Upload
helloyagi
View
218
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/8/2019 National Report Thailand
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/national-report-thailand 1/47
Municipal Solid WasteManagement in Thailand
8/8/2019 National Report Thailand
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/national-report-thailand 2/47
Total Population in Thailand is61,661,701
Population Growth Rate is 0.35
GDP 4.688 Billion Baht
GNP 4.560 Billion Baht
Solid Waste Generation is
38,170 ton/day
Situation in Thailand in 2000
8/8/2019 National Report Thailand
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/national-report-thailand 3/47
Significance of MSW Management
73,77148,359GNP per capita(baht)
37,87929,135Wastegeneration
(ton/day)
4,688,0002,827,158GDP (millionbaht)
0.321.20Population
Growth Rate
61,661,70157,788,965Total Population19991992
year
8/8/2019 National Report Thailand
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/national-report-thailand 4/47
Current problems of solid waste
management in Thailand
Lack of law and regulation to cover entire system of solid wastemanagement
Existing laws do not include effective municipal solid wastemanagement to be implemented.
Lack of clear measures to promote waste reduction and publicparticipation.
The infectious waste from hospitals is not properly controlled.
Lack of clear measures to promote separation of householdhazardous waste from conventional household waste.
8/8/2019 National Report Thailand
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/national-report-thailand 5/47
Recent trend of changes
The Environmental Act was revised and enacted in September 1992
Change in the role of Environmental management
A National MSW management plan was developed
for the entire country in 1997
Application of inappropriate technologies such as the open dumping
Many significant environmental problems
Solid waste management has improved from 1992 to 1999
8/8/2019 National Report Thailand
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/national-report-thailand 6/47
Comparison of Waste generation & Waste disposal
0
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
7,000,000
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Year
W a s t e ( t o n / d a y
)
Waste disposal
Waste generation
8/8/2019 National Report Thailand
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/national-report-thailand 7/47
BMA 9,130 ton/day
Municipalities
&Pattaya 11,785 ton/day
Outside of municipality
&sanitary district 17,255 ton/day
Total 38,170 ton/day
Solid Waste Generation in 2000
8/8/2019 National Report Thailand
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/national-report-thailand 8/47
Solid Waste Composition - Thailand
8/8/2019 National Report Thailand
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/national-report-thailand 9/47
Waste separation
•Waste separation is key mechanism for thereduction of waste quantity
•Setting up laws and regulations for separating
wastes, as wet and dry wastes, before disposal.
•Provide rubbish bins or containers according to
the types of wastes
•Limit contamination to the lowest levelso that the wastes can be utilizeddownstream.
8/8/2019 National Report Thailand
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/national-report-thailand 10/47
Waste collection and transport
8/8/2019 National Report Thailand
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/national-report-thailand 11/47
Total Solid Waste
9,120 ton/day
On-Nut Solid Waste
Management Plant
4,690 ton/day
Nong-kham Solid Waste Management
PlantSanitary Landfill (by Private
Contractor) 2,290 ton/day
Sanitary Landfill
(by Privat
Contractor)3,640 ton/day
Compost Plant
1,050 ton/day
Tae-Rang Transferring Station
Sanitary Landfill (by Private
Contractor) 2,140 ton/day
Quantities of Collected Wastes inBangkok (1997)
8/8/2019 National Report Thailand
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/national-report-thailand 12/47
Collection truck with
Compactor
Waste collection and transport
Side loading Truck
8/8/2019 National Report Thailand
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/national-report-thailand 13/47
Waste collection and transport
Small truck withcompactor
Large truck withcompactors
8/8/2019 National Report Thailand
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/national-report-thailand 14/47
Waste collection and transport
Side –loaded truck
Container hauling truck
8/8/2019 National Report Thailand
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/national-report-thailand 15/47
Transfer station in
Bangkok
Waste Transportationfrom Bangkok
to disposal site
8/8/2019 National Report Thailand
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/national-report-thailand 16/47
Disposal of Solid Wastes
Landfill
20%
Open dump&
incineration
1%
Sanitary
landfill
7%
Open dump
72%
8/8/2019 National Report Thailand
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/national-report-thailand 17/47
Disposal of Solid Wastes
Open Dumping
Sanitary Landfill
8/8/2019 National Report Thailand
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/national-report-thailand 18/47
Waste composting
Waste separation
Composting drum
8/8/2019 National Report Thailand
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/national-report-thailand 19/47
Waste composting
Composting
Screening
CompostingMaturation Building
8/8/2019 National Report Thailand
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/national-report-thailand 20/47
8/8/2019 National Report Thailand
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/national-report-thailand 21/47
Resource Recovery, Recycle and Reuse
40-60% of solid wastegenerated can be recycledand reused.
The 3 major recycledwaste materials are
Paper 57% Glass 19%
Plastic 15%
The recycling rate hasincreased approximately9% per year
8/8/2019 National Report Thailand
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/national-report-thailand 22/47
Community participation
The waste buying marketat municipality of
Phitsanulok
Opposition of waste disposalat Chiangmai left thegarbage uncollected
8/8/2019 National Report Thailand
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/national-report-thailand 23/47
Case Study of Small Communities
Participating in MSW Management
Project of Solid Wastes Exchange At Klong Toey community in Bangkok is the project of solid wastes exchanging with eggs
Solid Waste Bank P rojectThe Wad Klang community at Bangkapi district inBangkok has developed a solid waste bank project.
For an incinerator in the Hang Dong districtThe local people in Hang Dong district stronglyopposed the project
i
8/8/2019 National Report Thailand
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/national-report-thailand 24/47
Waste scavenging
Recyclable wastes collectedat sources by the scavengeris estimated at 286tones/day
Amount of materialsrecovered by thescavengers varies between50-150 kg/person/day
paper 55%
Recyclable glass 1- 3%
Plastic 10-15%
Composition of recyclable materials
8/8/2019 National Report Thailand
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/national-report-thailand 25/47
Informal sector involvement
A material buyingcentre from “saleng” groups in Phitsanulok .
An itinerant waste picker, or “saleng”, pedling her tricyclethrough Bangkok traffic in search
of garbage.
8/8/2019 National Report Thailand
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/national-report-thailand 26/47
Participation of Woman
63-67% of total female in Thailand hasbeen employed during 1994-1998
There are 48 staff within the division of
which about 52% of total staffs is female, inthe Hazardous Substance and WasteManagement Division, PCD
It was found that 60% of woman are participatedIn waste scavenging at Phitsanulok municipality
8/8/2019 National Report Thailand
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/national-report-thailand 27/47
Climatically and Seasonal Influences
They were little effect on moisture content
of whole waste. The average moisturecontent of solid waste was reported at about50-60%
It was found that composition of wastes insummer (March-April) was not muchdifferent from rainy season.
8/8/2019 National Report Thailand
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/national-report-thailand 28/47
Central government organizations
related to the solid waste management
Prime minister
Ministry of Industry
Ministry of ScienceTechnology and Environment Ministry of Public Health
Office of EnvironmentalPolicy and Planning
Ministry of Interior
Departmentof Industrial Works
Industrial Authorityof Thailand
ProvincialEnvironmental
Office
Pollution ControlDepartment
Department of HealthDepartment of
Local AdministrationDepartment ofPublic Works
The ProvincalAdministrativeOrganization
MunicipalityThe Sanitary
District
Sub-districtAdministrative
Organization
National
Environment Board
8/8/2019 National Report Thailand
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/national-report-thailand 29/47
8/8/2019 National Report Thailand
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/national-report-thailand 30/47
Institutional Deficiencies and Weakness
unclear demarcation among the
responsible central agencies andcomplicated relationship between localmunicipalities and central agencies
incapability of local municipalitiesproject implementation (both technically
and financially).
8/8/2019 National Report Thailand
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/national-report-thailand 31/47
Resources and Skills
Organization management of solid waste landfilling in Nonthaburi municipality
Technical Depar tment
Driver
Non permanent staff
Technicians in solid
waste landfilling
Head of Survey and
Design Divison
Survey and
Design Divison
Construction and
Maintence Division
Mechanical
Division
R d kill i i lid
8/8/2019 National Report Thailand
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/national-report-thailand 32/47
Resources and skill requirement in solid
waste management in local municipality.
- Drive solid waste trucksDrivers
- Cleansing landfill area, gardening etc.Worker
- Estimate the operating cost, income, fees and purchase Accountant/computer
specialist (Certificatelevel)
- Monitoring quality of water/wastewater, leachate andrunoff of landfill- Air quality
Analyticalchemist/environmentalscientist (Certificate level)
- Control whole electrical related works ๆ Electrical Technician(Certificate level)
-Control solid waste treatment system and disposal site-Control wastewater treatment plant
Environmental Engineer(Bachelor degree)
DutiesPosition
8/8/2019 National Report Thailand
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/national-report-thailand 33/47
Efficiency of SWM Staff and Equipments
377377DPC of BMA
5692,659DOH
4803,201PWD100606IEAT
151700DIW
91324DEQP
84559PCD
65591OEPP
Staffs for Solid WasteManagementNumber of StaffsOrganization
8/8/2019 National Report Thailand
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/national-report-thailand 34/47
Health aspect
5100Southern Region2900Northeastern Region
1800Northern Region
3400Central Region (Excl. BKK)5100Bangkok Metropolis
3000Non-Municipal Area
4700Municipal Area
3300Total
Whole Kingdom
Households received impactfrom solid waste pollutionLocations
Household pollution impact more than one way possible andenvironmental information by region in 1998.
Legal Aspects
8/8/2019 National Report Thailand
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/national-report-thailand 35/47
Environmental FundThe Fund provides grants to governmental agencies andlow-interest loans to the private sectors who are engagedin the activities related to the improvement of theenvironment.
Legal Aspects
The Environmental Act was revised and enacted in September 1992
Reconstruction of the Office of the National Environment Board•the Office of Environmental Policy and Planning (OEPP)•Pollution Control Department (PCD)
•the Department of Environmental Quality Promotion (DEQP
8/8/2019 National Report Thailand
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/national-report-thailand 36/47
Economics and Financial Aspects
The budget for MSW management in Thailand comes from two parts:
•national expenditure basically for facility construction
•service fees for running cost.
In the BM, the collection fee per household is 40 baht (A$ 2) permonth compared to 150 baht (A$ 8) of the actual cost.
8/8/2019 National Report Thailand
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/national-report-thailand 37/47
Economics and Financial Aspects
•A willingness of the central and local government sectors to employthe private sector
•A desire to improve standards of operation
•The capability and willingness of the private sector to participate
•A proper legal framework
•The need to inject funds into SWM infrastructure and the relativeabilities and costs associated with government and the private sector
meeting this need
Public P rivate Partnership
Private sector involvement (“privatization”) in the development of public
infrastructure and in the provision of public services has been proven to behighly effective.
To ensure privatization’s success, the following criteria must be addressed:
8/8/2019 National Report Thailand
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/national-report-thailand 38/47
Economics and Financial Aspects
Cost Recovery
•Low customer Fee Levels
•Low Collections Performance •Relatively High Cost Strcture
The low levels of cost recovery in the SWM sector can beattributed to three major factors as follows:
I d t f d t t
8/8/2019 National Report Thailand
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/national-report-thailand 39/47
Income and payment of department
of public cleansing, BMA.
0
200 , 000 , 000
400 , 000 , 000
600 , 000 , 000
800 , 000 , 000
1,000 , 000 , 000
1,200 , 000 , 000
1,400 , 000 , 000
1,600 , 000 , 000 1,800
, 000 , 000
2,000 , 000 , 000
1986 1988 1989 1991 1993 1996 1997 2000 2001
Baht
PaymentIncome
8/8/2019 National Report Thailand
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/national-report-thailand 40/47
Economics and Financial Aspects
Resources Utilization
1.20-1.40Cardboard
0.80-1.10Waste paper
1.30-1.80Newspaper
3.20-3.30Writing paper
39.70-49.70Copper
14.70-17.70 Aluminum
1.50-1.60Iron0.10-0.20Beer bottles (brown)
0.70-0.80Mekhong bottles (white)
0.20-0.30Broken bottles3.20-3.30Plastic bottles
Selling price (baht kg-1)Materials
8/8/2019 National Report Thailand
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/national-report-thailand 41/47
Encourage waste separation and recycling program atsources such as at homes, businesses, institutions andfactories by employing segregation strategy thatmatched to the appropriate and effective waste
collection and disposal practices.
Recommendations-Technical Aspects
Encourage the private sector to provide services in solid wasteand night soil collection, transportation, and disposal
As a waste collection planning criterion guideline for each
community; Procurement of collection bins at 1150 liters for350 residents, and a demand 10 cubic meter collection truck for every 5,000 residents.
Rehabilitate the existing unsanitary disposal sites. ( PCD)
Establish waste disposal centers for adjacent communities toshare common disposal facilities, and adopt the integratedMSW management approach.
8/8/2019 National Report Thailand
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/national-report-thailand 42/47
Specify organization and responsibility of thegovernment and private sector for efficient solid wasteand night soil control, monitoring, and management
Recommendations Institutional
Aspects and Capacity Building
8/8/2019 National Report Thailand
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/national-report-thailand 43/47
Recommendations-Legal Aspects
Establish laws, regulations, orders, and standards that createmechanisms for returning used products and packaging for
recycling, and reduction of solid waste
Amend laws, regulations, and order relating to solid wasteand night soil management fees, and fees for reduction andrecycling of solid waste.
Establish solid waste disposal site pollution control standard
8/8/2019 National Report Thailand
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/national-report-thailand 44/47
Recommendations
Economics and Financial Aspects
Provide funding incentive, technical assistance and various-facility to private investors on MSW management business ornon-government organizations involved in solving solid waste
management problem.
Apply the “Polluter Pay Principle” for both the public andgovernment organizations
8/8/2019 National Report Thailand
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/national-report-thailand 45/47
Recommendations-Health Aspects
•Disposal method should be mostly sanitary landfill.
•Disposal site should not be located in public area.
•People didn’t want disposal site in neighborhood (NIMBY syndrome).
8/8/2019 National Report Thailand
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/national-report-thailand 46/47
Recommendations-Public Awareness
Initiate education and training program in fosteringtechnical and administrative capabilities to concernedlocal government and private personnel in the area of MSW management.
Public relation in waste reduction campaign by wasteseparation and recyclable waste through educationinstitutes. However the budget should be supported bygovernment.
Promote public education program, correct attitude and socialvalues reinforcement in keeping public cleanliness and properMSW management for all children and citizens in the society.
Recommendation for Integrated
8/8/2019 National Report Thailand
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/national-report-thailand 47/47
Recommendation for Integrated
Solid Waste Management
•
Jurisdictions work together, so that all levels of government and the private sector all have the same
goals and policies for waste management.
The functional aspects like source reduction, separation,collection, distribution, and disposal all function well together
Waste management activities are coordinated across space
and time