NEPA workshop presentationGon

8/2/2019 NEPA workshop presentationGon

1/62

Science & Culturein the EA/EIS Process

Integration of Western & Indigenous Knowledge/Values

in the Cultural Impact Assessment process


2/62

Hawaiian ScienceIke o ka poe imi loa

Knowledge of a far-seeking people


3/62

Two world training


4/62

What is Science?

An approach to learning marked by:

Empiricism / Observation

Manipulation / Experimentation Prediction / Modeling

Testing / Replication / Proof

Transmission / Publication


5/62

Empirical observation


6/62

Pua ka wiliwili, nanahu ka man

The wiliwili blooms, the shark bites

Pua wiliwili Llani Kalalea


7/62

Pua kek, ku mai ka heeThe sugarcane are blooming, the octopus are appearing

Pua k Hee


8/62

Pala ka hala, momona ka wanaThe hala fruit are ripening, the sea urchins are fat

Hua hala pala Hukeuke


9/62

Experimentation /

Modeling / Prediction

Lokoia(fishponds),loi(terracedagriculture),auwai(irrigation channels)

Hand pollination


10/62

Testing / Transmission

He lohe pepeiao,

he ike maka hoiA piece of hearsay [or] seen personally

O ka mea pono, kpaa,

o ka mea hewa, kpae ae

The correct: retain, the flawed: set aside

Selective oral transmission

We pass on what we accept as true


11/62

Contrasting World Views

Land as commodity,

Life domesticated.

People as labor.

Living things as

objects manipulated. Biological elements

are not cultural

(man-made) elements.

Land as conscious entity.

Ecosystems semi-wild.

People connected spiritually.

Living things as

conscious individuals. Living things are sacred

kinolauof kiniakuaand

part of cultural landscape.

Western Hawaiian


12/62

Natural vs Cultural Resources

The idea that natural resources are also culturalresources means that cultural restoration is notmerely devoted to identification & stabilization ofartifacts such as rock shrines & petroglyphsbut that the living contextof the island is valued

as part of the foundation& context for culturalstewardship &enrichment.


13/62

Reconciliation of Western

and Hawaiian approaches

Recognition of ecological zones

Manipulative experimentation

Transplantation of species

Expert consultation

Concern for the future of resources

Imposing and lifting of restrictions


14/62

Value ofIke Hawaii

Haka au i ka hale uluhe o Lauhaka

The Hawaiian petrels nest in the fern house of Lauhaka


15/62

The CIA process

Defined in the legislature of 2000 in terms of

cultural resources, practices, and beliefs.

Suggested ahupuaa as geographic scope

Research on traditional practices including

informant interviews

Requires description of impacts; including

modifications of setting

Suggest impact mitigation measures


16/62

Cultural Resource

All too often the focus of culturalassessment is on archeological/historicalsites including burials.

Laws protecting archeological/historic sitesand native burials drive this bias.

However, laws protecting access and

traditional gathering rights provide the linkto natural resources and environmentalsettings.


17/62

Cultural Resource

"Any physical, biological, and human

elements necessary for a people to

sustain their co-existence and evolvingrelationship with a defined place, and

maintain their unique set of customs,

beliefs, language, traditional knowledge,"


18/62

Appropriate Geographic Scope

Ahupuaais given as the appropriate scope.

However, the ahupuaa is but one intermediate

level in a concentric context of the Hawaiianview ofina


19/62

ina - n. Land, earth. cf. ai, to eat; aina, kamaina.


20/62


21/62


22/62

Concentric context example

Puu Moiwi, is an adze quarry on Kahoolawe

Kahoolawe is an ahupuaa ofHonuaula Moku

Honuaula is 1 of 12 Moku of Maui Island

Maui Island is part of the Pae ina ofHawaii

Kahoolawe is a manifestation of Kanaloa, one of the 4

principal Akua Hawaii, a god of sea-faring. Kahoolawe was a navigation training site, preparing

navigators for voyaging between Hawaii and Polynesia

An adze from Puu Moiwi was found in the Tuamotus


23/62

In Hawaii,

integrationofNative Hawaiian

approachesandknowledge systemswithconventional conservation efforts

is essential to achieve

HCAs vision of

sustainable communities

built upon a foundation of Hawaiian values

andactively perpetuating

thrivinglands and seas

throughactive management andrestoration.


24/62

Conclusions

HCA recognizes the value of indigenousHawaiian approaches and knowledge systems

to help address our conservation challenges

HCA's position is that integration of Hawaiianknowledge, values, and approaches into

modern conservation efforts in Hawaii can

greatly enhance long-term success. Members of HCA shall endeavor to implement

the following activities among themselves:


25/62

Actions

Meaningfully engage w/ Hawaiian communities

Increase efforts to recruit, train, and hire Native Hawaiians

Include Hawaiian communitiesin conservation planning

Incorporate Hawaiian knowledge in site conservation

Work with Hawaiian practitioners on resource issues

Use relevant traditional systems ofresource management

Reinforce Hawaiian values that sustain natural resources

Learn the history of Hawaiian relationships w/our lands

Maintain the relationships linking Hawaiians to a site;

Hawaiian language, values & concepts in policy/practice

Encourage others to take these actions


26/62

Rebuilding a Sustainable

Hawaiian Society

reestablishment of those relationships could rebuild asustainable society that once again values and

maintains its unique island legacy

Hawaiian epistemology (world view), traditional

knowledge, and values are elements critically useful

to conservation efforts in Hawaii


27/62

Hawaiian World View

Hawaiian world view emerged from manygenerations living in this archipelago

One belief is kinship with native species, withpeople as youngest and caretakers for elders

Native species are linked to and embodimentsofakua (gods), requiring sacred attention

An ongoing reciprocal relationship betweenpeople andinarequires dedicated effort tomaintain.

Wh t H ii t diti ff ti thi


28/62

What Hawaiian tradition offers conservation ethic:

Hawaiian tradition holds that we are direct kin

with the living elements of native ecosystems.

aumakua kinolauPeople are the youngest siblings in the genealogy of creation

The youngest are charged with caring for the family


29/62

Native animals are revered by many Hawaiian families as aumkua


30/62

wao kanaka

wao akua


31/62

The hia is dominant tree of the sacred upland realm of the gods


32/62

Biocultural & Environmental Elements

Often neglected in CIA process

Places defined by dynamic natural features

Names of winds, rains, & weather patterns

Famous crops/natural resources

Famous marine/aquatic resources

Famous freshwater features

Place names often capture these

Aiea Aihualama Halekauwila Halekou Hlei Ihiihilaukea Iliahi Kaahakea Kawikiwiki


33/62

Aiea, Aihualama, Halekauwila, Halekou, Hlei, Ihi ihilaukea, Iliahi, Ka ahakea, Ka wikiwiki,

Kalaemmane, Kalaemilo, Kaluakauila, Kamehame, Kamiloholu, Kamiloiki, Kamiloloa,

Kaplama, Kanaio, Kaohe, Kappala, Kalamaula, Kapuailima, Kauhiuhi, Koaie, Koaia, Koali,

Kou, Kumuiliahi, Laeokamilo, Llkoa, Llmilo, Lamaloa, Mnele, Milolii, Mokunaio,

Mokuhai, Nwiliwili, Noi, haiula, hia, Pahukauila, Plaa, Punakou, PuuKookoolau,

PuuMhoe, PuuMmane, PuuNaio, Ukumehame, Ulukou, Wahane, Waiakaaiea,

Waiakamilo, Waikoali, Wiliwilinui


34/62

Gathering Cultural Context

Research into traditional accounts/moolelo

Cosmogonic/legendary context

Sacred sites/areas

Cultural view planes & sense of place

Interviews with practitioners, residents


35/62

Integrating Science & IkeHawaii

Key alignments & contrasts acknowledged

Often complementary & confirmatory

Communication links btw cultural worlds

Lends relevance to multi-cultural approaches

Creates products of utility in EA/EIS process


36/62

I ka mlie o Waikk

kpaianaha i ke kai nalu:

OKalehuawehe, Aiwohi, Maihiwa

Keale Kapuni,p kolonahe ka makaniKaao


37/62

Hawaii kua uli, ola ka inaHawaii verdant-back the living land

Island of Oahu


38/62

Oahu a Lua, ka nohi o n kaiOahu of the chiefLua, the gem of the seas

Island of O ahu

Oahu maka ewaewaOahu of the averted face


39/62


40/62


41/62


42/62


43/62

VERY DRY

DRY

MESIC

WET

WETLAND

WETLAND

WETLAND

WETLAND

WETLAND

WETLAND

OAHU


44/62

Koolaupoko

KoolauloaWaialua

Waianae

Ewa Kona

N pali huliuli

o nKoolau

O Waialua

kai leo nui

E Ewa e e kuin lima

Ola Waianae

i ke Kaiaulu

N MOKU O OAHUDistricts of Oahu


45/62

Trails Fabled Sites Population Centers

Agriculture Fishponds Religious Sites

Mala ai Loko ia Heiau

Ala hele Wahi pana Kauhale


46/62


47/62

REQUIREMENTS FOR AGRICULTURE

WET (kalo):

Gentle slope

Sufficient water

Low elevation

DRY (uala):

Mid-mesic settings

Sufficient soil fertility

Younger substrate age


48/62

A: Wainiha, Kauai

B: Halawa, Molokai

C. Wailau, Molokai

D. Waimea, Hawaii

E. Kalaupapa, Molokai

Blue and red indicate

model predictions.

Light blue indicates

archeological

complexes.

N MALA O OAHU


49/62

Koolaupoko

KoolauloaWaialua

Waianae

Ewa Kona

Kalihi

NuuanuMnoa

MkahaWaianae

AnahuluMalamanui

Kaluanui

PunaluuKahana

WaikneWaiahole

Maunawili

N MALA O OAHUAgricultural Areas of Oahu

l k


50/62

Koolaupoko

Kailua

Waimnalo

KonaEwa

Puu o Kona

N LOKO IA O OAHU


51/62

N LOKO IA O OAHUFishponds of Oahu

Koolaupoko

Koolauloa

Waialua

Waianae

Ewa Kona

N ALAHELE O OAHU


52/62

N ALAHELE O OAHUTrails of Oahu

Koolaupoko

KoolauloaWaialua

Waianae

Ewa Kona

N HEIAU O OAHU


53/62

N HEIAU O OAHUReligious Sites of Oahu

Koolaupoko

KoolauloaWaialua

Waianae

Ewa Kona

N WAHI AE O OAHU


54/62

Lualualei

N WAHI AE O OAHUOther Sites of Oahu

Koolaupoko

KoolauloaWaialua

Waianae

Ewa Kona

KA WAO KNAKA O OAHU


55/62

KA WAO KNAKA O OAHUThe Human Footprint on Oahu

Koolaupoko

KoolauloaWaialua

Waianae

Ewa Kona

KPAE INA KNIHI


56/62

KPAE INA KNIHIExcluding Steep Lands


57/62

LDS&G

LDF&S

LMF&S

LWF&S

WETLAND

WETLAND

WETLAND

WETLAND

WETLAND

WETLAND


58/62

Ecosystem

Type

Original extent

(acres)

Footprint

(acres)

Percent

Affected

Wetlands 12,712 7,914 62.3%

Lowland Dry

Forest & Shrubland122,505 28,253 23.1%

Lowland Dry

Shrubland & Grassland

39,660 4,752 12.0%

Lowland Mesic

Forest & Shrubland125,863 11,500 9.1%

Lowland Wet

Forest & Shrubland

63,553 942 1.5%

All told, 14.1% of the native landscape of Oahu

was displaced by the Hawaiian footprint.


59/62

wao kanaka

wao akua

LOSS OF ECOSYSTEMS


60/62

IN THE LAST 230 YEARS

LOWLAND DRY

99% lost

LOWLAND MESIC

94% lostWETLANDS

85% lost

LOWLAND WET

32%lost


61/62

M h l i!


62/62

Mahalo a nui!

Office of Hawaiian Affairs

State Historic Preservation Division

Hawaii State Archives

Eric Komori

Herb Kawainui Kne

Nhoopaamoolelo o ka w kahiko: Davida Malo, Samuel M. Kamakau, John Papa Ii,

Kepelino, Abraham Fornander, Thomas Thrum,Mary Kawena Pukui, George Kanahele, Ross Cordy,a me nmea ae, he nui.

Ulukau a me Hoolaupaim

Documents

NEPA workshop presentationGon