qarTuli ena da

literatura 8

moswavlis wigni

naTela maRlakeliZe, Tamar RonRaZe, Taia cxadaia, darejan kvanWiani, nana RonRaZe

naTela maRlakeliZe, Tamar RonRaZe, Taia cxadaia, darejan kvanWiani, nana RonRaZe

gamomcemloba `meridiani~Tbilisi 2012

moswavlis wigni

qarTuli enada

literatura

8

qarTuli ena da literatura

VIII klasi

moswavlis wigni

© gamomcemloba `meridiani~, 2012

© n. maRlakeliZe, T. RonRaZe, T. cxadaia, d. kvanWiani, n. RonRaZe

naTela maRlakeliZe (jgufis xelmZRvaneli), Tamar RonRaZe,Taia cxadaia, darejan kvanWiani, nana RonRaZe

avtorebi:

nino Toduaredaqtori

daviT kutubiZedizaineri

N. Maglakelidze, T. Ghonghadze, T. Tskhadaia, D. Kvanchiani, N. Ghonghadze„Georgian language and literature~, textbook grade 8, in Georgian „Meridiani~ Publishing, Tbilisi _ 2012

ISBN

gamomcemloba `meridiani~,

Tbilisi, al. yazbegis gamz., #47. ( 2 39-15-22; 2 14-77-11

599 541 707 kaxaber rusiZe

E-mail: davideku1@mail.ru, info@meridianpub.com

4

sarCevi

`sxva saqarTvelo sad aris...~ ................................................................. 7grigol orbeliani _ he, mamulo _ (nawyveti poemidan `sadRegrZelo~) ...9galaktion tabiZe _ wamye beTaniisaken! ................................................................13oTar WilaZe _ rodesac ase axloa gremi .............................................................15arCil sulakauri _ mamuli ........................................................................................18simon Ciqovani _ Tbilisis Tovli ...........................................................................20revaz inaniSvili _ samgori ........................................................................................22galaktion tabiZe _ mamuli ........................................................................................26

eri da istoria ............................................................................................ 29ilia WavWavaZe _ eri da istoria ...............................................................................30ilia WavWavaZe _ aCrdili (VII Tavi) ..........................................................................35guram rCeuliSvili _ usaxelo ufliscixeli ................................................39murman lebaniZe _ ufliscixesTan .........................................................................45akaki wereTeli _ xatis win ..........................................................................................47

magram, qarTvelno, sad aris gmiri? ..................................................... 49ilia WavWavaZe _ aCrdili (IX Tavi) ...........................................................................50akaki wereTeli _ baSi-aCuki ........................................................................................52

Tavi pirveli ..............................................................................................................52Tavi meore ...................................................................................................................55Tavi mesame ...................................................................................................................65Tavi meoTxe .................................................................................................................68Tavi mexuTe .................................................................................................................70Tavi meeqvse .................................................................................................................78Tavi meSvide ................................................................................................................81Tavi merve ....................................................................................................................85Tavi mecxre .................................................................................................................89Tavi meaTe ....................................................................................................................91Tavi meTerTmete ......................................................................................................94Tavi meTormete ........................................................................................................95Tavi mecamete .............................................................................................................99Tavi meToTxmete ......................................................................................................101Tavi meTxuTmete ......................................................................................................103

ilia WavWavaZe _ qarTvlis dedas .............................................................................110ilia WavWavaZe _ aCrdili (XXVI Tavi) .....................................................................113

Cveni `vefxistyaosani~ ............................................................................. 115SoTa rusTaveli _ vefxistyaosani .........................................................................116

TaTbiri nuradin-fridonisa ............................................................................116TaTviri avTandilisa ............................................................................................118TaTbiri tarielisa ................................................................................................120

5

Cemo kalamo... ............................................................................................... 129ilia WavWavaZe _ Cemo kalamo .....................................................................................130vaJa-fSavela _ niWieri mwerali (ar axalia _ Zvelia) ..................................132vaJa-fSavela _ Cemi vedreba ........................................................................................136vaJa-fSavela _ ena (mcire SeniSvnebi) ....................................................................138tician tabiZe _ ria-ria ................................................................................................141ana kalandaZe _ ra var? stviri var! ........................................................................145herman hese _ poeti ..........................................................................................................147

xani undobari .............................................................................................. 153galaktion tabiZe _ mzeo TibaTvisa .......................................................................154konstantine gamsaxurdia _ didi iosebi ..............................................................156Wabua amirejibi _ mose zamTaraZis naambobi(romanidan `daTa TuTaSxia~) ......................................................................................200revaz inaniSvili _ patara biWi golgoTaze ......................................................223

wuTisofeli asea... ..................................................................................... 229nikoloz baraTaSvili _ fiqrni mtkvris piras ................................................231sulxan-saba orbeliani _ unaRvloTa mZebneli ..............................................234Carlz dikensi _ wuTisofeli ...................................................................................243vaJa-fSavela _ ias uTxari turfasa .......................................................................249daviT kldiaSvili _ darispanis gasaWiri (suraTi erT moqmedebad) ....251

swavla sinaTlea ......................................................................................... 273daviT guramiSvili _ daviTiani _ swavla moswavleTa .................................274saadi _ aRzrdisaTvis (nawyveti poema `busTanis~ meSvide karidan) ......277ilia WavWavaZe _ Sinauri mimoxilva.......................................................................280

siyvarulis dResaswauli ........................................................................ 283nikoloz baraTaSvili _ cisa fers .........................................................................284nikoloz baraTaSvili _ ar ukiJino, satrfoo ................................................284vaJa-fSavela _ samefos simRera ...............................................................................287lado asaTiani _ sparsel asuls ..............................................................................289o’henri _ siyvarulis msaxureba ..............................................................................292Tamaz WilaZe _ yinwvisi ................................................................................................298yincvisis angelozi (nawyveti levan goTuas moTxrobidan) ......................299galaktion tabiZe _ (gagondeba Tu ara) ................................................................302galaktion tabiZe _ rac ufro Sors xar ..............................................................304

6

aq warmodgenilia qarTuli enis gramatikis ZiriTadi cnebebi, romelTa

codna daexmareba moswavleebs marTlmetyvelebasa da marTl weraSi.

am rubrikaSi gaecnobiT Seswavlil masalasTan dakavSirebul damatebiT informacias.

Tvalsazrisi:

gulisxmobs enobrivi xasiaTis savarjiSoebs.

es simbolo moswavleebs mianiSnebs, damoukideblad Seadginon (SeTxzan) miTiTebuli teqsti.

am simboloTi aRniSnulia `sadiskusio klubi~, romlis mizania moswavleTa mier sakuTari mosazrebebis gamoTqma da argumentireba.

pirobiTi niSnebi:

gavigoT: gaviazroT:

sityvis salaro:

SevafasoT:

enobriv masalaze dakvirveba:

mSobliuri enis samyaroSi

wigniT muSaobisas yuradReba miaqcieT Semdeg pirobiT niSnebs:

aq axsnilia is sityvebi da gamoTqmebi, romlebic teqstis kiTxvisas Tqven-Tvis SeiZleba gaugebari aRmoCndes;

am pirobiTi niSnebiT aRniSnulia sxvadasxva tipis kiTxvebi, romlebic da-lagebulia TanmimdevrobiT da dagexmarebaT wakiTxuli teqstis gaanalizebaSi;

es rubrika miznad isaxavs teqstis enobriv-gamomsaxvelobiT mxa reze dak-virvebas.

davaleba

es sainteresoa:

am rubrikiT moswavleebi gaecnobian amona-ridebs cnobili kritikosebis naazrevidan.

7

1

`sxva saqarTvelosad aris...~

martyofi

8

`sxva saqarTvelo sad aris...~1.grigol orbeliani (1804 _ 1883)

qarTveli poeti grigol orbeliani daibada Tbilis-Si. mama dimitri (zurab) orbeliani qarTul umaRles aristokratiul wres ekuTvnoda. mas saqarTvelos bolo mefeebis karze umsaxuria. saqarTveloSi rusuli mmarTv-elobis damkvidrebis Semdeg igi samxedro samsa xurSi Se-sula. grigolis deda, xoreSani, erekle meoris asulis, elenes, qaliSvili iyo. mas oTxi Svili hyavda, romelTagan erT-erTi, efemia, poet nikoloz baraTaSvilis deda gax-ldaT.

grigol orbelianis yrmobam ganvlo saqarTvelos istoriis im periodSi, roca jer kidev mwvave iyo mogoneba aRa-mahmad-xnis mier Tbilisis aoxrebisa, xolo patara kaxis gmirobis Sesaxeb yrma grigols bevri ram unda smenoda xan-dazmul TanamedroveTagan. amitom erekle meore poetisTvis saTayvanebeli iyo. ruseTis imperiis monobaSi myofi qveynis Svils, romelic mamulis xsnis gzas ver xedavda, saqarTvelos Zveli dideba erekle mefesTan damarxulad warmoedgina.

`mamuli veRar ixilavs iraklis xmalsa mRelvares, dideba iveriisa masTan marxia samares!~ _

ase gamoxatavda poeti Tavis gulistkivils poema `sadRegrZeloSi~.grigol orbeliani gaxldaT monawile 1832 wlis SeTqmulebisa, romelic

mimarTuli iyo ruseTis dampyrobluri reJimis winaaRmdeg. SeTqmulebis ga-cemisa da marcxis Semdeg poeti ruseTis samxedro samsaxurSi Sevida da mona-wileoba miiRo im brZolebSi, romlebsac ruseTi awarmoebda. gansakuTrebiT man Tavi gamoiCina Samilis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. miiRo generlis wodeba da mravali jildo. miuxedavad samxedro samsaxurisa, is mudmivad iyo CarTuli erovnul-literaturul procesebsa da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. itanjebo-da eris tkivilebiT da mZimed ganicdida qveynis unugeSo mdgomareobas.

amitomac ase Seafasa grigol orbelianis moRvaweoba muxran maWavarianma: `orbeliani iyo da... simZlavre ori eris: simZlavre peterburgis _ viTarca generali, viTarca poeti _ simZlavre qarTvelTa. im sisxliT `sadRegrZelos~ werda auRelvebari, im sisxliT, daRestanSi lekebs rom adenda~.

xolo ilia WavWavaZem, romelic Riad daupirispirda grigol orbelians qarTuli enis siwmindis dacvisa da sxva erovnul saWirboroto sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, ase Seafasa poetis dakrZalvis dRes warmoTqmul sityvaSi misi Rvawli: `igi iyo TviTmpyrobeli Cvenis qarTulis enisa, igi iyo `meufe~ Cvenis sityvierebis Zal-Ronisa da simdidrisa. igi iyo mwerali da mTqmeli, maRalis niWiT cxebuli, igi iyo moZRvari Cveni da Cven _ sasoebiT misi msmeneli~.

grigol orbeliani dakrZalulia qaSueTis eklesiaSi.

aristokratia _ sazogadoebis dawinaurebuli fena, didgvarovnebi.Samili _ kavkasiis mahmadiani mTieli xalxis imami (meTauri) (1799 _ 1871 ww.). gaaerTiana Crdilokavkasieli xalxi da didi xnis ganmavlobaSi Seupovar winaaRmdegobas uwevda ruseTis imperias.

sityvis salaro:

9

he, mamulo sasurvelo, vin gaxsenos, rom mis guli ar aTrToldes sixarulis aRtacebiTa aRvsili?! vin gixilos drosa saSiSs, ar dahsTxios Tvisi sisxli,ar daaklas Tavi Tvisi Sen didebad, viTa msxverpli?!

vin ar SevhstrfiT mas adgils, sad aRgvexilnes pirvel Tvalni, sad hrbioda mxiaruli siymawvile naTlad Cveni, sad gvfarvida nebierad xvevna-alersi mSoblisa,da sad aRgvenTo pirvelad guls cecxli siyvarulisa,sad aw nazisa rxeviTa keklucni, gulis mimtacni, taZrad midian cremliTa CvenTvis mxurvaled mlocavni?!

sada SevhxariT laJvardad cisa kamaras morTulsa, masze mavalsa xelmwifebr mzes, brwyinviT gansxivebulsa, RamiT varskvlovans firuzsa, mTovariT ganaTebulsa,sicocxlis momfens haersa, sunnelebr Sezavebulsa.

sad mTani yinvis gvirgviniT arian cadmde asulni da mdinareni zaxiliT zvirTis zvirTebze msrolelni; ufskrulni — Cabnelebulni, kldeni — Tvalgaduwvdenelni, sad monadire hsdevs jixvsa da mis qveS hvlenan Rrubelni.

sad velni, feriT zurmuxtni, nazada aRmwvandebian, maTze kaskasiT wyaroni gaxarebulni morbian; maT sikamkames yvavilni Tav-daxriT gancvifrdebian; guls maTi xilva uxaris, TvalT kvalad enatrebian.

sxva saqarTvelo sad aris, romeli kuTxe qveynisa, eri — guladi, puradi, mebrZoli Savis bedisa?! SavTa droT vera Sescvales mis guli andamatisa, igiv mxne, igiv mRerali, moyvare Tavis miwisa!..

mamulisaTvis fiala savse vhsvaT siamovnebiT, da iqmnes aRyvavebuli keTil-dReobiT, didebiT; iqmnes mis qedi aRyvanil caTamdis ZeTa mxneobiT, da siyvarulis misdami vhxarobdeT gulsa aRgznebiT!

sofeli imad ara Rirs, kaci natrobdes Jams grZelsa, Tu fuWi misi sicocxle vera ras argebs mamulsa! mis sadideblad Cvenc SevhxvdeT uSiSrad aTass maxvilsa, da movhkvdeT, Tuki sikvdiliT vadidebT missa saxelsa!

he, mamulo(nawyveti poemidan `sadRegrZelo~)

grigol orbeliani

10

`sxva saqarTvelo sad aris...~1.

kekluci _ koxta, lamazi,Snoiani.laJvardi _ lurji feris Zvirfasi qva; aq: Ria lurji feri (cis mudmivi epiTetia).kamara _ TaRi.firuzi _ Ria cisferi Zvirfasi qva.mTovare _ mTvare.sunneleba _ surneleba.zvirTi _ didi talRa.zurmuxti _ mwvane feris Zvirfasi qva.kaskasi _ igivea, rac kiskisi.puradi _ purmariliani, stumarTmoyvare.andamati _ magniti.sofeli _ aq: cxovreba.Jami _ dro.fuWi _ amao.

sityvis salaro:

gavigoT, gaviazroT, SevafasoT:

• poetis azriT, ra aTrTolebs, ra aRavsebs aRtacebiT mamuliSvilis guls?

• gansakuTrebiT ra dros da rogor unda gamoavlinos qveynis siyvaru-li WeSSmaritma mamuliSvilma?

• qarTveli erisaTvis damaxasiaTebel ra Tvisebebs gamoyofs gr. orbe-liani?

• poetis azriT, ras moutans qveyanas mamuliSvilTa mxneoba, maTi Tav-dadeba?

• poetis rogori ganwyoba Cans leqsSi?• rogor gesmiT: „sxva saqarTvelo sad aris, romeli kuTxe qveynisa?~• eTanxmebiT Tu ara poets Cveni qveynis amgvar SefasebaSi? rogor

fiqrobT, gaiziarebda Tu ara am Sefasebas romelime sxva eris Svili? imsjeleT.

• rogor gesmiT: „mis sadideblad Cvenc SevhxvdeT uSiSrad aTass max-vilsa~ ?

• poetis azriT, rodis CaiTvleba adamianis sicocxle usargeblod? ratom unda inatros adamianma xangrZlivi sicocxle?

• `SavTa droT~ _ am frazas Tavad poeti ase ganmartavs: „Semosvla lang- Temurisa da Sah-abazisa, romelTa saSinlad gaaoxres Cveni qveyana~. Tqveni azriT, mxolod am ori periodiT Semoifargleba saqarTvelos „Savi dro~? daixmareT istoriis saxelmZRvanelo da imsjeleT.

• gr. orbeliani mSobliur zecas firuzs adarebs, miwas ki _ zurmuxts. gaixseneT akaki wereTlis Tqven mier Seswavlili leqsi, romelSic amave epiTetebiT aris Semkuli saqarTvelos ca da miwa. xedavT Tu ara ideur msgavsebas am or nawarmoebs Soris? Tqveni mosazreba daa-sabuTeT.

11

qarTuli ena uZvelesi samwerlobo, saliteraturo enaa. Cvenamde moRweu-li uZvelesi literaturuli Zegli `SuSanikis wameba~ V saukuneSia dawerili.

qarTulma sametyvelo enam Tavisi ganviTarebis manZilze garkveuli cvli-lebebi ganicada. saliteraturo ena ki am cvlilebebs wesebis saxiT amkvid -rebda.

qarTuli saliteraturo enis ganviTarebaSi mecnierebi gamoyofen Semdeg periodebs: Zvels (V-XI ss.), saSuals (XI-XVIII ss.) da axals (XIX s-dan dRemde).

Zvel qarTvel mweralTa (V-XI ss.) udidesi nawili, ra Tqma unda, icavda saliteraturo enis normebs, magram, amave dros, savsebiT Segnebulad cdi-

enobriv masalaze dakvirveba:

• rogor aRwers poeti dRis cas? Ramis cas? • `masze mavalsa xelmwifebr mzes, brwyinviT gansxivebulsa~. am striqon-

Si mze ori mxatvruli xerxiTaa gansazRvruli. daasaxeleT es xerxebi?• `sad mTani yinvis gvirgviniT arian cadmde asulni~_ romel mxatvrul

xerxebs iyenebs am striqonSi poeti? a) Sedarebasa da hiperbolas; b) metaforasa da hiperbolas; g) metaforasa da Sedarebas.

• moZebneT leqsSi gapirovnebis magaliTebi.• waikiTxeT is strofebi, romlebSic bunebaa aRwerili. Tqveni azriT,

ratom uTmobs poeti aseT did adgils bunebis aRweras?

• moZebneT leqsSi is sityvebi, romlebic Tanamedrove qarTulSi aRar gamoiyeneba.

• moZebneT leqsSi: a) zmniswinebi, romlebic Zveli saxiT aris gamo-yenebuli; b) zmnebi, romelTa marTlwera miuRebelia dRevandeli saliteraturo enis normebisTvis.

daimaxsovreT:

daimaxsovreT:

mwerlobis, literaturis ena emorCileba garkveul normebs. droTa ganmavlobaSi es normebi icvleba. amis gamo Zvel literaturul ZeglebSi gamoyenebuli formebi xSirad miuRebelia dRevandeli saliteraturo enis normebisaTvis.

bunebis aRweras peizaJi ewodeba. peizaJs mwerali iyenebs ara ubralo fonad, aramed mxatvruli funqciiT. peizaJi gamoxatavs mwerlis an personaJis ganwyobilebas, exmareba avtors saTqmelis naTlad gadmocemaSi.

mSobliuri enis samyaroSi

es sainteresoa:

12

`sxva saqarTvelo sad aris...~1.

leqsis mixedviT dawereT Txzuleba: `sxva saqarTvelo sad aris?~piroba: werisas aucileblad gamoiyeneT 2-3 citata leqsidan.

lobda aesaxa cocxal metyvelebaSi mimdinare movlenebic, raTa salitera-turo ena metismetad ar daSoreboda cocxal metyvelebas.

XII-XVI ss. saliteraturo ena ufro da ufro dauaxlovda cocxal me-tyvelebas, ramac, samwuxarod, wamoqmna enis gaubraloebis, gaRaribebis sa-SiSroeba... es safrTxe gansakuTrebiT XVII-XVIII ss-Si daudga qarTul enas.

uTuod am viTarebis winaaRmdeg gailaSqra anton kaTalikosma. man aRad-gina is Zveli, arqauli normebi, romlebic saliteraturo enam didi xnis win gandevna xmarebidan. amis gamo samwerlobo ena sametyvelo enis bunebriv gan-viTarebas aRar asaxavda. anton I-is gavleniT ara mxolod XVIII s-is bolos, ara-med XIX s-is I naxevarSic samwelobo ena daSorda sametyvelo enas, xelovnuri gaxda. swored amiT aixsneba XIX s-is warmomadgenlis _ grigol orbelianis _ nawerebSi arqaizmebis simravle.

XIX s-is 60-ian wlebSi ilia WavWavaZis meTaurobiT daiwyo brZola salit-eraturo enis gaxalxurebisTvis. axali Taoba moiTxovda samwerlobo enis xalxurTan daaxloebas, Zveli enobrivi normebisa da gramatikuli arqaizmebis ukugdebas.

ilias moRvaweobis Semdeg aqtiurad mimdinareobs da jerac ar dasrule-bula axali qarTuli saliteraturo enis Camoyalibebis procesi.

kavkasiis muzeumi _ mecnierebisa da kulturis erT-erTi kera saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiaSi 1852-1919 wlebSi. mis SeqmnaSi monawileobdnen rusi da qarTveli

moRvaweebi (a. berJe, i. bartolomei, n. xanikovi, a. nikolai,grigol orbeliani, d. yifiani, g. erisTavi, r. erisTavi da sxva).

es sainteresoa: