National Defence University of Finland - SoSE 2012...National Defence University of Finland Holistic Military Capability Life Cycle ModelHolistic Military Capability Life Cycle Model

National Defence University of Finland

Holistic Military Capability Life Cycle ModelHolistic Military Capability Life Cycle Model

IEEE 7th System of Systems Conference 2012, Genoa, Italy

Commander Jukka Anteroinen, NDU

5. syyskuuta 2012

Contents of the Presentation

• Introduction• motivation• problemp• objective of the paper

•Theoretical background• existing capability modelsexisting capability models• capability life cycle• capability frameworks

• Methodology• Methodology • ISO 15288 framework

• The holistic military capability life cycle model• system of interest• enabling systems• The entire model

• Discussion and conclusions

5. syyskuuta 2012Jukka Anteroinen IEEE SoSE 2012 1

Introduction 1 – Capabilities based happroach

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Jukka Anteroinen IEEE SoSE 2012

Introduction 2 – problem, gap and objective• Problem:

• The term ‘military capability’ means different things in different contexts and is only meaningful when defined within a context

• Number of military capability models exist to manage and understand capabilities.

• Military capability life cycle models focus heavily on the acquisition stage of the capability life cycle and systems capability model

• Research gap: • Only a few attempts provide a comprehensive and systematic

view of the military capability models

• Objective of the paper• to review existing capability models and to propose a holistic g p y p p

capability life-cycle model (HCLCM) that combines capability systems with related capability models

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Theoretical foundation – Existing capability models

• Existing capability models• functional capabilities – effects to execute tasks• systems – capability as systems• fighting power through military unitsfighting power through military units

• Other military capability modelsili i f f i• military power – an instrument of foreign power

• weapon systems or platforms

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Existing capability models

a Military capability as an effect to execute tasksa. Military capability as an effect to execute tasks

• Military capabilities considered as effects or functions of armed forces to execute their tasks

• Examples of effects• command and control• situational awareness• application of force

• The model is used by capability plannerscapability planners

• Concepts are used to define future military operations



b. Military capability as systemsb. Military capability as systems• Military capability as a system

of interlocking and i t d d t tinterdependent components

• Examples of system componentscomponents

• doctrine• materiel• personnel

• The model is used by acquistion community

• Capability is built i.a.w. acquistion processes as programmes

• Each capability system has a defined life cycle



c. Military Capability as fighting power through military units

• Military capability seen as militaryMilitary capability seen as military units manifesting the fighting power

• Measures of capability• force structure• prepardeness• sustainability

• The model is used by military commanders

C biliti d ith th h l f• Capabilities are used with the help of doctrines and tactcis

• Readiness and sustainability are timeReadiness and sustainability are time dependent factors of this capability model



Other military capability modelsy p y

d. Military power, a synonym for military capability –an instrument of foreign poweran instrument of foreign power

• Measures of capability• military expenditure• number of military personnel and

strategic weapon systems

• The model is used by political decision makersSource: The Military Balance 2011,

The model is used by political decision makers

Milit bilit f ti f ifie. Military capability function of a specific weapons system or military platform and its performance

• Measures of capabilityMeasures of capability• Speed, range, kinetic energy

• The model is used by end users


Source: http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread186372/pg1

Theoretical foundation – Existing capability life cycle modelscycle models

• ISO 15288 standard introduces a systems life cycle concept and is applicable to any man-made system that provides services in defined environments for the benefit of users and other stakeholders

• A life cycle model is a conceptual segmentation of the definition of a system’s purpose, its realisation as a product or service and its utilisation, evolution and disposal.

• The life cycle model is typically segmented into stages toThe life cycle model is typically segmented into stages to facilitate planning, provisioning, operation and support of the system

• The existing capability life cycle models focus primarily on specific stages— the acquisition and in-service — of the life cycle and leans primarily on the systems capability model

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cycle and leans primarily on the systems capability model

Related studies – capability frameworks• Only a few studies provide a comprehensive and systematic view of

military capability models, i.e. capability frameworks

• The HCLCM provides a holistic and a generic capability life cycle model• The HCLCM provides a holistic and a generic capability life cycle model based on the existing framework, ISO 15288

• The HCLCM builds on the work of Anteroinen (2012)5. syyskuuta 2012

10

• The HCLCM builds on the work of Anteroinen (2012)Jukka Anteroinen IEEE SoSE 2012

Methodology – ISO 15288 (24748 TR)• The ISO 24748 technical report approaches life cycles from the systems

perspective• System-of-interest refers to a particular system that is of interest toSystem of interest refers to a particular system that is of interest to

an observer• Enabling system facilitates the progression of the system-of-interest

through its life cycle• During any particular stage in the system’s life cycle, the relevant

enabling systems and the system-of-interest should be considered together. Since they are interdependent, they can also be viewed as a systemsystem

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The Holistic military capability life cycle model (HCLCM)model (HCLCM)

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Jukka Anteroinen IEEE SysCon 2012

The HCLCM – System of interest

• The system of intrest in military capability is manifested by the y y p y ymilitary unit model

• The generally recognised objective of military capability is the ability t hi d i d ti l ff t i l t dor power to achieve a desired operational effect in a selected

environment and to sustain this effect for a designated period

• This objective is only achieved when real-life military units are j y yengaged in an operation

• Military units, i.e., force elements, represent the elements of military power that bring military power directly to bear and manifest real lifepower that bring military power directly to bear and manifest real-life fighting power, which is defined as the ability to fight and operate.

• Fighting power comprises a conceptual component (how to fight), a g g p p p p ( g ),morale component (the ability to get people to fight) and a physical component (the means to fight)

5. syyskuuta 2012Jukka Anteroinen IEEE SysCon 2012 13

The comprehensive capability meta‐model• includes the six perspectives of

the capability, each of which represents a different role or perspective, a different set of constraints, and therefore different model structures

• The functioning enterprise perspective of the ZFEA, i.e. the working system, depicts the operational system

(J. Anteroinen. 2012. Integration of existing military capability models into the Comprehensive Capability Meta-model. Proceedings of th 2012 IEEE S t C f M h 2012 V C d )


the 2012 IEEE Systems Conference. March 2012, Vancouver, Canada)

The HCLCM – Enabling systems 1 ‐ concept system

• The purpose of the concept stage in accordance with ISO 24748 p p p greport is to identify stakeholders’ needs, explore concepts and propose viable solutions

I h ili i i hi d h• In the military organisation, this stage corresponds to the concept development and experimentation (CD&E)

• CD&E plays an important role in driving strategic transformation in theCD&E plays an important role in driving strategic transformation in the military community by enabling the structured development of creative and innovative ideas into viable solutions for capability development

Milit t b i li ti f f t ti Th• Military concepts can be seen as visualisations of future operations. They describe how a military commander, using military art and science, might employ the necessary capabilities to meet future military challenges.

• Therefore, functional capabilities and their requirements are defined through military concepts


The HCLCM – Enabling systems 2 ‐ Development t bilit l isystem: capability planning

• The purpose of the concept stage in accordance with ISO 24748 report is to identify stakeholders’ needs explore concepts andreport is to identify stakeholders needs, explore concepts and propose viable solutions

• The corresponding enabling capability system in military organisation is p g g p y y y gthe capability planning system and its related capability model is the functional model.

• The capability developers ultimately refine the functional capability• The capability developers ultimately refine the functional capability requirements initially identified in the CD&E stage into viable functional capability goals and systems solutions.


The HCLCM – Enabling systems 3 ‐ Production t tsystem: procurement

• The capability procurement system enables the production life cycle stage with the purpose of producing the system of interestcycle stage, with the purpose of producing the system of interest, i.e., military units

• The capability solutions are procured as capability systems by taking into p y p p y y y gaccount the defence lines of development such as TEPIDOIL (capability systems model).

• The procurement of the capability systems are usually carried out in a• The procurement of the capability systems are usually carried out in a dispersed manner


The HCLCM – Enabling systems 4 ‐ Support and ti t t i i tretirement system: in‐service support

• The enabling support system provides sustained system capability, while the retirement system disposes of the system

• In order to sustain in-use military units, it is necessary provide continuous support to maintain the suitability and effectiveness of the units to meet contemporary and emerging requirements

• In the disposal stage, either the whole unit is disbanded or some of its elements are retired as unfit for purpose

• The material part of the in-service support system is usually managed by a single in-service support organisation, such as DE&S in the United Kingdom

• In contrast, the military command of the unit is usually responsible for the overall in-service support of the units


The Holistic military capability life cycle model e o st c ta y capab ty fe cyc e ode

• The entire HCLCM shows how the in–use military capability system, i.e., the military unit and its evolution is facilitated from the concept to the disposal stage by enabling capability systems. g y g p y y

• It also illustrates how existing military capability models support each enabling capability system


The information model of the HCLCM

provides services

Military capability

enables the conduct of

Capability life cycle model

consists ofprovides services

Enablingcapability system

Life cyclestage

In‐use capabilitysystem

provides servicesOperationalenvironment

enables the conduct of

supports

p

Military unitmodel

CD&E Conceptsupports enables

consists ofconsists of

Functionalcapability model

Capability model

CD&E Concept

Development

consists ofCapabilityplanning

consists of

enables

Systems capabilitymodel

Procurement Productionsupports enables

bl

In‐service supportDisposal

In‐usesupports

enables


Conclusions, 1

The paper presented the holistic capability life cycle model• The paper presented the holistic capability life cycle model (HCLCM)

• The HCLCM combines existing capability models and capability systems into a single model using ISO 15288 life cycle concept as the structure of the model.

• The HCLCM provides a holistic view of military capability throughout its life cycle and shows how existing capability g y g p ymodels fit into this life cycle.

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Conclusions, 2

• The main contribution of this paper is conceptual in nature.

• The model complements the existing, but still evolving understanding of military capability and its life cycle in a holistic and systemic wayholistic and systemic way.

• The HCLCM is generic, i.e. it is applicable anywhere. • It is based on the existing capability models, • it is holistic It connects a standard based system life cycle model• it is holistic. It connects a standard-based system life cycle model

to the widely used military capability models

I ti th d l• In practice, the model• increases understanding and facilitates communication among

various military capability stakeholders all of whom are focused on specific capability concerns and consider these concerns aton specific capability concerns and consider these concerns at particular stages in the capability life cycle

• helps to align each capability model in a larger context within the life cycle of military capability

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y y p y


Further research

• Future research on military capability should address the systems engineering (SE) issues related to the capability life y g g ( ) p ycycle, such as requirements management or the systems engineering life cycle.

• These elements would further enhance the HCLCM by showing how stakeholders’ needs are satisfied throughout the capability life cycle with the help of related capability models.capability life cycle with the help of related capability models.

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Th kThank you

Questions or comments?

Jukka AnteroinenNational Defence University Helsinki FinlandNational Defence University, Helsinki, Finland

[email protected]

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National Defence University of Finland - SoSE 2012...National Defence University of Finland Holistic Military Capability Life Cycle ModelHolistic Military Capability Life Cycle Model