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Science & Culturein the EA/EIS Process
Integration of Western & Indigenous Knowledge/Values
in the Cultural Impact Assessment process
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Hawaiian ScienceIke o ka poe imi loa
Knowledge of a far-seeking people
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Two world training
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What is Science?
An approach to learning marked by:
Empiricism / Observation
Manipulation / Experimentation Prediction / Modeling
Testing / Replication / Proof
Transmission / Publication
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Empirical observation
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Pua ka wiliwili, nanahu ka man
The wiliwili blooms, the shark bites
Pua wiliwili Llani Kalalea
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Pua kek, ku mai ka heeThe sugarcane are blooming, the octopus are appearing
Pua k Hee
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Pala ka hala, momona ka wanaThe hala fruit are ripening, the sea urchins are fat
Hua hala pala Hukeuke
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Experimentation /
Modeling / Prediction
Lokoia(fishponds),loi(terracedagriculture),auwai(irrigation channels)
Hand pollination
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Testing / Transmission
He lohe pepeiao,
he ike maka hoiA piece of hearsay [or] seen personally
O ka mea pono, kpaa,
o ka mea hewa, kpae ae
The correct: retain, the flawed: set aside
Selective oral transmission
We pass on what we accept as true
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Contrasting World Views
Land as commodity,
Life domesticated.
People as labor.
Living things as
objects manipulated. Biological elements
are not cultural
(man-made) elements.
Land as conscious entity.
Ecosystems semi-wild.
People connected spiritually.
Living things as
conscious individuals. Living things are sacred
kinolauof kiniakuaand
part of cultural landscape.
Western Hawaiian
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Natural vs Cultural Resources
The idea that natural resources are also culturalresources means that cultural restoration is notmerely devoted to identification & stabilization ofartifacts such as rock shrines & petroglyphsbut that the living contextof the island is valued
as part of the foundation& context for culturalstewardship &enrichment.
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Reconciliation of Western
and Hawaiian approaches
Recognition of ecological zones
Manipulative experimentation
Transplantation of species
Expert consultation
Concern for the future of resources
Imposing and lifting of restrictions
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Value ofIke Hawaii
Haka au i ka hale uluhe o Lauhaka
The Hawaiian petrels nest in the fern house of Lauhaka
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The CIA process
Defined in the legislature of 2000 in terms of
cultural resources, practices, and beliefs.
Suggested ahupuaa as geographic scope
Research on traditional practices including
informant interviews
Requires description of impacts; including
modifications of setting
Suggest impact mitigation measures
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Cultural Resource
All too often the focus of culturalassessment is on archeological/historicalsites including burials.
Laws protecting archeological/historic sitesand native burials drive this bias.
However, laws protecting access and
traditional gathering rights provide the linkto natural resources and environmentalsettings.
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Cultural Resource
"Any physical, biological, and human
elements necessary for a people to
sustain their co-existence and evolvingrelationship with a defined place, and
maintain their unique set of customs,
beliefs, language, traditional knowledge,"
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Appropriate Geographic Scope
Ahupuaais given as the appropriate scope.
However, the ahupuaa is but one intermediate
level in a concentric context of the Hawaiianview ofina
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ina - n. Land, earth. cf. ai, to eat; aina, kamaina.
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Concentric context example
Puu Moiwi, is an adze quarry on Kahoolawe
Kahoolawe is an ahupuaa ofHonuaula Moku
Honuaula is 1 of 12 Moku of Maui Island
Maui Island is part of the Pae ina ofHawaii
Kahoolawe is a manifestation of Kanaloa, one of the 4
principal Akua Hawaii, a god of sea-faring. Kahoolawe was a navigation training site, preparing
navigators for voyaging between Hawaii and Polynesia
An adze from Puu Moiwi was found in the Tuamotus
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In Hawaii,
integrationofNative Hawaiian
approachesandknowledge systemswithconventional conservation efforts
is essential to achieve
HCAs vision of
sustainable communities
built upon a foundation of Hawaiian values
andactively perpetuating
thrivinglands and seas
throughactive management andrestoration.
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Conclusions
HCA recognizes the value of indigenousHawaiian approaches and knowledge systems
to help address our conservation challenges
HCA's position is that integration of Hawaiianknowledge, values, and approaches into
modern conservation efforts in Hawaii can
greatly enhance long-term success. Members of HCA shall endeavor to implement
the following activities among themselves:
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Actions
Meaningfully engage w/ Hawaiian communities
Increase efforts to recruit, train, and hire Native Hawaiians
Include Hawaiian communitiesin conservation planning
Incorporate Hawaiian knowledge in site conservation
Work with Hawaiian practitioners on resource issues
Use relevant traditional systems ofresource management
Reinforce Hawaiian values that sustain natural resources
Learn the history of Hawaiian relationships w/our lands
Maintain the relationships linking Hawaiians to a site;
Hawaiian language, values & concepts in policy/practice
Encourage others to take these actions
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Rebuilding a Sustainable
Hawaiian Society
reestablishment of those relationships could rebuild asustainable society that once again values and
maintains its unique island legacy
Hawaiian epistemology (world view), traditional
knowledge, and values are elements critically useful
to conservation efforts in Hawaii
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Hawaiian World View
Hawaiian world view emerged from manygenerations living in this archipelago
One belief is kinship with native species, withpeople as youngest and caretakers for elders
Native species are linked to and embodimentsofakua (gods), requiring sacred attention
An ongoing reciprocal relationship betweenpeople andinarequires dedicated effort tomaintain.
Wh t H ii t diti ff ti thi
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What Hawaiian tradition offers conservation ethic:
Hawaiian tradition holds that we are direct kin
with the living elements of native ecosystems.
aumakua kinolauPeople are the youngest siblings in the genealogy of creation
The youngest are charged with caring for the family
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Native animals are revered by many Hawaiian families as aumkua
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wao kanaka
wao akua
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The hia is dominant tree of the sacred upland realm of the gods
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Biocultural & Environmental Elements
Often neglected in CIA process
Places defined by dynamic natural features
Names of winds, rains, & weather patterns
Famous crops/natural resources
Famous marine/aquatic resources
Famous freshwater features
Place names often capture these
Aiea Aihualama Halekauwila Halekou Hlei Ihiihilaukea Iliahi Kaahakea Kawikiwiki
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Aiea, Aihualama, Halekauwila, Halekou, Hlei, Ihi ihilaukea, Iliahi, Ka ahakea, Ka wikiwiki,
Kalaemmane, Kalaemilo, Kaluakauila, Kamehame, Kamiloholu, Kamiloiki, Kamiloloa,
Kaplama, Kanaio, Kaohe, Kappala, Kalamaula, Kapuailima, Kauhiuhi, Koaie, Koaia, Koali,
Kou, Kumuiliahi, Laeokamilo, Llkoa, Llmilo, Lamaloa, Mnele, Milolii, Mokunaio,
Mokuhai, Nwiliwili, Noi, haiula, hia, Pahukauila, Plaa, Punakou, PuuKookoolau,
PuuMhoe, PuuMmane, PuuNaio, Ukumehame, Ulukou, Wahane, Waiakaaiea,
Waiakamilo, Waikoali, Wiliwilinui
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Gathering Cultural Context
Research into traditional accounts/moolelo
Cosmogonic/legendary context
Sacred sites/areas
Cultural view planes & sense of place
Interviews with practitioners, residents
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Integrating Science & IkeHawaii
Key alignments & contrasts acknowledged
Often complementary & confirmatory
Communication links btw cultural worlds
Lends relevance to multi-cultural approaches
Creates products of utility in EA/EIS process
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I ka mlie o Waikk
kpaianaha i ke kai nalu:
OKalehuawehe, Aiwohi, Maihiwa
Keale Kapuni,p kolonahe ka makaniKaao
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Hawaii kua uli, ola ka inaHawaii verdant-back the living land
Island of Oahu
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Oahu a Lua, ka nohi o n kaiOahu of the chiefLua, the gem of the seas
Island of O ahu
Oahu maka ewaewaOahu of the averted face
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VERY DRY
DRY
MESIC
WET
WETLAND
WETLAND
WETLAND
WETLAND
WETLAND
WETLAND
OAHU
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Koolaupoko
KoolauloaWaialua
Waianae
Ewa Kona
N pali huliuli
o nKoolau
O Waialua
kai leo nui
E Ewa e e kuin lima
Ola Waianae
i ke Kaiaulu
N MOKU O OAHUDistricts of Oahu
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Trails Fabled Sites Population Centers
Agriculture Fishponds Religious Sites
Mala ai Loko ia Heiau
Ala hele Wahi pana Kauhale
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REQUIREMENTS FOR AGRICULTURE
WET (kalo):
Gentle slope
Sufficient water
Low elevation
DRY (uala):
Mid-mesic settings
Sufficient soil fertility
Younger substrate age
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A: Wainiha, Kauai
B: Halawa, Molokai
C. Wailau, Molokai
D. Waimea, Hawaii
E. Kalaupapa, Molokai
Blue and red indicate
model predictions.
Light blue indicates
archeological
complexes.
N MALA O OAHU
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Koolaupoko
KoolauloaWaialua
Waianae
Ewa Kona
Kalihi
NuuanuMnoa
MkahaWaianae
AnahuluMalamanui
Kaluanui
PunaluuKahana
WaikneWaiahole
Maunawili
N MALA O OAHUAgricultural Areas of Oahu
l k
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Koolaupoko
Kailua
Waimnalo
KonaEwa
Puu o Kona
N LOKO IA O OAHU
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N LOKO IA O OAHUFishponds of Oahu
Koolaupoko
Koolauloa
Waialua
Waianae
Ewa Kona
N ALAHELE O OAHU
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N ALAHELE O OAHUTrails of Oahu
Koolaupoko
KoolauloaWaialua
Waianae
Ewa Kona
N HEIAU O OAHU
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N HEIAU O OAHUReligious Sites of Oahu
Koolaupoko
KoolauloaWaialua
Waianae
Ewa Kona
N WAHI AE O OAHU
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Lualualei
N WAHI AE O OAHUOther Sites of Oahu
Koolaupoko
KoolauloaWaialua
Waianae
Ewa Kona
KA WAO KNAKA O OAHU
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KA WAO KNAKA O OAHUThe Human Footprint on Oahu
Koolaupoko
KoolauloaWaialua
Waianae
Ewa Kona
KPAE INA KNIHI
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KPAE INA KNIHIExcluding Steep Lands
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LDS&G
LDF&S
LMF&S
LWF&S
WETLAND
WETLAND
WETLAND
WETLAND
WETLAND
WETLAND
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Ecosystem
Type
Original extent
(acres)
Footprint
(acres)
Percent
Affected
Wetlands 12,712 7,914 62.3%
Lowland Dry
Forest & Shrubland122,505 28,253 23.1%
Lowland Dry
Shrubland & Grassland
39,660 4,752 12.0%
Lowland Mesic
Forest & Shrubland125,863 11,500 9.1%
Lowland Wet
Forest & Shrubland
63,553 942 1.5%
All told, 14.1% of the native landscape of Oahu
was displaced by the Hawaiian footprint.
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wao kanaka
wao akua
LOSS OF ECOSYSTEMS
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IN THE LAST 230 YEARS
LOWLAND DRY
99% lost
LOWLAND MESIC
94% lostWETLANDS
85% lost
LOWLAND WET
32%lost
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M h l i!
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Mahalo a nui!
Office of Hawaiian Affairs
State Historic Preservation Division
Hawaii State Archives
Eric Komori
Herb Kawainui Kne
Nhoopaamoolelo o ka w kahiko: Davida Malo, Samuel M. Kamakau, John Papa Ii,
Kepelino, Abraham Fornander, Thomas Thrum,Mary Kawena Pukui, George Kanahele, Ross Cordy,a me nmea ae, he nui.
Ulukau a me Hoolaupaim