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Native Cultures Came across land bridge
from Asia
Greatest populations:
Central/South America (Mexico/Peru)
What impacts native culture most?
MAIZE!
Native Cultures Southern and Western
native groups
Farmers, artisans, priests
Written language
Astronomy
Irrigation
Militaristic
Road systems
Human sacrifice
Tenochtitlan pop approx. 250,000
Native Cultures Mississippi Valley
Maize allowed for farming
Mound building Burial
Platforms for ruling class, religious ceremonies
Cahokia – more than 10,000
Native Cultures Eastern lands (modern U.S.)
Southeast
Much like Mississippi culture
Northeast
Planted in summer months
Hunt/gather in winter months
Politically
Some were local chieftains
Some were organized groups under a single leader
Native Cultures Iroquois Confederacy
Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas
Ruled by council not chief
Stretched from Great Lakes to New England (modern day New York)
Native Cultures Mobile tribes
Great Lakes Rivers and lakes for food
and trade
Great Plains Some agriculture
Followed buffalo on horseback
Native Cultures Southwestern native
groups
Used irrigation to farm
Maize
Carved cities into canyon walls – pueblo
Native Cultures Compare and contrast
How did they acquire their food?
How were their societies organized?
What impact did geography and climate play on their way of life?
What were their religious practices?
Were they essentially self-sufficient or actively involved in trade?
European Cultures Very hierarchical
Monarch
Patriarchal system
Large landowner
Primogeniture system
Peasant
Worked for landowner
Hard labor
Survival was difficult
Overland Trade with the Far East Middle Eastern/Far Eastern goods
Spices, textiles, gems
Muslim traders
Europeans reaction/Renaissance
The Crusades Catholic Church
eliminate other religions
Armies led by western European kings
Stop spread of Islam
Liberate Holy Land
Protestant Reformation Led by Martin Luther Excommunicated by Catholic
Church Heads of state determined
“state” religion Lutherans
Germany, Scandinavia Catholics
Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Ireland, Germany, Poland
Calvinists Scotland, the Netherlands,
Germany Anglicans
England
Protestant Reformation Calvinism
God is absolute
He directs mankind to His liking
People are predestined
Discipline was demanded
Luxury and merriment prohibited
Protestant Reformation Anglicans (Church of England)
Henry VIII broke with Church over divorce
King = head of state and church
Religion will play large role in subjugation of native peoples!
Renaissance “rebirth”
End of Dark Ages
Italy
Flowering of culture
Painting, sculpture, etc.
intellectualism
Rise of middle and upper class
Renaissance Political changes
Consolidation of power by royalty
Machiavelli: money = political power
Pre-European Africa Trans-Saharan trade
Gold and other goods for textiles
Sold slaves (captured from warring tribes)
Religion Native (multiple gods)
Native (single god)
Islam
Changes with coastal exploration
Portugal
Prince Henry --
1420’s
India and Asia
(resources)
slave trade
Cape of Good Hope
(1488)
India (1497)
Brazil
1500
Origins of the Slave Trade Portuguese explorers traded
with West Africans
Plantations in West Indies, South America, and southern North America very labor intensive
Africans had enslaved other Africans
Began to use them as trade
Origins of the Slave Trade Sugar in high demand in
Europe
Needed large labor force
African slaves provided the labor force
For English Barbados, Leeward
Islands, Jamaica
Spain 1492 -- King Ferdinand
and Queen Isabella
Defeated Moors
inquisition against Jews
western route to Asia
Spain Christopher
Columbus
four voyages 1492 to
1504
“outer islands of
India”
Search for “New
World”
Spain – Encomienda system Impact on
Spanish
Native populations
Once the native populations were depleted, who could fill their role?
Africans!
Reward from the crown
Given to conquistadors
Owners could sell parts of claims
Owner controlled resources (gold, silver)
Could claim “tribute” from natives
Spain – Columbian Exchange What was it?
What was the impact on: Natural
environment?
Human environment?
Would you say it was a positive or negative thing? Give two pieces of
evidence to support your position
Spain – The long slow decline King Phillip II
Wanted to protect the Catholic Church
Failed invasion of England
Large empire hard to control
Occasional native revolts
Finished off by the United States in 1898 (we’ll get to that later . . .)
England’s Voyages of Discovery John Cabot (Italian) paid by England to duplicate
Columbus
Sailed further north (1498-99)
Discovered eastern Canada and New England
Issues in England GOOD BAD
Better health
Gentry increased wealth (short term land leases adding in inflation)
Yeoman increased wealth (price increase of crops)
Property owners gained power in Parliament (House of Commons)
Price inflation
Nobility lost money (land leases fixed)
Nobility lost political influence (House of Lords)
Peasants lost land to landlords and merchants for sheep production (enclosure)
Mercantilism Defined:
State supported manufacturing and trade as a way to increase national power and wealth
In practice: Merchants bought wool from landowners, landless
peasants (cotters) spun the wool into cloth, merchants sold cloth in England and foreign countries
Crown provided charters for merchants
Merchants allowed to fix wages (keep costs down)
Import taxes made crown wealthy
Domestic investment made merchants wealthy
By mid to late 1500’s England an economic power
Colonization Colonies needed:
Funding
ships and supplies
trained soldiers
Willing settlers
Few wanted to colonize (English economy booming)
The Crown offered ‘charters’ to private investors
The most likely groups
religious dissenters – the Church of England was not sufficiently “reformed”
yeomen looking for new lands to farm
Peasants looking for economic opportunity
First Colonies Sir Walter Raleigh &
Roanoke 1585: fails
scarce food
hostile relations with natives
returned to England
1587:
110 people
Return 3 years later
Everyone gone . . .
Jamestown Corporate (charter) colony
London Company – 56 firms and 659 individuals invested
Granted by King James I
North Carolina to New York
Named Virginia after Queen Elizabeth I
Jamestown settled 1607
Growth (near death) of Jamestown 1607 – 104 men
Unprepared “gentlemen” colonists
Settlers wasted time (gold)
Expected native support
38 survived winter
Gov. John Smith saved colony
Difficult early years . . . By 1611 1,200 settlers arrived
Half died, most due to famine
Relations between Indians & settlers worsened English stole from Indians
1610-1614 -- First Anglo-Powhatan War
Gov. Thomas West (Lord De La Warr) had orders to make war.
Raided villages, burned houses, took supplies, burned cornfields.
John Rolfe helped save colony
John Rolfe Introduced tobacco
the leading export to England – a “cash crop”
Poor white workers sent to cultivate it
1619, 20 Africans bought from Dutch – first slaves
1614 Rolfe married Pocahontas
Culture Clash 1614 to 1622 = peace Indian Uprising of 1622
Whites taking Indian lands 1/3 whites killed (including Rolfe) Whites destroyed Indian food supply End of coexistence
1644-1646 Second Anglo-Powhatan War
Last effort of natives Indians defeated again
Peace Treaty of 1646 Removed Powhatans from original land Separation of Indians and English
High Mortality Rates “Starving Time”:
1607: 104 colonists
By spring, 1608: 38 survived
1609: 300 more immigrants
By spring, 1610: 60 survived
1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants
1624 population: 1,200
Adult life expectancy: 40 years
Death of children before age 5: 80%
The House of Burgesses Established 1619
Could make laws and levy taxes
Still subject to the governor and company, (not King)
Made up of landowning men
1624 King James dissolved London Co. and made Virginia a royal colony
James opposed to tobacco
Distrusted House of Burgess as independent body
This meant . . .
House of Burgesses had to get laws approved by King’s Council
Church of England became official religion in Virginia
The Settlement of Maryland royal charter granted to George
Calvert, Lord Baltimore (1632)
A proprietary colony (1634)
Tobacco main crop
Absentee proprietor (feudal relationship)
Appointed brother Leonard governor
A Haven for Catholics Catholic relatives received land
Other colonists wanted land
Modest farms around Chesapeake
Catholic land barons and Protestant small farmers
Gov. Calvert tried to prevent representative democracy
1638 Lord Baltimore allowed for legislative body
A Haven for Catholics Baltimore allowed freedom of
worship
Protestants felt threatened by Catholics
Led to uprising
Toleration Act of 1649
Supported by Catholics
Guaranteed toleration to all CHRISTIANS
Decreed death to those who denied the divinity of Jesus (Jews, atheists, etc.)
Political Outcome By 1650 a bicameral
legislature in place
Upper House
Appointed
Who would this be?
Lower House
Elected by freemen
Who would this be?
Tobacco Trade
1618 — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of tobacco.
1622 — Despite losing nearly one-third of its colonists, Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of tobacco.
1627 — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds of tobacco.
1629 — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco
Tobacco Allowed Chesapeake region
to flourish
Needed labor source
Mosquito infested
Many men died from malaria
Left women in unusual position of wealth
Indentured Servitude Poor left England
seeking fortune
Between 1640-1700
80,000 came to Virginia
20,000 came to Maryland
Indentured Servitude Indenture Contract:
5-7 years (up to age 21 for youth)
Promised “freedom dues” [land, money]
Forbidden to marry
Fed, clothed, sheltered
Headright System:
Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person whose passage they paid
More indentured servants = more land
Indentured Servitude Bad for Servants:
Masters had total control
Could beat servants
Could extend contracts
Sometimes sexually abused women
Only about 25% benefitted by end of contract
Good for Masters:
High profit margin for tobacco
Could gain more land
Due to lack of women in colonies, men sometimes married female servant
Evolution of slavery in America 1619-Arrival of "20 and Odd"
Blacks (August 1619) aboard Dutch ship
Sold/traded into servitude for supplies.
In Virginia: free blacks, indentured servants, and slaves
Evolution of slavery in America Roles often unclear
Generally blacks and whites coexisted with little problem
Conversion to Christianity could earn freedom
Evolution of slavery in America As slaves increased, white colonists
reacted to put down perceived racial threat Slavery transformed from economic
to economic and racial institution. Beginning 1662 “Slave Codes”
Blacks [and children] property, or chattel for life of white masters.
In some colonies, a crime to teach slave to read or write
Conversion to Christianity did not allow for freedom
Evolution of slavery in America By 1680’s more slaves
Bacon’s Rebellion concerned whites
Goal: make a racial divide
In 1705 official laws allowed slavery
Impact of the Slave Trade on England Very high profit from
sugar imports (West Indies)
Navigation Acts: all sugar through British ports
slave trade profitable
Created jobs in England and Scotland through shipbuilding
Impact of the Slave Trade on Africa Strong tribes attacked
weak ones
Strong tribes became slave traders
About 15 million Africans taken as slaves
The Netherlands 1609 -- Henry Hudson
Hudson River
1623 -- New Netherland
Fur trade
Large landowners
(patroons)
50 tennants
Not successful
Governor William Kieft attacked Indians
The Netherlands Governor Peter
Stuyvesant conquered
New Sweden
disregarded needs of
Swedish and English
settlers
The Netherlands Settlements: present day
Albany, NY, present day Philadelphia, and present day Hartford, CT
1664 – Dutch defeated by British
New Amsterdam became New York
France 1524 -- Verrazano
claimed land between English and Spanish
1534 -- Jacques Cartier explored St. Lawrence River
Mississippi Valley Father Marquette
Louis Joliet
Robert La Salle
New Orleans established 1718
France 1608 – Quebec
Fur trade
sided with western tribes
against Iroquois
Priests attempted to
convert natives Lost interest
Didn’t stop disease
Treated better than
Spanish – no forced
labor
Key Claims to the New World What were the goals of the Europeans? How did it
impact the native people?
Search for a westward passage to Asia
Want for resources
Some attempts at colonization
Some attempts to proselytize
Conflict with native tribes