NATIVE AMERICAN SOCIETIES Chapter 1, Section 2

ANASAZI

1500 BC Lived in Southwest of present-day United States Grew beans, maize, squash Irrigated crops = increased food production Skilled basket makers and potters AD 1300 – drought, disease, and raids by

nomadic tribes led them to leave villages

ANASAZI (continued)

Built pueblos – homes made of a heavy clay called adobe

ANASAZI (continued)

Built kivas – underground ceremonial chambers

They were used as sacred areas for religious events.

MOUND BUILDERS

1000 BC to AD 1700s Eastern part of North America Supported population with agriculture

and trade Built large burial mounds to honor dead

(similar to pyramids)

MOUND BUILDERS (continued)

Hopewell – lived along Mississippi, Ohio, and Missouri River valleys

MOUND BUILDERS (continued)

Mississippians – skilled farmers and traders who lived in the same areas as the Hopewell

They built the city of Cahokia (near St. Louis, MO.) which had more than 100 temple and burial mounds

NORTH AND NORTHWEST

Arctic Groups Located in Alaska and Canada Inuit – built igloos, hide tents, and huts Aleut – lived in multifamily,

underground homes Both groups fished, hunted, and used

dogs to pull sleds

NORTH AND NORTHWEST (continued)

Pacific Northwest Located in Washington and Oregon Carved totems – tall, wooden poles with

images of ancestor or animal spirits

WEST AND SOUTHWEST

California Region Located in between Pacific Coast and Sierra

Nevada Food was plentiful, so there was no need to

farm. Acorns were grounded into flour

Fished and hunted deer Lived in groups of families of about 50 to 300 Some groups - Hupa, Miwok, Yokuts

WEST AND SOUTHWEST (continued) Great Basin

Located east of Sierra Nevada Mountains Dry climate Gathered seeds, dug roots, trapped small

animals Some groups - Paiute, Shoshone, Ute

WEST AND SOUTHWEST (continued) Southwest

Located Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Texas Irrigated land, grew maize, squash, and beans Pueblo Groups – Hopi and Zuni Religion focused around rain and maize

Performed rituals hoping to bring rain and successful maize crops

WEST AND SOUTHWEST (continued) Apache and Navajo

Located near Pueblo groups Nomadic tribes Hunted small animals and foraged for food Supported themselves by raiding Pueblo

villages

GREAT PLAINS

Huge region that stretched from Canada to Texas Hunted buffalo, deer, and elk

Buffalo skins used for shields, clothing, and coverings for teepees

Nomadic hunters used spears and bows used corrals to trap game in a ring of fire

GREAT PLAINS (continued)

Built teepees – cone-shaped shelters Some groups, such as the Pawnee, were farmers

of maize, squash, and beans Pawnee were matrilineal – people who traced

their ancestry through mothers, not fathers

NORTHEAST AND SOUTHEAST

Located along the Atlantic Coast Rich in sources of food and shelter Plenty of animals, fish, and wood Many river valleys to provide fresh water

Southeastern Groups Cherokee, Creek, Seminole

Lived in faming villages governed by councils

NORTHEAST AND SOUTHEAST (continued) Northeastern Groups

Algonquian Hunters and gatherers Wampum – strings of beads used as money

Iroquois Farmers, hunters, traders Longhouses – rectangular homes made from logs and

bark that housed 8 to 10 families

NORTHEAST AND SOUTHEAST (continued) IROQUOIS LEAGUE

Also known as the Iroquois Confederacy This was an alliance between the Cayuga, Mohawk,

Oneida, Onondaga, and Seneca The league would wage war but also make peace with

non-Iroquois groups The league made the Iroquois one of the most powerful

Native American groups

SHARED RELIGIOUS BELIEFS

Religion was linked to nature Spiritual forces were everywhere

Ex: heavenly bodies, sacred places on Earth, animals, and plants

Ceremonies were performed to connect people to Earth and Sky Earth and Sky were givers of life

PROPERTY

Land was to be used by everyone in the village Individual ownership only applied to crops one

grew Native Americans believed the land should be

preserved for future generations