Integrated

ELaNa IV CRS#2 4 10 Manifested

ELaNa V CRS#3 5 In work Awaiting turn on

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NASA CubeSat Initiative - Proposals

* Selection process recently complete for the 3rd Initiative

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# of Props Submitted

# of Props Seleced # Manifested # Launched

1st Selection 6 4 4 3 1st Initiative 18 12 10 5 2nd Initiative 32 20 9 0 3rd Initiative 43 33 * * Total 99 36 21 8

NASA CubeSat Initiative - Bidders

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# of Univ # of NASA # of DoD # of Private

1st Selection 4 0 0 0 1st Initiative 12 0 0 0 2nd Initiative 9 5 6 0 3rd Initiative 25 4 10 *4 Total 50 9 16 *4

* Selection process recently complete for the 3rd Initiative

NASA CubeSat Initiative - Sizes

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1U 1.5U 2U 3U 6U 1st Selection 4 0 0 0 0 1st Initiative 7 2 0 4 0 2nd Initiative 6 4 3 9 0 3rd Initiative 6 5 6 25 5 Total 23 11 9 38 5

NASA CubeSat Initiative - by Orbit

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51o at 325km LEO Sun Sync LEO Non-Sun Sync GTO

1st Selection 0 4 0 0 1st Initiative 5 0 6 0 2nd Initiative 3 4 12 1 3rd Initiative 19 4 18 2 Total 27 12 36 3

Renaissance in Technology at NASA

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• Running new programs • Offering new funding opportunities • Embracing new paradigms in spacecraft

architecture • Enabling the private sector • Seeking citizen space engagement

www.nasa.gov/oct

O f f i c e o f t h e C h i e f T e c h n o l o g i s t

CubeSat Overview

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• Practical Satellite experimentation platform in smallest possible form factor – Simple Standard based on:

• Size of available COTS components – Solar cells, batteries, transceivers, etc. – Comprehensive CubeSat Kit (e.g. Pumpkin)

• P-POD dimensions and features • Self-imposed safety standards • Launch Provider environmental and operational

requirements

• Programs designed so students participate in entire life cycle of a space mission

Basic CubeSat Facts: •Built to standard dimensions

(Units or “U”) of 10x10x11 cm – about 4 inches

•Can be from 1U to 3U in size

•Weigh up to 11/3 kg (3 lbs) per U

•Are deployed from standard “Poly-Picosatellite Orbital Deployer (P-POD)”

PPOD Overview

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• The Poly Pico-satellite Orbital Deployer (PPOD) is the interface between the Launch vehicle and CubeSats

• Versatile, small profile, tubular design can hold up to 34cm x 10cm x 10cm of hardware

– Common configuration is 3 CubeSats of equal size; – Capability exists to integrate CubeSats of different

lengths – PPOD (empty) is ~2.5 kg; Total mass < 10 kg

• The tubular design creates a predictable linear trajectory for CubeSats--resulting in a low spin rate upon deployment

– Satellites deployed from PPOD by means of a spring and glide along smooth flat rails as they exit

– Signal is sent from the Launch Vehicle (LV), – A spring-loaded door is opened – CubeSats are deployed by the main spring

Deployment spring and pusher plate

Strategic Perspectives and Process

Draft ST Roadmaps: • 140 technical challenges (10 per

roadmap) • 320 technologies • 20 year horizon

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NRC ST Roadmaps Study: Gives priority to: • 100 top technical challenges • 83 high priority technologies (roadmap-specific) • 16 highest of high technologies (looking across all roadmaps) • Immediate 5 year horizon

Updated ST Roadmaps: • Incorporate NRC Study Results • Update with Mission Plans and

Technological Developments

Implement NASA Technology Portfolio Investments

– Technology Developments (across full TRL spectrum)

– Flight Demonstrations Must reflect: • Affordability • Technical Progress and

Performance • Mission Needs and

Commitments • Stakeholder Guidance

Internal Assessment to create Strategic Plan:

• Compare to Current Investments • Compare to Current Plans • Analyze Gaps

What NASA could do

What NASA should do

What NASA will do What NASA is doing

NRC Study: 16 Technologies in the Final Prioritization

Technologies included in the final prioritization, listed by TABS number

2.2.1 Electric Propulsion

2.2.3 (Nuclear) Thermal Propulsion

3.1.3 Solar Power Generation (Photovoltaic and Thermal)

3.1.5 Fission (Power)

4.2.1 Extreme Terrain Mobility

6.3.2 Long-Duration (Crew) Health

8.1.1 Detectors & Focal Planes

8.1.3 (Instrument and Sensor) Optical Systems

8.2.4 High-Contrast Imaging and Spectroscopy Technologies

8.3.3 In Situ (Instruments and Sensor)

14.1.2 Active Thermal Control of Cryogenic Systems

X.1 Radiation Mitigation for Human Spaceflight

X.2 Lightweight and Multifunctional Materials and Structures

X.3 Environmental Control and Life Support System

X.4 Guidance, Navigation, and Control

X.5 Entry, Descent, and Landing Thermal Protection Systems

X = cross cuts several Technology Areas in the roadmaps

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NASA’s • Current Technology Investments • MD Technology Priorities • Budget Constraints • Center Capabilities/Facilities

NASA Strategic Plan

HEOMD

SMD

STP

DoD

NRO Space

Command

AFRL

NRL FAA

DoE

and Other Govt. Agency Partnership Opportunities NRC Roadmap

Analysis & Priorities

NASA Space Technology Roadmaps

Strategic Technology-Investment

Plan

Strategic Perspectives and Process

Space Technology Research Grants (STRG) Program Overview

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PROGRAM: To accelerate the development of push technologies through innovative efforts with high risk/high payoff and develop the next generation of innovators through: • Space Technology Research Opportunities – Early Stage Innovation (STRO-ESI):

technology portfolio of groundbreaking research in advanced space technology • NASA Space Technology Research Fellowships (NSTRF): Competitive selection of

U.S Citizen / permanent resident graduate students developing promising technologies in support of future NASA missions and strategic goals

ACCOMPLISHMENTS/MILESTONES (FY 2012/2013): • STRO-ESI: One year awards with possible renewals; ~$200K/year • NSTRF: 80 Fellows in inaugural class; NSTRF12 class will be announced ~ August

2012

Small Business Innovation Research and Small Business Technology Transfer (SBIR/STTR)

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• PROGRAM: Stimulate technological innovation and support NASA’s innovative research to develop technologies for NASA projects while spurring economic growth through commercialization.

• ACCOMPLISHMENTS/MILESTONES (FY 2012/2013): • Awarded 258 SBIR Phase 1 projects to firms across 37 states and 83 SBIR Phase 2 projects

to firms across 26 states • Awarded 40 STTR Phase I projects with firms and research institutions across a total of 16

states • Selected 10 STTR Phase 2 proposals for negotiation for awards, with firms and research

institutions across a total of 9 states. Final awards expected mid-summer 2012. • Supported 17 projects with Phase 2E awards in FY 2012 • Working with Small Business Administration (SBA) to assess implementation of new

requirements in recent SBIR/STTR Reauthorization. Expecting Policy Guidelines from SBA in accordance with schedule from reauthorization. SBA anticipates an interim final policy directive by June 30, 2012. NASA's next SBIR/STTR solicitation is expected to be release in late summer 2012.

NIAC: Funding Innovation across the Nation

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Exploring new concepts to expand aerospace possibilities

Charles Stark Draper Lab

USRA

North Carolina State University

Ohio Aerospace Institute

Raytheon BBN Technologies

NASA KSC

Busek Co., Inc.

University of Southern California

University of Illinois at Urbana-

Champaign

Artemis Innovation

Management Solutions

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Pennsylvania State University

NASA JPL

University of Hawaii

Naval Research

Laboratory

Harvard University

MSNW, LLC

NASA GSFC

Rochester Institute of Technology

University of Houston at Clear

Lake

NASA LRC

NASA MSFC

NASA JSC

Iowa State University

Astrobotic Technology,

Inc.

Flight Opportunities Program Overview • FLIGHT OPPORTUNITIES PROGRAM: Develops and provides

opportunities for space technologies to be demonstrated and validated in relevant environments. Fosters the development of the commercial reusable suborbital transportation industry.

• ACCOMPLISHMENTS/MILESTONES (FY 2012/2013): – Establishing a pipeline of technology payloads to utilize the anticipated

commercial suborbital flight opportunities – Selected 49 payloads from three rounds of payload calls (Ann. Of Flight

Opportunities) – Formed Partnership with New Mexico Space Grants for flying Student

Payloads – Collaborating with Game-Changing Development Program to release

NASA Research Announcement (NRA) for payload development – Development of Commercial Vertical Testbed

• Integration of Draper Labs Technology on Masten Space Systems’ Vehicle

• Successfully completed a free-flight demonstration in Feb 2012

• Planned commercial flight opportunities in 2012 and 2013 – Four Parabolic Flight Campaigns (May, Aug, Sep, and Oct 2012) – Flights on Masten Space Systems, Near Space Corp, UP Aerospace,

and Virgin Galactic – Qualification flights of Armadillo Aerospace, Whittinghill Aerospace, and

XCOR Aerospace

Flight Opportunities Program Notional Flight Schedule

Glory CubeSats

ELaNa I – Mission Failed to Reach Orbit – March 4, 2011 Priority Mission Title University Size Mission Manifested

N/A Explorer-1[PRIME] F1 Montana State University 1U Glory

N/A KYSat Kentucky Space 1U Glory

N/A HERMES University of Colorado - Boulder 1U Glory

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3 Satellites; 3 U Total

NPP CubeSats

ELaNa III – 350km x 810km @ 102 degrees – Launched October 25, 2011 Priority Mission Title University Size Mission Manifested

P-POD - 1

1-1 Mcubed/COVE University of Michigan 1U

NPP 1-5 Explorer-1[PRIME] F2 Montana State University 1U

1-9 AubieSat-1 Auburn University 1U

P-POD - 2 1-4 RAX University of Michigan 3U NPP

P-POD - 3 1-6 DICE Utah State University 2- 1.5U NPP

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5 Satellites; 9 U Total