Upload
paul-ross
View
220
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Native Americans in Texas
Where did they come from?No one knows exactly when the first people arrived in North America.
It is believed they arrived as far back as 30,000 years ago, near the end of the last ice age.
Where did they come from?
Today a water passage called the Bering Strait connects the Artic and Pacific Oceans.
During the last ice age, ocean levels fell enough that the bottom of the Bering Strait became dry land. Early people are believed to have crossed this land into North America. This is called the Bering Land Bridge.
Native Americans in TexasThe first Americans did not arrive here all at one time. It is believed that they arrived in small bands over thousands of years. These bands were migrating in search of food and ended up spread throughout North America.
Early people were hunters and gatherers.
Native American tribes often migrated for
1. Hunting & gathering
2. Conflict with other Tribes
3. Conflict with European and American Settlers
Migration- to move from place to place.
Tigua
Concho
Tigua
Concho
Southeastern TribesRegions:
Coastal Plains and the North Central Plains
Tribes:
Wichita
Caddo,
Atakapan,
http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/kids/caddo/
Southeastern Tribes: Survival
•Farmers of corn, squash, seeds, beans and melons•Lived in permanent villages•Caddo were the most advanced of these tribes.
Who were the Caddo Indians?• Caddoes were the most advanced of the Indian
Tribes in Texas• Lived in what today is called the Piney Woods• Lived in villages and furnished homes with
colored rugs, pottery and baskets• Larger villages of Caddoes settled near major
rivers of the Southeastern regions of Texas.• Were part of a confederacy of Indian governments • The Chief of their confederacy was their High
Priest or religious leader.
Caddo homes were permanent, dome-shaped grass and timber houses held up by poles.
Some were 60 feet in diameter and held 8 to 10 families.
Their religious ceremonieswere held inside oflarge temples that werebuilt up on mounds by the entire community. A sacredfire always burned in this temple.
Wichita Indians• Lived along the Red River• The men had tattoos around their eyes and called
themselves “raccoon eyes”• The women tattooed their faces with zig-zag lines,
circles and triangles• Acquired horses from the Kiowa tribe (from the
Great Plains area)• In the winter months they moved around
following herds of buffalo and living in tipis (teepees). This was unusual because most of the Southeastern Tribes were not migratory.
PlainsTribesRegions:
Great Plains
North Central Plains
Tribes:
•Comanche
• Apache
• Kiowa
•Tonkawa
The Plains Indian tribes were great hunters and were the first to use horses for hunting. The use of horses changed the lives of the Plains Indian tribes forever.
Plains Tribes: Survival
Because the moved following buffalo herds, the Plains Indians lived in Tipi’s (teepee) which were easily transported by horse.
Tipis
Gov’t/Beliefs/ Accomplishments
• Hunters and Warriors
• Chief – generally two chiefs (one for war and one for religion & medicine)
• Medicine Men were called shamans
• Very, very skilled horsemen
• They were the culture that survived the longest in Texas after the Europeans came primarily because of their fighting skills
• Lived in Tipi’s (teepees) which were portable
• Were fierce warriors and used shields, lances and bows and arrows
• Nomadic and constantly moving because their entire way of life depended upon the buffalo herds
• They butchered their kill where
they died and would dry the meat to preserve it for meals later. This “jerky” was perfect food for their nomadic life style.
Comanche
Apache Food
ApacheApache Camp
The word Apache means “enemy.” They were named this because theyposed a threat to other tribes wherever they went.
They were the first of the Plains Tribes to use horses to move and hunt.
Tonkawa These are the Native Americans that you would have seen most often in the “Austin” area
They tried to compete for buffalo with the Comanche and Apaches, but were pushed off their land into regions where few buffalo lived. They became hunters of small game and gatherers instead
Kiowas
•Smaller Plains Indian tribe
•They were nomads, hunters
of buffalo and rode horses like
all Plains Indians
•They held a celebration called the “Sun Dance.” They would build a 20’x 60’ lodge of wooden poles and cover the ground inside with sand. The men would dance without food or water sometimes for 3 days. They believed the dance would bring them good fortune.
GULF CULTURE
• Region: Coastal Plains
•Karankawa
• Coahuiltecans
Coahuiltecans
• They lived in a small region between San Antonio and Corpus Christi. Because this area was too small to support huge tribes, they lived in hundreds of small groups; never organizing into a tribe.
• Lived in moveable grass huts
• Large game like buffalo were scare where they lived so they ate just about anything such as lizards, armadillo, worms and even rotten wood.
Moveable Hut
Karankawas• Lived along the gulf coast
• They were fisherman and gatherers
• Lived in houses that held about 8 people
• Communicated by sending smoke signals
• Were killed by disease brought to them by the Spanish who entered the coastal land
• Some evidence shows that they practiced cannibalism (eating the flesh of other humans, mostly their enemies)
KarankawaGulf Coast Plains
Explorer Cabeza de Vaca lived with this culture for years after he shipwrecked near Galveston Island
Karankawas
• Traveled by foot and by canoes made from hollowed-out logs
• Fished with bows and arrows
PUEBLO CULTURE• Region:
Mountains and Basins (desert)
• Tiguas
• Jumanos
The Pueblo Indians
• Jumano
• Concho
• Tiguas
Puebloan Peoples• Lived in the desert lands of
the American Southwest (El Paso, Presidio and New Mexico today).
• They lived in large structures called Pueblos.
• Skilled at farming in a desert region
• Traded with other Indian groups and the Spaniards who explored the region
Jumano People• Pueblos were made of adobe- wet clay and straw
made into bricks and dried in the sun• Were able to grow corn, beans, and squash
because they settled near rivers and streams and had reliable sources of water.
• Traded with other tribes for meat, hides and items from the Plains area of Texas
• Driven out of their land by the Apaches and forced to work in mines by the Spanish
Concho Indians• Smaller tribe that was
close allies with the Jumano tribe. They were very much like the Jumano and some historians even believe that they disappeared because they merged their tribe with the Jumanos. Other historians believe that they all died as a result of diseases brought to them by the Spanish.
Tigua Indians• The oldest Native Americans still living in Texas
today• Life was similar to the other Puebloan Tribes, they
were farmers and ate corn, beans and squash they grew.
• They stored and cooked food in home made pottery
• Built kivas- a large room for worship and meetings
• Many Tiguas have become part of today’s hispanic culture
Kiva- large rooms used for religious ceremoniesand council/leadership of the tribe to meet
Review of Cultures and the Tribes in Each
Puebloan
• Tigua
• Jumano
Gulf
• Karwanakwa
• Coahuiltecans
Plains
• Comanche
• Apache
• Tonkawa*
Southeastern
• Caddo
• Wichita
• Cherokee